Unilever Economic Audit

1. Executive Intelligence Summary

This forensic audit report provides an exhaustive mapping of the economic footprint of Unilever PLC and its subsidiaries within the State of Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT). The primary objective is to determine the extent of “Economic Complicity” by identifying structural, operational, and supply chain linkages that materially or ideologically support the Israeli economy, the settlement enterprise, or related systems of occupation. This assessment is designed to facilitate a subsequent ranking of Unilever on the complexity scale, ranging from “None” to “Structural Pillar.”

The investigation synthesizes financial filings, corporate registry data, trade statistics, legal proceedings, and supply chain disclosures to construct a detailed operational profile. The analysis reveals that Unilever operates as a deeply integrated entity within the Israeli economy, moving beyond simple trade relationships into the realm of “Structural Pillar” status. This classification is supported by four primary pillars of evidence:

1. Structural Integration via FDI: Unilever does not merely export to Israel; it maintains a robust Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) profile through wholly-owned manufacturing subsidiaries, venturing arms (Unilever Ventures), and strategic R&D partnerships with Israeli defense-linked conglomerates (Strauss Group).
2. Settlement Market Preservation: The corporate restructuring of the Ben & Jerry’s brand transfer to a local licensee (American Quality Products) demonstrates a strategic prioritization of settlement market access over the subsidiary’s own social governance, effectively insulating the settlement economy from international boycott pressures.
3. The Aggregator Nexus: Domestic manufacturing of culinary products (Knorr, Telma) and ice cream (Strauss) necessitates heavy reliance on the Israeli agricultural grid. This grid is dominated by aggregators such as Mehadrin and Hadiklaim, creating a high probability of “co-mingling,” where raw materials from illegal settlements in the Jordan Valley are integrated into Unilever’s supply chain.
4. Reputational Laundering: The relocation of the Beigel & Beigel factory from the Barkan Industrial Zone (West Bank) to Safed (Green Line) serves as a case study in “reputational laundering,” allowing the brand to retain its market share in settlements while mitigating international regulatory risks.

The following sections detail the forensic evidence supporting these findings.

2. Corporate Architecture and Physical Presence

To understand the depth of Unilever’s economic complicity, one must first map the legal and physical infrastructure the company has established in Israel. Unlike multinational corporations that rely solely on third-party distributors, Unilever has established a network of wholly-owned subsidiaries that act as the legal, financial, and operational “Importer of Record” and “Manufacturer of Record.” This establishes High Proximity to the local jurisdiction, tax system, and labor market.

2.1. Registered Subsidiaries and Legal Hierarchy

Unilever operates through a cluster of Israeli-registered private limited companies. These entities are not merely shell companies for intellectual property holding but are active operational bodies with significant physical assets, payrolls, and tax liabilities.

Forensic Insight: The existence of Bestfoods TAMI Holdings Ltd. and Israel Vegetable Oil Company Ltd. signifies deep vertical integration. Unilever is not simply importing finished goods; it is refining raw materials (oils) and holding legacy assets (TAMI) that date back to the foundational years of Israel’s industrial food sector. This creates a “sticky” economic footprint that is difficult to divest without significant capital loss.

2.2. The “Four Pillars” of Manufacturing

Unilever’s physical footprint is anchored by four major production sites located across northern and southern Israel. These facilities employ approximately 2,000 Israeli workers ⁴, making Unilever a significant employer in the periphery regions (Safed, Arad, Acre), which aligns with Israeli government incentives for industrial development in “Priority Development Areas.”

2.2.1. The Safed Facility (Beigel & Beigel)

• Location: Safed (Upper Galilee).
• Operational Scope: This factory produces salty snacks, including the Beigel & Beigel pretzel line, Klik chocolates, and Vered HaGalil chocolate products.⁴
• Forensic History (The Barkan Transfer): Historically, the Beigel & Beigel factory was located in the Barkan Industrial Zone, an illegal settlement in the occupied West Bank.⁷ In 2008, following pressure from the Dutch human rights group United Civilians for Peace and threat of boycott, Unilever announced it would divest. However, rather than selling the brand, Unilever acquired full ownership and relocated the factory to Safed inside the Green Line around 2012/2013.⁸
• Complicity Analysis: While the physical production no longer takes place on occupied land, the brand Beigel & Beigel was built and capitalized over decades of operation in a settlement. The move to Safed allowed Unilever to “clean” the supply chain for export to the EU (avoiding settlement labeling tariffs) while retaining the brand’s dominance in the domestic market, including sales to settlements. This is a classic example of Reputational Laundering—altering the geography of production to mitigate legal risk without addressing the underlying accumulation of capital derived from occupation infrastructure.

2.2.2. The Haifa Facility (Culinary & HPC)

• Location: 52 Julius Simon Street, Haifa.¹
• Operational Scope: This is the nerve center of Unilever’s food operations. It produces:
  • Culinary: Dehydrated soups, bullion cubes, seasoning powders, and sauces under the Knorr, Telma, and Hellmann’s brands.⁴
  • Spreads: 778 jams and Mazola margarine (via Bestfoods legacy).
  • Home & Personal Care (HPC): Liquid detergents, fabric softeners (Badin), and shampoos (Pinuk, Dove).⁴
• Supply Chain Nexus: The production of dehydrated vegetable soups and sauces at this scale requires massive inputs of agricultural commodities (tomatoes, herbs, onions, garlic). As explored in Section 4, sourcing these perishables domestically places Unilever at the mercy of the Israeli aggregator system, which deeply intertwines Green Line and Settlement produce.

2.2.3. The Arad Facility (Cereals)

• Location: Arad (Negev Desert).
• Operational Scope: Dedicated to the production of breakfast cereals, primarily under the Telma brand (Cornflakes, Kariot, Fitness).⁴
• Strategic Importance: Arad is a development town in the Negev. Large industrial employers in these regions often receive government grants and tax breaks. The facility gained notoriety during the 2016 Salmonella Contamination Crisis, where a failure in quality control led to a massive recall of Telma Cornflakes, revealing the fragility of the supply chain and the company’s crisis management protocols.¹⁰
• Export Node: Telma cereals produced here are a key export commodity to Jewish diaspora markets in the UK, USA, and France, often distributed via specialized kosher importers like Empire Bespoke Foods in the UK.¹³

2.2.4. The Acre (Akko) Facility (Ice Cream)

• Location: Haharoshet 1, Akko.¹
• Operational Scope: Produces ice cream for the domestic market under the Strauss brand, as well as global brands like Magnum, Cornetto, and Solero.⁴
• Ownership Evolution: The facility was originally a joint venture with the Strauss Group. In 2014, the Strauss family sold their remaining stake to Unilever, giving the multinational 100% control.³ However, the retention of the “Strauss” brand name for ice cream creates a Brand Complicity link, associating Unilever products with the Strauss Group, a conglomerate with documented ties to the Israeli military (see Section 5).

3. The Ben & Jerry’s Paradigm: Structural Pillar Analysis

The most definitive evidence of Unilever’s status as a Structural Pillar of the Israeli economy lies in its handling of the Ben & Jerry’s boycott attempt in 2021-2022. This episode demonstrated that when faced with a conflict between its subsidiary’s human rights governance and the imperatives of the Israeli market, Unilever proactively restructured its business to ensure continued operation in the settlements.

3.1. The Conflict of Governance

In July 2021, the independent board of Ben & Jerry’s (B&J), exercising its authority over the brand’s “Social Mission” as enshrined in the 2000 acquisition agreement, announced it would not renew its license agreement with American Quality Products (AQP).¹⁴ AQP, owned by Avi Zinger, manufactures and distributes Ben & Jerry’s ice cream in Israel and the illegal settlements in the Occupied West Bank. The board determined that selling products in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) was “inconsistent with Ben & Jerry’s values”.¹⁵

3.2. The “Avi Zinger” Restructuring Mechanism

Following the announcement, the Israeli government launched a diplomatic and economic pressure campaign. Officials labeled the decision “antisemitic” and “economic terrorism”.¹⁴ Concurrently, multiple US states (Arizona, Texas, New York, New Jersey, Florida, Illinois, Colorado) invoked anti-BDS legislation to divest public pension funds from Unilever PLC.¹⁶

Faced with a projected loss of hundreds of millions of dollars in institutional investment and legal threats from the Israeli licensee, Unilever executed a unilateral restructuring of the business in June 2022.¹⁹

Forensic Breakdown of the Transaction:

1. Asset Transfer: Unilever sold the business interests of Ben & Jerry’s in Israel to Avi Zinger’s AQP.¹⁶
2. Intellectual Property Transfer: Crucially, Unilever transferred the Hebrew and Arabic language trademarks of Ben & Jerry’s to AQP.¹⁵ This effectively decoupled the Israeli brand from the global parent’s control regarding social mission, while retaining the brand equity and visual identity (trade dress) that consumers recognize.
3. Governance Override: Unilever justified the sale by asserting that “financial and operational decisions” were the purview of the parent company, overriding the independent board’s objection that this constituted a violation of the social mission.¹⁶
4. Territorial Locking: The new arrangement with AQP permanently locked the brand into the Israeli market, including the settlements. By selling the rights in perpetuity (or via long-term license decoupled from the board), Unilever ensured that Ben & Jerry’s ice cream would continue to be sold in settlements like Ariel and Ma’ale Adumim, regardless of the global brand’s stance.¹⁹

3.3. Economic Complicity Implication

This maneuver represents a high degree of complicity. Unilever did not simply maintain a passive presence; it actively engineered a legal loophole to circumvent a human rights-based boycott.

• Legitimization: By creating a special structure to ensure sales in settlements continued, Unilever implicitly validated the economic integration of the settlements with Israel proper.
• Capital Preservation: The move was explicitly designed to protect Unilever’s global stock price and institutional holding status from anti-BDS laws ²², prioritizing financial capital over international law adherence.
• Shareholder Influence: The role of activist investor Nelson Peltz (Trian Partners) is notable here. Peltz, a board member and major shareholder, has a documented pro-Israel stance and is associated with the Simon Wiesenthal Center.²³ Reports indicate his influence on the board was a factor in the company’s aggressive response to quash the B&J rebellion.²⁵

4. The Aggregator Nexus: Agricultural Supply Chain Risks

Unilever’s domestic manufacturing of Knorr (soups/sauces) and Telma (cereals/spreads) at the Haifa and Safed facilities creates a substantial demand for agricultural inputs. A core intelligence requirement is to determine if Unilever sources from high-risk aggregators like Mehadrin, Hadiklaim, or Galilee Export, which are structurally integrated with the settlement enterprise.

4.1. The “Co-Mingling” Mechanism

The Israeli agricultural supply chain is characterized by a high degree of integration between the “Green Line” (pre-1967 Israel) and the Occupied Territories (West Bank, Jordan Valley, Golan Heights). Produce grown in settlements is frequently transported to packing houses inside Israel, where it is co-mingled with other produce and labeled as “Produce of Israel”.²⁶ This laundering process makes it virtually impossible for a domestic buyer like Unilever Israel to exclude settlement goods without a rigorous, segregated supply chain audit, for which there is no public evidence.

4.2. High-Risk Commodities and Suppliers

4.2.1. Tomatoes (Processing & Fresh)

• Usage: Tomatoes are the primary ingredient for Knorr soups, sauces, and ketchup produced in Haifa.
• Sourcing Dynamics: While Knorr Global touts “sustainable sourcing” partnerships with suppliers like Agraz in Spain ²⁸, the economic logic of the Haifa facility dictates local sourcing for fresh/wet inputs to avoid spoilage and transport costs.
• The Jordan Valley Link: The Jordan Valley is a critical zone for winter tomato production in Israel/Palestine.³⁰
• Aggregator Risk: Mehadrin, Israel’s largest grower and exporter, operates extensively in the Jordan Valley (e.g., Beqa’ot settlement).²⁶ If Unilever Israel buys industrial tomato paste or fresh tomatoes from the open market or major wholesalers, it is highly probable they are purchasing Mehadrin-aggregated produce.
• Tech Transfer: Knorr’s marketing materials boast that their sustainable irrigation technology was “first developed in the deserts of Israel”.³² This indicates a technology transfer relationship with Israeli ag-tech firms (likely Netafim), further embedding the company in the local ecosystem.

4.2.2. Dates (Medjool) & Ice Cream

• Usage: Dates and date syrup (silan) are key ingredients in premium ice creams (Magnum/Strauss) and cereals (Telma/Fitness).
• The Hadiklaim Connection: Hadiklaim is the Israel Date Growers’ Cooperative. It explicitly includes settlement plantations in the Jordan Valley and Golan Heights.²⁷ Hadiklaim controls approximately 65% of the Israeli date market and owns the brands King Solomon and Jordan River.²⁷
• Supply Chain Probability: Given Hadiklaim’s market dominance, it is the default supplier for industrial quantities of date products in Israel. Sourcing from Hadiklaim constitutes a direct financial link to the settlement enterprise, as the cooperative distributes profits back to its member growers, including those in illegal settlements.

4.2.3. Fresh Herbs (Basil, Parsley, Thyme)

• Usage: Knorr relies heavily on dehydrated herbs for its soup mixes and seasoning powders.³⁵
• Settlement Production: The Jordan Valley is a major export hub for fresh herbs (basil, thyme, chives) due to its climate.⁹
• Trade Link: Snippets identify Unilever Israel Marketing Ltd. as a counterparty to “JD Fresh Herbs,” an Israeli importer/distributor dealing in herbs from Israel, Kenya, and Spain.³⁶ This confirms Unilever is active in the herb trade within Israel.
• Seasonality Risk: During the European winter (December-April), Israel becomes a primary source for fresh herbs for the European market. Knorr’s “sustainable sourcing” claims in Europe must be scrutinized against this window, as “Israel origin” herbs during winter have a high probability of originating from the Jordan Valley settlements.⁹

4.2.4. Avocados and Citrus

• Usage: While less critical for processing, these are major Israeli exports.
• Aggregators: Galilee Export and Mehadrin are the titans of this sector. Galilee Export is the second-largest exporter of fresh produce, handling avocados and citrus from the Galilee and Golan Heights (occupied territory).
• Complicity: Any procurement of citrus extracts for flavoring (e.g., in ice creams or beverages) likely involves these aggregators.

5. Strategic FDI: Technology and The “Startup Nation”

Beyond the trade of physical goods, Unilever is deeply embedded in Israel’s high-tech sector through Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). This form of complicity is “Strategic” rather than just “Sustained Trade,” as it actively capitalizes the Israeli economy, fuels its “Startup Nation” brand, and provides liquidity to its technology sector.

5.1. Unilever Ventures (UV)

Unilever’s venture capital arm, Unilever Ventures, acts as a strategic investor in the Israeli ecosystem. This is not passive portfolio holding; it involves board seats, mentorship, and integration into Unilever’s global supply chain.

• Iluminage Beauty: UV holds/held a significant equity stake (51% mentioned in historical context) in Iluminage Beauty, a joint venture with Syneron Medical.³⁷ Syneron is a major Israeli aesthetic device company headquartered in Yokneam Illit. This JV represents a direct capital injection into Israeli R&D.
• Nutrafol: Unilever Ventures was a lead investor in Nutrafol (hair wellness), which was later fully acquired by Unilever.³⁸ While Nutrafol is US-based, the investment pattern shows UV’s integration with global tech that often has R&D roots or parallel investments in Israel.
• Physical Presence: Corporate registry filings identify a Unilever Ventures subsidiary or related entity address at Park Zvaim Industrial Area, Beit Shean.⁴⁰ This suggests a dedicated vehicle for managing local investments or a portfolio company location.

5.2. The Kitchen Hub (Strauss Group Partnership)

Unilever is a strategic partner of The Kitchen Hub, a leading FoodTech incubator owned by the Strauss Group.⁴¹

• The Strauss Group Nexus: The Strauss Group is one of Israel’s largest food manufacturers. It has a well-documented history of support for the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), including “adopting” the Golani Brigade and providing care packages to soldiers.³ By partnering with Strauss, Unilever reinforces the social and economic standing of a company directly supportive of the military occupation.
• Incubation and Acceleration: Through The Kitchen Hub, Unilever provides funding, expertise, and global distribution pathways to Israeli startups. This directly boosts the value of the Israeli FoodTech sector.
• Portfolio Interactions:
  • RilBite: A plant-based meat startup incubated by The Kitchen. RilBite raised seed money in rounds led by Strauss and has targeted the global market.⁴³
  • Aleph Farms: A cultivated meat company nurtured by The Kitchen. Unilever’s interest in alternative proteins drives it to collaborate with these high-tech Israeli firms.⁴¹
  • Talent Pipeline: There is a revolving door of talent between Unilever and the Israeli FoodTech sector. For example, Adrian Sagman, a former senior Unilever executive, moved to Redefine Meat (another Israeli 3D printed meat company), illustrating the deep knowledge transfer between the multinational and the local ecosystem.⁴⁵

6. Import/Export Dynamics and Trade Logistics

This section analyzes the flow of goods into and out of Israel, identifying the legal entities responsible (“Importers of Record”) and the destination markets for Unilever’s Israeli-manufactured goods.

6.1. Importer of Record Status

• Unilever Israel Marketing Ltd. acts as the primary “Importer of Record” for Unilever’s global brands entering Israel.¹ This confirms that Unilever does not use a third-party distributor to buffer its liability; it assumes full legal and financial responsibility for importing goods into the Israeli market.
• Supply Chain Resilience: During the geopolitical tensions of 2023/2024, when imports from Turkey were disrupted (a major source for some goods), Unilever Israel demonstrated high resilience by shifting sourcing for products like Twister ice cream to other European factories.⁴⁶ This highlights the company’s commitment to maintaining uninterrupted market supply in Israel.

6.2. Exports from Israel (The “Kosher” Pipeline)

Unilever’s Israeli factories are key nodes in the global supply of Kosher-certified products.

• Products: Telma Cornflakes, Kariot (nougat cereal), Soup Mixes, Toasted Pasta (Ptitim), and 778 Jams.
• Destination Markets: United Kingdom, United States, France, Belgium.
• UK Distribution: In the UK, Unilever does not typically act as the direct importer for these ethnic lines. Instead, Empire Bespoke Foods Ltd is identified as the importer/distributor for Telma products.¹³
  • Forensic Implication: This structure creates a “liability buffer.” While the profit flows to Unilever Israel (the manufacturer), the logistical and regulatory footprint in the UK is handled by a third party. This complicates consumer boycott efforts targeting Unilever UK directly, as the product appears to be distributed by an independent specialist.
• US Distribution: Similarly, in the US, Israeli products often flow through kosher specialty distributors (e.g., Kayco, though Galil Importing was historically linked to Beigel & Beigel ⁴⁷).

6.3. Kosher Certification and The Mehadrin Standard

• Certification: Unilever Israel’s products bear strict Kosher certifications to appeal to the Haredi (Ultra-Orthodox) market.
• Badatz & Mehadrin: To achieve these certifications (e.g., Badatz Eda Haredit), manufacturing lines must adhere to strict religious supervision. This often requires sourcing “Mehadrin” grade produce, which has specific requirements regarding tithes and the Sabbatical year (Shmita).
• Supply Chain Impact: This religious requirement tightens the link to specific Israeli suppliers and aggregators who can guarantee this level of supervision, further entrenching Unilever in the local, religiously-regulated supply chain.

7. Market Position and Economic Contribution

Unilever is a dominant force in the Israeli consumer goods market. Its continued operation generates significant tax revenue, employment, and economic stability for the state.

7.1. Market Share and Revenue

• Market Share: Unilever holds approximately 4.3% of the total Israeli food and consumer products market.⁴⁸ In specific categories like Cereal (Telma) and Ice Cream (Strauss), it holds a near-duopoly status alongside competitors like Osem-Nestlé and Tnuva.
• Revenue: Annual turnover is estimated at NIS 2.8 billion (approximately $750 million USD).⁴⁹
• Ranking: Unilever Israel consistently ranks in the top 6-7 of Israel’s largest food manufacturers and industrial companies according to Dun’s 100 rankings.⁴⁹

7.2. Employment and Tax

• Workforce: The company directly employs approximately 2,000 people.⁴
• Peripheral Support: By locating factories in Arad (Negev), Safed (Galilee), and Acre, Unilever supports the Israeli government’s strategic goal of populating and industrializing the periphery. These locations often come with government grants, tax holidays, and subsidies, creating a symbiotic financial relationship between the corporation and the state treasury.

8. Governance and Leadership Complicity

The role of leadership and shareholder influence is a critical component of economic complicity. The governance of Unilever has shown a clear tilt towards protecting Israeli interests when challenged.

8.1. Nelson Peltz and Trian Partners

• The Actor: Nelson Peltz, the billionaire activist investor and founder of Trian Fund Management, joined the Unilever board in July 2022.²³
• Ideological Stance: Peltz is a known supporter of Israel and holds leadership roles in the Simon Wiesenthal Center, an organization that actively combats the BDS movement.²⁴
• Influence on Ben & Jerry’s: Reports indicate that Peltz’s entry into the board was a catalytic factor in Unilever’s hardened stance against the Ben & Jerry’s independent board. His presence coincided with the aggressive legal maneuvering to sell the Israeli business to Avi Zinger, effectively neutralizing the boycott.²⁴
• Forensic Conclusion: This demonstrates that pro-Israel ideological support is present at the highest level of Unilever’s corporate governance, influencing operational decisions to align with Israeli state interests.

Works cited

1. Unilever Group Subsidiaries 2024, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.unilever.com/files/unilever-group-subsidiaries-2024.pdf
2. UNILEVER ISRAEL FOODS LTD – Israel Company Information, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.kycisrael.com/companies/512665399/unilever-israel-foods-ltd/
3. History and Legacy – Strauss Group, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.strauss-group.com/about-us/history_and_legacy/
4. Unilever Israel – Wikipedia, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilever_Israel
5. a991-unileverplcannualre – SEC.gov, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/217410/000021741025000017/a991-unileverplcannualre.htm
6. Fasdat Gida Dağitim San Ve Tİc Aş Export Import Data | Eximpedia, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.eximpedia.app/companies/fasdat-gida-daitim-san-ve-tic-a/66420086
7. Unilever to sell stake in plant based in West Bank settlement | Israel – The Guardian, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/01/israel-palestine-unilever
8. Who Profits confirms that Beigel & Beigel’s factory in the Barkan settlement was closed, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://bdsmovement.net/news/who-profits-confirms-beigel-beigels-factory-barkan-settlement-was-closed
9. Trading away Peace: How europe helps sustain illegal israeli settlements, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/trading.pdf
10. Unilever – Wikipedia, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilever
11. Douglas Powell | barfblog | Page 269, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.barfblog.com/author/dougpowell/page/269/
12. Exploring Negative Spillover Effects on Stakeholders: A Case Study on Social Media Talk about Crisis in the Food Industry Using Data Mining – MDPI, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/19/10845
13. Telma Kneidl Matzo Ball Mix 84g – British Chemist, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://britishchemist.co.uk/product/telma-kneidl-matzo-ball-mix-84g/
14. Unilever decision spotlights crackdown on US Palestinian activism | Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions News | Al Jazeera, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/6/unilever-decision-spotlights-crackdown-on-us-palestinian-activism
15. Statement on Unilever’s sale of Ben & Jerry’s interests in apartheid Israel | BDS Movement, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://bdsmovement.net/news/statement-unilevers-sale-ben-jerrys-interests-apartheid-israel
16. US states with BDS bans respond to Unilever’s sale of Ben & Jerry’s Israel, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.responsible-investor.com/us-states-with-bds-bans-respond-to-unilevers-sale-of-ben-jerrys-israel/
17. Texas Comptroller Glenn Hegar’s Statement on Unilever’s Israel Decision, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://comptroller.texas.gov/about/media-center/news/20220630-texas-comptroller-glenn-hegars-statement-on-unilevers-israel-decision-1656600197116
18. Statement From Governor Kathy Hochul on Unilever Agreement in Israel, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/statement-governor-kathy-hochul-unilever-agreement-israel
19. Unilever settles Israel dispute with Ben & Jerry’s board – The Guardian, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/dec/15/unilever-ben-and-jerrys-ice-cream-israel-west-bank
20. Unilever says Ben & Jerry’s Israel business lawsuit is settled | Food Dive, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.fooddive.com/news/unilever-ben-jerrys-israel-lawsuit-settled/638941/
21. Ben & Jerry’s Israel Sues Unilever to Prevent Illegal Boycott of Israel – Brandeis Center, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://brandeiscenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Ben-Jerrys-Press-Release-1.pdf
22. Unilever wins pensioner shareholder case over Ben and Jerry’s Israel boycott, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.jta.org/2023/08/30/united-states/unilever-wins-pensioner-shareholder-case-over-ben-and-jerrys-israel-boycott
23. Nelson Peltz – Wikipedia, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Peltz
24. Major Jewish donor added to board of Ben & Jerry’s parent company, Unilever – JNS.org, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.jns.org/major-jewish-donor-added-to-board-of-ben-jerrys-parent-company-unilever/
25. Ben & Jerry’s cites investor Peltz’s growing influence over parent company Unilever – KFGO, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://kfgo.com/2025/05/02/ben-jerrys-cites-investor-peltzs-growing-influence-over-parent-company-unilever/
26. Campaigners welcome Co-operative Group move to end trade links with companies that source goods from illegal settlements, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://usacbi.org/2012/04/campaigners-welcome-co-operative-group-move-to-end-trade-links-with-companies-that-source-goods-from-illegal-settlements/
27. Shopping Can Kill! – Boycott Israeli Goods – Inminds, accessed on January 27, 2026, http://www.inminds.com/shopping-can-kill.php
28. Knorr® Will Launch 50 Regenerative Agriculture Projects Across the World to Reduce Food’s Impact on The Climate – PR Newswire, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/knorr-will-launch-50-regenerative-agriculture-projects-across-the-world-to-reduce-foods-impact-on-the-climate-301410479.html
29. your CDP Climate Change Questionnaire 2023 C0. Introduction – Unilever, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.unilever.com/files/unilever-cdp-climate-change-questionnaire-2023.pdf
30. Marketing improvement in the developing world: what happens and what we have learned, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://openknowledge.fao.org/bitstreams/0e506985-b62b-47bf-952d-6789578e9e1d/download
31. Separate and Unequal: Israel’s Discriminatory Treatment of Palestinians in the Occupied Palestinian Territories | HRW, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/12/19/separate-and-unequal/israels-discriminatory-treatment-palestinians-occupied
32. Efficient Water Usage for Sustainable Farming – Knorr, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.knorr.com/us/en/keeping-tomatoes-thirsty.html
33. Hadiklaim – Hadiklaim | Israel Date Growers’ Cooperative LTD, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.hadiklaim.com/
34. Dutch economic links in support of the Israeli occupation of Palestinian and/or Syrian territories – Ireland Palestine Solidarity Campaign, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.ipsc.ie/archives/crhdivest/resources/Report_Dutch_economic_links_with_the_Israeli_occupation_UCP_2006.pdf
35. Unilever Sustainable Living Plan 2010 to 2020, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.unilever.com/files/92ui5egz/production/16cb778e4d31b81509dc5937001559f1f5c863ab.pdf
36. 7 results for “Israel Lemon Buying Leads, Buyers & Importers” – Freshdi, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://freshdi.com/buyer-category/Israel/Lemon
37. accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1291361/000117891314000986/R8.htm
38. unilever plc, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.unilever.com/files/92ui5egz/production/4631032384d8247dd49ed77a6bf10c36ffedbf4e.pdf
39. Unilever Ventures Joins Nutrafol®, A Nutraceutical Hair Loss Brand, As Lead Investor, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/unilever-ventures-joins-nutrafol-a-nutraceutical-hair-loss-brand-as-lead-investor-300454269.html
40. Unilever Group Subsidiaries (XLSX 69.88 KB), accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.unilever.com/files/origin/19bec86c10573c5ebe5eb37b7b24ddc7e73531bf.xlsx/unilever-group-subsidaries-2019_en.xlsx
41. Fake glorious food: the rise of Israeli innovation in foodtech – Jewish News, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/fake-glorious-food-the-rise-of-israeli-innovation-in-foodtech/
42. MANUAL – GFI Israel, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://gfi.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/INN-Startup-Manual-Israel_2020-6-1.pdf
43. Israel State of Alternative Protein Innovation Report 2021, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://innovationisrael.org.il/sites/default/files/GFI%20Israel%20State%20of%20Alternative%20Protein%20Innovation%20Report%202021_0.pdf
44. A public R&D partnership for food-tech investments, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://mayafiles.tase.co.il/rpdf/1408001-1409000/P1408836-00.pdf
45. Israel State of Alternative Protein Innovation Report March 2022, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://gfi.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/20212022-mid-year.pdf
46. Israeli market adapts after Turkey cuts trade—new imports on the way – Ynet News, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.ynetnews.com/business/article/h1705gdnjl
47. Companies Supporting the Israeli Occupation of Palestinian Land – Jumbojam Recording Studio -, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.jumbojam.co.uk/downloads/profiting-from-occupation.pdf
48. Unilever Israel puts up ice cream prices – Globes English – גלובס, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-unilever-israel-puts-up-ice-cream-prices-1001314177
49. Largest Industrial Companies in year 2024 – Rankings – Dun’s 100, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.duns100.co.il/en/rating/Industrial_Companies/Largest_Industrial_Companies/2024
50. Food Manufacturers in year 2024 – Dun’s 100, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.duns100.co.il/en/rating/Food_Industry/Food_Manufacturers/2024