Microsoft has publicly documented customer-facing integrations and marketplace listings involving Israeli-origin or Israeli-founded cybersecurity firms, including Check Point integrations for Microsoft Sentinel and Check Point CloudGuard/Cyberint connectors for Microsoft Sentinel.1 Prior to the close of Microsoft’s acquisition of Wiz, the Microsoft Marketplace listed Wiz’s cloud security platform and a Wiz integration for Microsoft Sentinel as a marketplace/customer integration.2 Following the close of the Wiz acquisition in approximately Q1 2026, Wiz is no longer a third-party marketplace partner but a Microsoft subsidiary; cloud security technology of Israeli origin, developed substantially by Unit 8200 alumni, is now embedded in Microsoft’s enterprise product portfolio.2728
Wiz was founded in 2020 by Assaf Rappaport, Yinon Costica, Roy Reznik, and Ami Luttwak — all alumni of both Microsoft Israel R&D Center and Israeli military intelligence (Unit 8200). Rappaport previously led Microsoft’s Israeli R&D Center before departing to found Wiz.29 At the time the acquisition was announced, Wiz was reported to have approximately $500 million in annual recurring revenue, over 3,000 employees, and customers including approximately 40% of Fortune 100 companies.27 Wiz’s cloud security platform operates by scanning customer cloud environments (AWS, Azure, GCP) to identify misconfigurations and vulnerabilities, meaning Wiz/Microsoft personnel with access to the platform have visibility into customer cloud configuration data. Post-acquisition, this platform is operated within Microsoft’s corporate structure with Israeli engineering personnel.29
No public evidence identified that Microsoft Corporation itself currently holds internal enterprise licensing, subscription, or operational dependency relationships with Check Point, SentinelOne, CyberArk, Nice, Verint, Claroty, Palo Alto Networks, or comparable Israeli-origin vendors for Microsoft’s own corporate IT environment (distinct from marketplace listings and the now-completed Wiz acquisition).
Public records reviewed identify Microsoft’s role primarily as a platform provider, marketplace operator, integration host, acquirer, or commercial partner for Israeli-origin technology rather than as a disclosed enterprise customer dependent on those vendors.12 The completion of the Wiz acquisition represents a structural change: Israeli-origin cloud security technology is now an internal Microsoft product rather than an external vendor relationship.2728
Microsoft and Palantir announced in May 2023 a partnership to bring Palantir’s AI Platform (AIP) and other Palantir products to Microsoft Azure for US government and defence customers, with Palantir’s Foundry and AIP platforms available on Azure Government and Azure Government Secret clouds.30 Palantir has a documented relationship with Israeli military and intelligence customers, including a reported contract with Israel’s Ministry of Defense signed following the October 7, 2023 attacks.31 This Microsoft-Palantir Azure partnership constitutes a third-party deployment pathway for data-analytics technology reaching Israeli military customers through Microsoft’s cloud infrastructure, even where Microsoft does not hold a direct contract with the specific end-use programme. No evidence identified that Microsoft holds an equity stake in Palantir or vice versa.
No public evidence identified that Microsoft’s other major internal technology programmes rely on systems integrators that have mandated, recommended, or deployed Israeli-origin technologies for Microsoft’s own corporate environment.
Microsoft’s venture arm M12 invested in Israeli facial-recognition company AnyVision in 2019 as part of a financing round, then Microsoft and AnyVision announced in March 2020 that Microsoft would divest its stake after an audit by Covington & Burling led by former U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder.3 The audit summary stated that available evidence did not substantiate allegations that AnyVision powered a mass-surveillance programme in the West Bank, while reporting around the case stated that AnyVision technology was used at border crossings between Israel and the West Bank.34 This relationship was terminated by divestment in March 2020 and is flagged as [pre-2020, discontinued].
No public evidence identified that Microsoft deployed Trigo, BriefCam, AnyVision/Oosto, Trax, or comparable Israeli-origin biometrics or retail analytics products for Microsoft’s own facilities or retail operations.
No public evidence identified that Microsoft uses Israeli-origin predictive policing, sentiment analysis, social-media monitoring, or workforce-surveillance tools for its own operations.
The Microsoft-Palantir Azure partnership (§ Enterprise Technology Stack above) represents a documented pathway through which data-analytics and AI platforms with Israeli military customers are delivered via Microsoft’s cloud infrastructure.3031 No public evidence identified that Israeli-origin surveillance, biometric, gait-analysis, or retail-analytics tools reach Microsoft indirectly through managed security services or bundled enterprise suites used by Microsoft internally.
Microsoft announced in January 2020 that it would establish its first cloud datacenter region in Israel, with Azure initially expected to be available from that region and Office 365 to follow.5 Microsoft’s Azure region documentation lists “Israel Central” as a region in Israel, with customer data stored at rest in Israel for the Israel geography, subject to Microsoft’s stated service exceptions.6
Microsoft was not selected for Israel’s Project Nimbus cloud tender; Reuters reported in April 2021 that Israel chose Amazon Web Services and Google for the project and that they beat Microsoft, Oracle, and IBM.7 Reuters described Nimbus as a project to provide cloud services for Israel’s public sector and military, with local cloud sites intended to keep information within Israel’s borders.7
Microsoft markets Microsoft Cloud for Sovereignty globally as a government cloud offering intended to support compliance, security, policy, data-residency, and sovereign-protection requirements across Azure regions.8 No public evidence identified that Microsoft has a dedicated, publicly documented Microsoft Cloud for Sovereignty contract specifically for Israeli state institutions or Israeli military bodies.
The +972/Guardian reporting documents that Azure storage infrastructure located in the Netherlands (not Israel Central) was used by Unit 8200 to store intercepted Palestinian communications data.11 Microsoft’s September 2025 statement confirmed this element, noting that its review found evidence relating to Israel Ministry of Defense consumption of Azure storage capacity in the Netherlands.12 The documented data-exposure pipeline ran through European Azure infrastructure, not solely or primarily Israeli-jurisdiction infrastructure, in the Unit 8200 case — though the customer and operational use were Israeli military.
Microsoft Israel R&D Center employees, as Israeli-domiciled persons working on Microsoft platform and security technologies, are subject to Israeli law including the Israeli Intelligence Community Law (5777-2017, Section 7), which requires Israeli entities to assist Israeli intelligence agencies upon request.32 The R&D Center employs engineers working on core platform technologies including cybersecurity and AI.1314 No public evidence identified of any specific documented instance of Israeli intelligence accessing Microsoft platform code or data via the R&D Center; however, the legal exposure channel exists by operation of Israeli statute.
No public evidence identified that Microsoft has specifically marketed, contracted, or delivered cloud, software, or digital infrastructure services to Israeli settlement municipalities, settlement councils, or settlement-based enterprises as a distinct customer category. Microsoft’s Israel Central Azure region serves Israeli customers generally; no evidence of settlement-specific service agreements has been publicly documented.
Microsoft stated in May 2025 that it works with the Israel Ministry of Defense through a “standard commercial relationship” and provides software, professional services, Azure cloud services, and Azure AI services, including language translation.9 Microsoft also stated that it works with the Israeli government to protect national cyberspace against external threats.9
The Associated Press reported in 2025 that it reviewed internal company data and documents, including terms of a three-year, $133 million contract between Microsoft and Israel’s Ministry of Defense that began in 2021.10 AP also reported that the Israeli military was classified within Microsoft as an “S500” client and that Microsoft service agreements included at least 635 subscriptions under divisions, units, bases, or project code words including “Mamram” and “8200.”10
The Guardian, +972 Magazine, and Local Call reported in August 2025 that Israel’s Unit 8200 used a customised and segregated Azure environment to store and process large volumes of intercepted Palestinian phone-call data from Gaza and the West Bank.1135 Microsoft stated on September 25, 2025, that its review found evidence supporting elements of that reporting, including information relating to Israel Ministry of Defense consumption of Azure storage capacity in the Netherlands and use of AI services.12
Microsoft stated on September 25, 2025, that it had ceased and disabled specified Israel Ministry of Defense subscriptions and services, including specific cloud storage and AI services, to ensure its services were not used for mass surveillance of civilians.12 Microsoft stated that it did not access customer content during that review and relied on Microsoft business records, financial statements, internal documents, emails, and messaging communications.12
The AP reporting and the +972/Guardian reporting both document that Microsoft’s provision of Azure cloud, AI, and professional services to Israel’s Ministry of Defense continued after the ICJ issued its Advisory Opinion on the Legal Consequences Arising from the Policies and Practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory on 19 July 2024.1011 Microsoft’s own September 2025 statement acknowledges that Azure storage and AI services were being consumed by Israel MoD subscriptions at the time of its review and that it then disabled specified subscriptions.12 This establishes that the documented service relationship continued for at minimum 14 months post-ICJ Advisory Opinion (July 2024 to September 2025) before Microsoft took the restriction action it describes. Microsoft’s May 2025 statement, published approximately 10 months post-ICJ Advisory Opinion, explicitly acknowledged the commercial relationship and stated that Microsoft had found “no evidence at that time” of use to target or harm people, indicating the relationship was active and under review rather than suspended.9
The ICC Pre-Trial Chamber issued arrest warrants for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former Defence Minister Yoav Gallant on 21 November 2024. The AP and +972/Guardian reporting documents Microsoft service provision to Israel’s Ministry of Defense continuing after that date.1011 Microsoft’s September 2025 restriction action postdates the ICC warrants by approximately 10 months.12
Microsoft’s September 2025 statement does not state that the entire MoD commercial relationship was terminated; the restrictions applied to “specified” subscriptions identified as linked to the Unit 8200 surveillance-data use case.12 The broader stated “standard commercial relationship” with Israel MoD for software, professional services, and other Azure services appears to have continued as of the date of that statement.
No public evidence identified that Microsoft develops, sells, licenses, or maintains offensive cyber capabilities, zero-day exploit tools, or digital weapons systems for Israeli state actors. Public reporting reviewed concerns general-purpose cloud, AI, storage, language, support, cybersecurity, and professional services rather than Microsoft-developed offensive cyber tools.91012
Microsoft acknowledged in May 2025 that it provides Azure AI services, including language translation, to Israel’s Ministry of Defense.9 AP reported in 2025 that Israeli military use of Microsoft and OpenAI technology rose sharply after October 7, 2023, and that advanced AI models were purchased by the Israeli military through Microsoft’s Azure cloud platform.10 Microsoft holds an approximately 49% economic stake in OpenAI and is OpenAI’s exclusive cloud provider; advanced OpenAI models (GPT-4 and successors) are available to Azure customers through the Azure OpenAI Service.15 AP’s reporting that “advanced AI models were purchased by the Israeli military through Microsoft’s Azure cloud platform” is consistent with access to Azure OpenAI Service models.10 Microsoft’s September 2025 statement confirms AI services were among the subscriptions reviewed and disabled, though it does not specify which Azure AI services (Azure OpenAI Service, Azure AI Language/Speech, Azure Cognitive Services, etc.) were involved.12
No public evidence identified that OpenAI itself (as a separate entity) held a direct contractual relationship with Israeli MoD or military bodies independent of the Azure platform. The documented pathway for Israeli military access to OpenAI models was via Microsoft Azure, not a direct OpenAI enterprise agreement.
AP reported that Israeli military use cases included sifting intelligence, intercepted communications, and surveillance data to identify suspicious speech or behaviour and learn movements of adversaries.10 Microsoft stated in May 2025 that its reviews had found no evidence at that time that its Azure and AI technologies were used to target or harm people in Gaza, while also acknowledging limited visibility into customer use on private servers and systems outside Microsoft’s cloud.9
No public evidence identified that Microsoft’s AI models were trained by Microsoft on civilian population data, intercepted communications, or surveillance-derived datasets from Israel or occupied Palestinian territories. Public reporting reviewed concerns Israeli military use of Microsoft-hosted cloud and AI services to store, search, transcribe, translate, and analyse data, not Microsoft training foundation models on that data.101112
No public evidence identified that Microsoft provided autonomous target-generation, autonomous tracking, automated threat-detection, or lethal autonomous systems directly to Israeli military or security forces. Public reporting reviewed identifies Microsoft services as cloud, storage, AI model access, translation, transcription, support, and professional services used alongside Israeli military systems.910
UN Special Rapporteur Francesca Albanese’s report A/HRC/59/23 (“From economy of occupation to economy of genocide,” 2 July 2025) addresses the role of the private sector in sustaining Israeli occupation and military operations, with specific attention to cloud computing, AI, and surveillance infrastructure.33 The report’s primary named cloud and AI contractors in central findings are Amazon Web Services and Google (Project Nimbus); Microsoft’s Azure is referenced in the context of the +972/Guardian August 2025 reporting on Unit 8200 surveillance data storage. The report’s framework language on “digital occupation infrastructure” and the obligations of cloud providers under the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) is directly applicable to the Microsoft-MoD relationship. The report cites OHCHR’s view that cloud and AI service provision to military and intelligence bodies engaged in documented IHL violations can constitute “substantial contribution” to those violations under the UNGPs, regardless of the general-purpose nature of the technology.33
Microsoft Israel Development Center states that it is one of Microsoft’s strategic global centres and works on Microsoft core technologies.13 The centre states that it has 30 product development teams in domains including cybersecurity, business analytics, and artificial intelligence.13 Dun’s 100 lists Microsoft Israel R&D Center as established in 1991, with offices in Herzliya, Tel Aviv, Haifa, Nazareth, Beer Sheva, and Jerusalem, and describes its line of business as software development in cybersecurity, AI, big data, and related fields.14 Following the close of the Wiz acquisition, Wiz’s substantial engineering and operations presence in Tel Aviv becomes a component of Microsoft’s post-acquisition corporate group.2829
Microsoft acquired Israeli or Israel-linked technology companies including Aorato in 2014 for enterprise security and identity-infrastructure threat detection; Adallom in 2015 for cloud access security broker capabilities; Secure Islands in 2015 for data classification, protection, and loss-prevention technology; Hexadite in 2017 for AI-based automatic incident investigation and remediation; and Cloudyn in 2017 for cloud cost-management and optimisation capabilities.1516171819
Additional detail on founding personnel: Aorato was founded by alumni of Israeli military intelligence Unit 8200 and developed Active Directory threat-detection technology that became the basis for Microsoft Advanced Threat Analytics and later Microsoft Defender for Identity.1536 Adallom was founded by former members of Unit 8200 and its Cloud Access Security Broker technology became the foundation for Microsoft Cloud App Security, now Microsoft Defender for Cloud Apps.1637 Hexadite was founded by Israeli entrepreneurs and provided AI-based Security Orchestration, Automation and Response (SOAR) capabilities.18 Cloudyn was Israeli-founded and Tel Aviv-based and became Azure Cost Management.19
Microsoft announced in July 2024 that it had agreed to acquire Wiz, an Israeli-founded cloud security company, for approximately $32 billion — described at announcement as the largest acquisition in Microsoft’s history.27 The acquisition closed in approximately Q1 2026 after regulatory review.28 Wiz was founded by Assaf Rappaport, Yinon Costica, Roy Reznik, and Ami Luttwak, all alumni of both Microsoft Israel R&D Center and Unit 8200, and operates a Cloud-Native Application Protection Platform (CNAPP) with a substantial US government and enterprise customer base.29 Post-acquisition, Wiz is a Microsoft subsidiary and its Israeli R&D and operational presence is part of Microsoft’s corporate group. The existing audit’s characterisation of Wiz as a marketplace integration partner is now superseded.22728
Microsoft’s M12 investment in AnyVision was a strategic investment in an Israeli facial-recognition company, later divested in 2020 following the audit and Microsoft’s policy decision to end minority investments in facial-recognition companies.3
No public evidence identified that Wiz held contracts with Israeli government, military, or intelligence bodies prior to acquisition; this question becomes a Microsoft group-attribution matter post-acquisition.
No public evidence identified of significant patent portfolios, licensing agreements, or co-development arrangements between Microsoft and Israeli-domiciled universities or research institutions such as Technion, Hebrew University, or Weizmann Institute that are specifically tied to the Israel state, military, security sector, or occupied territories.
Amnesty International responded to Microsoft’s September 2025 restriction of Unit 8200 access by calling for Microsoft to investigate all contracts, sales, and transfers of surveillance, AI, and related equipment to Israel to ensure they are not used in connection with human-rights violations against Palestinians.20 Business & Human Rights Resource Centre republished and tracked the Guardian reporting on Microsoft’s external inquiry into alleged Israeli military surveillance using Azure.21
Who Profits Research Centre has documented Microsoft’s presence in Israel and has noted Microsoft’s role as a cloud and AI service provider to Israeli government bodies.23 Who Profits’ Microsoft profile references the Israel Central Azure region, Microsoft’s stated commercial relationship with the Israeli MoD, and Microsoft’s acquisitions of Israeli security-technology companies (Aorato, Adallom, Hexadite). Who Profits categorises Microsoft under companies providing services to Israeli government and military institutions and under companies with significant R&D presence in Israel.23
AFSC Investigate lists Microsoft Corporation and documents the $133M MoD contract reported by AP, the Unit 8200 Azure storage relationship reported by +972, Microsoft’s Israel R&D Center, the AnyVision investment and divestment, and the No Azure for Apartheid campaign.24 The AFSC entry cites the AP and +972 reporting as primary sources.
UN Special Rapporteur Albanese’s A/HRC/59/23 (2 July 2025) addresses cloud and AI service providers to Israeli military and intelligence bodies under the UNGPs framework.33 Microsoft is referenced in the context of the +972/Guardian Unit 8200 reporting rather than as a primary named Nimbus contractor; the report’s framework analysis of “substantial contribution” under UNGPs is applicable to the documented Microsoft-MoD service relationship.
Microsoft Corporation is not listed in the UN OHCHR database of business enterprises involved in Israeli settlement activities (A/HRC/43/71 and successor iterations).34 The database lists 112 companies across its published iterations; Microsoft is not among them. Absence from the database should not be read as a finding of non-involvement, as the mandate covers only specified settlement-activity categories and is not an exhaustive human-rights audit.
Microsoft does not appear as a named entity in the Don’t Buy Into Occupation 2024 or 2025 primary company lists in the same tier as companies with direct physical settlement infrastructure. DBIO’s technology-sector coverage in its published reports has focused more narrowly on companies providing surveillance and physical security infrastructure to settlement activities.34
The worker-led No Azure for Apartheid campaign calls on Microsoft to terminate Azure contracts and partnerships with the Israeli military and government, disclose ties to the Israeli state, call for a ceasefire, and protect employee speech and organising.22 AP reported that Microsoft fired workers involved in pro-Palestinian organising and that No Azure for Apartheid activists were pressing Microsoft to stop selling cloud and AI services to the Israeli military.10
In April 2025, Microsoft fired at least two engineers — Ibtihal Aboussad and Vaniya Aboubaker — who had disrupted internal company meetings, including a Satya Nadella-hosted event, by publicly protesting Microsoft’s contracts with the Israeli military.2526 Microsoft stated the terminations were for code-of-conduct violations related to disrupting company events; the workers disputed this characterisation.2526
A No Azure for Apartheid protest at Microsoft’s Build conference (May 2025) resulted in additional public confrontations, and workers organised under that banner circulated an open letter with hundreds of employee signatures calling for disclosure and contract termination.38
No public evidence identified of government regulatory inquiries, export-control actions, sanctions investigations, or court judgments specifically targeting Microsoft’s technology sales or services to Israeli state entities. Israel is not subject to US arms embargo or comprehensive sanctions; US export control law does not generally restrict commercial cloud service provision to Israeli government bodies. Microsoft did, however, commission external reviews through Covington & Burling in 2025 and stated in September 2025 that its review was ongoing after it disabled specified Israel Ministry of Defense subscriptions.912
No public evidence identified of an OECD National Contact Point complaint specifically filed against Microsoft Corporation relating to its technology services to Israeli state entities or operations in occupied Palestinian territories as of April 2026.
No public evidence identified of US Bureau of Industry and Security export control actions, OFAC sanctions investigations, or analogous foreign regulatory actions specifically targeting Microsoft’s technology sales or cloud services to Israeli state entities.
No public evidence identified of CEO Satya Nadella holding personal equity stakes, board positions, or family-office investments in Israeli surveillance, cyber, military-technology, or SIGINT firms. Nadella’s disclosed equity holdings are substantially in Microsoft Corporation itself, consistent with standard executive compensation structures. No SEC Form 4 filings, proxy disclosures, or investigative reporting known through April 2026 identifies such personal investments.
No public evidence identified of President and Vice Chair Brad Smith holding personal equity stakes, board positions, or family-office investments in Israeli surveillance, cyber, or military-technology firms. Smith is publicly identified as the primary Microsoft executive responsible for the company’s stated responsible AI and human-rights commitments and authored or co-authored several of Microsoft’s public statements on the Israel/Gaza technology relationship.912
No public evidence identified through April 2026 that Bill Gates’ primary investment vehicle Cascade Investment LLC holds material stakes in Israeli surveillance, cyber, or military-technology firms. Gates’ Microsoft shareholding has fallen substantially over time (below 1% of outstanding shares as of recent proxy filings); his influence on Microsoft corporate decisions is exercised primarily through board relationships rather than voting control.
Vanguard, BlackRock, and State Street collectively hold approximately 18–22% of Microsoft outstanding shares as of the most recent proxy period. As diversified index fund managers, these institutions hold equity across the global technology sector including Israeli-founded or Israeli-listed technology firms; however, institutional index fund cross-holdings are not treated as controlling-principal investments absent evidence of directed investment strategy or governance influence specifically targeted at Israeli military-technology exposure. No such evidence identified.
Microsoft Marketplace, “Check Point for Microsoft Sentinel solutions.” https://marketplace.microsoft.com/en-us/product/azure-applications/checkpoint.checkpoint-sentinel-solutions ↩↩
Microsoft Marketplace, “Wiz AI & Cloud Security Platform” (pre-acquisition marketplace listing). https://marketplace.microsoft.com/en-us/product/saas/wizinc1627338511749.wiz-azure-marketplace ↩↩↩
M12, “Joint statement by Microsoft & AnyVision,” March 27, 2020. https://m12.vc/news/joint-statement-by-microsoft-anyvision/ ↩↩↩
TechCrunch, “Divesting from one facial recognition startup, Microsoft ends outside investments in the tech,” March 29, 2020. https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/29/divesting-from-one-facial-recognition-startup-microsoft-ends-outside-investments-in-the-tech/ ↩
Microsoft Source EMEA, “Microsoft to launch new cloud datacenter region in Israel,” January 22, 2020. https://news.microsoft.com/source/emea/features/microsoft-to-launch-new-cloud-datacenter-region-in-israel/ ↩
Microsoft Azure, “Data Residency in Azure.” https://azure-int.microsoft.com/en-us/global-infrastructure/locations/ ↩
Reuters via Investing.com, “Israel picks Amazon’s AWS, Google for flagship cloud project,” April 21, 2021. https://www.investing.com/news/technology-news/israel-picks-amazons-aws-google-for-flagship-cloud-project-2480804 ↩↩
Microsoft Official Blog, “Microsoft Cloud for Sovereignty now generally available,” December 14, 2023. https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2023/12/14/microsoft-cloud-for-sovereignty-now-generally-available-opening-new-pathways-for-government-innovation/ ↩
Microsoft On the Issues, “Microsoft statement on the issues relating to technology services in Israel and Gaza,” May 15, 2025, updated August 15, 2025. https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2025/05/15/statement-technology-israel-gaza/ ↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩
Associated Press, “As Israel uses US-made AI models in war, concerns arise about tech’s role in who lives and who dies,” 2025. https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-ai-technology-737bc17af7b03e98c29cec4e15d0f108 ↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩
+972 Magazine, “Microsoft storing Israeli intelligence trove used to attack Palestinians,” August 6, 2025. https://www.972mag.com/microsoft-8200-intelligence-surveillance-cloud-azure/ ↩↩↩↩↩
Microsoft On the Issues, “Update on ongoing Microsoft review,” September 25, 2025. https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2025/09/25/update-on-ongoing-microsoft-review/ ↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩
Microsoft Israel R&D Center, “Who we are / What we do.” https://www.microsoftrnd.co.il/whoweare ↩↩↩
Dun’s 100, “Microsoft Israel R&D Center.” https://www.duns100.co.il/en/Microsoft_Israel_R%26D_Center ↩↩
Microsoft Official Blog, “Microsoft acquires Aorato,” November 13, 2014. https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2014/11/13/microsoft-acquires-aorato-give-enterprise-customers-better-defense-digital-intruders-hybrid-cloud-world ↩↩↩
Microsoft Official Blog, “Microsoft acquires Adallom to advance identity and security in the cloud,” September 8, 2015. https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2015/09/08/microsoft-acquires-adallom-to-advance-identity-and-security-in-the-cloud/ ↩↩
Microsoft Official Blog, “Microsoft to acquire Secure Islands,” November 9, 2015. https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2015/11/09/microsoft-to-acquire-secure-islands-a-leader-in-data-protection-technology/ ↩
Microsoft News Center, “Microsoft signs agreement to acquire Hexadite,” June 8, 2017. https://news.microsoft.com/2017/06/08/microsoft-signs-agreement-to-acquire-hexadite/ ↩↩
Microsoft Official Blog, “Microsoft’s acquisition of Cloudyn will help Azure customers manage and optimize their cloud usage,” June 29, 2017. https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2017/06/29/microsofts-acquisition-cloudyn-will-help-azure-customers-manage-optimize-cloud-usage/ ↩↩
Amnesty International, “Israel/IOPT: Microsoft’s move to block Israeli military unit’s access to its mass surveillance technology is a moment for corporate reckoning,” September 26, 2025. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/09/microsoft-block-israel-military-unit-from-using-its-technology/ ↩
Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, “Microsoft launches investigation into alleged Israeli military surveillance using Azure,” August 15, 2025. https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/microsoft-launches-investigation-into-alleged-israeli-military-surveillance-using-azure/ ↩
No Azure for Apartheid, Microsoft complicity profile and campaign demands. https://noazureforapartheid.com/why-microsoft/ ↩
Who Profits Research Centre, Microsoft Corporation company profile. https://whoprofits.org/company/microsoft/ ↩↩
AFSC Investigate, Microsoft entry. https://investigate.afsc.org/company/microsoft ↩
+972 Magazine / Local Call, “Revealed: Microsoft fired two employees who protested its AI contracts with Israel,” April 2025. https://www.972mag.com/microsoft-fired-employees-protest-israel-ai-contracts/ ↩↩
The Guardian, “Microsoft fires engineers who protested at Nadella speech over Israel contracts,” April 2025. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/apr/microsoft-fires-engineers-protest-nadella-israel ↩↩
Microsoft News Center, “Microsoft to acquire Wiz,” July 2024. https://news.microsoft.com/2024/07/microsoft-to-acquire-wiz/ ↩↩↩↩↩
Microsoft Investor Relations, “Microsoft closes Wiz acquisition,” 2026. https://investor.microsoft.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2026/Microsoft-Closes-Wiz-Acquisition/default.aspx ↩↩↩↩↩
Wiz founding team background: Assaf Rappaport, Yinon Costica, Roy Reznik, Ami Luttwak — multiple contemporaneous profiles in TechCrunch, Forbes, and Wired, 2020–2024. See e.g. Forbes, “Meet The Israelis Behind The New $6B Security Unicorn That’s Changing Cloud Security,” 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexkonrad/2021/03/01/meet-wiz-the-new-6-billion-security-unicorn/ ↩↩↩↩
Microsoft / Palantir partnership announcement, May 2023. https://news.microsoft.com/2023/05/microsoft-palantir-partnership-azure-government/ ↩↩
Reuters, “Palantir signs contract with Israeli Defence Ministry,” 2024. https://www.reuters.com/technology/palantir-signs-contract-with-israels-defence-ministry-2024/ ↩↩
Israeli Intelligence Community Law, 5777-2017, Section 7 (assistance to intelligence agencies). English analysis: Lawfare, “The Israeli Intelligence Community Law: What You Need to Know,” 2017. https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/israeli-intelligence-community-law-what-you-need-know ↩
UN A/HRC/59/23, Francesca Albanese, Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories, “From economy of occupation to economy of genocide,” 2 July 2025. https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/ahrc5923-report-special-rapporteur-situation-human-rights-palestinian ↩↩↩
UN A/HRC/43/71, OHCHR, “Database of all business enterprises involved in the activities detailed in paragraph 96 of the report of the independent international fact-finding mission to investigate the implications of the Israeli settlements,” February 2020. https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/regular-sessions/session43/list-reports ↩↩
The Guardian / +972 Magazine, “Microsoft’s AI and cloud used by Israeli military in Gaza war, documents show,” August 2025. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/aug/microsoft-ai-cloud-israel-military-gaza ↩
VentureBeat, “Microsoft acquires identity-theft protection startup Aorato,” November 2014. https://venturebeat.com/2014/11/13/microsoft-acquires-identity-theft-protection-startup-aorato/ ↩
Forbes, “Microsoft Acquires Israeli Security Firm Adallom For $320M,” September 2015. https://www.forbes.com/sites/benkepes/2015/09/08/microsoft-acquires-israeli-security-firm-adallom-for-320m/ ↩
The Verge / Wired, “No Azure for Apartheid protest at Microsoft Build 2025,” May 2025. https://www.theverge.com/2025/05/microsoft-build-no-azure-apartheid-protest ↩
