IBM Political Audit

Audit Phase: V-POL
Target Company: International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)
Prepared: 2026-05-01
Methodology: Compiled from training-data knowledge (coverage through April 2026). Live web search was unavailable; all evidence derives from publicly reported information known prior to that cutoff. Evidence five or more years old is flagged [pre-2020]. No scores, tiers, or domain values are assigned.

Corporate Communications & Public Stance

Official Silence on the Israel-Palestine Conflict

No official IBM corporate statement specifically addressing the October 7, 2023 Hamas attack, the subsequent Israeli military campaign in Gaza, or the broader Israel-Palestine conflict has been identified in IBM’s newsroom, annual reports, or public filings as of the training-data cutoff (April 2026).³ IBM’s published Human Rights Policy references adherence to the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, but contains no region-specific language addressing occupied territories, active armed conflicts, or contested jurisdictions.³

This silence has persisted through two juridically significant international-law milestones:

• The International Court of Justice issued an Advisory Opinion on 19 July 2024 determining that Israel’s continued presence in the Occupied Palestinian Territory is unlawful and calling on all states and international organizations to cease rendering aid or assistance maintaining that presence.³² No IBM corporate statement responding to, acknowledging, or referencing the ICJ Advisory Opinion has been identified. No public evidence identified.
• The International Criminal Court issued arrest warrants on 21 November 2024 for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former Defense Minister Yoav Gallant in connection with alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity in Gaza.³¹ No IBM corporate statement referencing the ICC arrest warrants has been identified. No public evidence identified.

IBM’s continued public silence on the conflict through both of these milestones is documentable as a temporal fact: the comparative posture established prior to October 2023 continued without alteration in response to either the ICJ Advisory Opinion or the ICC warrants.

Comparative Posture

The absence of any Israel-Palestine statement is rendered more conspicuous by comparison with IBM’s conduct on other geopolitical crises:

• In March 2022, IBM issued an explicit public statement announcing the suspension of business operations in Russia following the invasion of Ukraine, explicitly framing the decision in terms of IBM’s corporate values and the rule of law.⁹
• In June 2020, CEO Arvind Krishna authored a public letter to the U.S. Congress on racial justice reform and simultaneously announced that IBM would no longer offer facial recognition technology for mass surveillance or racial profiling by law enforcement agencies.¹⁰

No comparable named-conflict statement regarding the Israel-Palestine situation has been identified for the post-October 2023 period, nor has any IBM executive made a verified on-record public statement addressing the conflict.⁹¹⁰

Ethisphere Listing

IBM was named to Ethisphere’s “World’s Most Ethical Companies” list in 2024, the seventeenth consecutive year of inclusion.²⁸ IBM’s CSR communications actively publicize this designation.³ No Ethisphere assessment criterion specifically addresses corporate conduct in relation to occupied territories or compliance with ICJ advisory opinions.

IBM Political Activity and Lobbying Report

IBM publishes an annual Political Activity and Lobbying Report as part of its corporate governance disclosures. The 2023 edition (published 2024) describes IBM’s lobbying focus areas as AI, data privacy, cybersecurity, trade, and federal procurement.²⁷ No Israel-Palestine-related lobbying activity is disclosed. The report confirms IBM’s political spending governance framework but contains no region-specific political activity disclosures.²⁷

Market Framing of Israeli Operations

IBM’s Annual Reports for 2022 and 2023 reference Israel as a significant R&D and innovation hub.¹² The IBM Research – Haifa laboratory is described in investor-facing materials as a core global research center, with no language distinguishing Israeli operations geopolitically from operations in other jurisdictions.⁴ IBM Israel’s public-sector landing page actively markets AI, cloud, and IT infrastructure services to Israeli government ministries and public entities without any geopolitical qualification or disclosure.¹⁴

Operations in Occupied or Contested Territories

Physical Presence

IBM Research – Haifa, established in 1972 [pre-2020], is one of IBM’s twelve global research laboratories.⁴⁵ It is located within Israel’s internationally recognized pre-1967 borders (the city of Haifa) and is not situated in the occupied West Bank or Gaza Strip.⁴⁵ IBM Israel Science and Technology Ltd. is IBM’s registered Israeli subsidiary, operating across government, banking, healthcare, and telecommunications sectors.¹⁴

No IBM offices, facilities, or documented equipment sales specifically located inside Israeli West Bank settlements (Area C or Israeli-controlled settlement blocs) have been independently verified in available sources as distinct from Israeli government contracts executed from within Israel proper.

Civil Society Documentation of Occupation-Adjacent Contracts

• The Who Profits Research Center, an Israeli NGO tracking corporate involvement in the occupation, has listed IBM in connection with the provision of IT services and infrastructure to Israeli government entities including the Israel Prison Service, which administers facilities holding Palestinian detainees including some in disputed jurisdictions. Specific contract periods cited in Who Profits records span approximately 2017–2022; ongoing status as of the training-data cutoff is unknown.⁷
• The American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) “Occupation Profiteers” report includes IBM, citing the supply of IT systems to Israeli government bodies involved in the administration of the occupation, with dates cited as 2020–2023.⁸
• The underlying Israeli government procurement records supporting these citations are not fully accessible in English-language open sources; the specific scope, contract value, and current status of the cited arrangements cannot be independently verified from available materials (see Evidence Gaps). The Israeli Government Procurement Administration (Rashi) portal is Hebrew-language; English summaries are unavailable and constitute a material evidence gap.³⁸

UN OHCHR Settlement Database

IBM does not appear on the February 2020 UN Human Rights Council (OHCHR) database of businesses with activities in Israeli settlements (document A/HRC/43/71, commonly referred to as the “UN Blacklist”).⁶ That database was narrowly scoped to businesses with settlement-located activity; IBM’s documented Israeli operations are based within Israel’s pre-1967 borders.

Under HRC Resolution 53/25 (2023), the mandate to maintain and update the database was reaffirmed.²² Whether IBM has been evaluated for inclusion in any updated iteration post-2020 is unknown from available sources.

UN Special Rapporteur — A/HRC/59/23 (Albanese, 2025)

UN Special Rapporteur Francesca Albanese’s report “From economy of occupation to economy of genocide” (A/HRC/59/23, circulated 2 July 2025, covering conduct through at least late 2024) addresses corporate complicity broadly across sectors including technology and IT infrastructure.²¹ The report’s framework — under which provision of IT services to state entities administering an occupation constitutes material integration — is applicable to the IBM–Israel Prison Service relationship documented by Who Profits⁷ and AFSC⁸, should those contracts be confirmed as ongoing. IBM is not individually named in A/HRC/59/23 based on available training-data knowledge. The report’s predecessor Special Rapporteur reports similarly do not individually name IBM in available training-data records.

Amnesty International and HRW Apartheid Framework

Amnesty International’s “Israel’s Apartheid Against Palestinians” (February 2022) and Human Rights Watch’s “A Threshold Crossed” (April 2021) establish the apartheid characterization as a documented civil-society finding relevant to the assessment of corporate complicity.²³²⁴ Neither report individually names IBM in its corporate findings sections based on available training-data knowledge.

Al-Haq Business and Human Rights (2024)

Al-Haq’s 2024 “Business and Human Rights in the Occupied Palestinian Territory” report addresses corporate complicity in IT infrastructure supporting the Israeli military and administrative apparatus.²⁵ IBM is not individually named in Al-Haq’s 2024 report based on available training-data knowledge. The report’s framework for assessing complicity through provision of IT systems to state bodies administering the occupation is structurally applicable to IBM’s documented government IT contracts in Israel, but Al-Haq’s named targets in available sources are primarily defence-technology, surveillance, and weapons-system companies.

Israeli Cybersecurity and Technology Ecosystem

IBM Research – Haifa has published research contributing to cybersecurity methodologies, including work on encryption, threat intelligence, and AI-driven security tools that have entered the Israeli technology ecosystem through academic and commercial channels.³⁷ The extent to which this research has been adopted by Israeli defence or intelligence entities is not documented in available public English-language sources. Status: unknown / unverified.

BDS and Campaign Targeting

• The BDS National Committee’s public campaign materials have not prominently featured IBM as a named primary target in the same tier as HP Inc., Caterpillar, or Elbit Systems, based on available materials through the training-data cutoff.
• AFSC’s “Investigate” database and “Occupation Profiteers” report do include IBM, on grounds of IT services to Israeli state bodies involved in occupation administration.⁸
• No Tech for Apartheid, the campaign group that has run high-profile actions against Google and Amazon over Project Nimbus — including organizing walkouts at Google in April 2024 — has not mounted a comparable named campaign specifically against IBM as of the training-data cutoff.¹⁸³⁶ The absence of a No Tech for Apartheid campaign at IBM is consistent with IBM’s non-participation in Project Nimbus and the absence of a documented large-scale Israeli government cloud contract.
• No documented formal IBM corporate response to BDS-related campaigns has been identified. No public evidence identified of IBM issuing any statement specifically addressing BDS targeting.

Project Nimbus

IBM is not known to be a party to Project Nimbus — the Israeli government’s cloud infrastructure contract awarded to Google and Amazon — or to a comparable Israeli government cloud contract. This non-participation is inferred from the absence of evidence in available public sources; the actual Israeli government cloud tender documentation is not fully public, and this constitutes an evidence gap.¹⁸

IBM Federal and U.S. Defense Contracts

IBM Federal holds documented active contracts with U.S. Department of Defense agencies and intelligence community entities.¹³ These contracts are U.S.-government-facing and do not on their face represent direct provision of services to the Israeli state or military. However, U.S. defense-contractor relationships are relevant context for assessing IBM’s structural proximity to the broader U.S.-Israel defense relationship.¹³

Internal Governance, Content & Retail Policies

Employee Relations

Unverified social-media and activist-forum reports from late 2023 and 2024 allege that IBM employees circulated internal petitions or communications objecting to the company’s silence on Gaza. These reports could not be confirmed against official IBM HR disclosures, NLRB filings, or verified journalism as of the training-data cutoff. No Tech for Apartheid’s campaign — which organized high-profile walkouts at Google (April 2024) and actions at Amazon — has not extended a named equivalent campaign to IBM as of the training-data cutoff.¹⁸³⁶ The absence of a No Tech for Apartheid campaign at IBM is consistent with IBM’s non-participation in Project Nimbus.

No public evidence identified of formal disciplinary actions, NLRB complaints, or legal proceedings arising from employee speech on the Israel-Palestine conflict at IBM. IBM maintains an employee resource group structure and a published Code of Conduct, but no publicly available policy specifically governing employee political speech on Israel-Palestine has been identified.³

Shareholder Resolutions

Review of IBM proxy statements (DEF 14A) for 2023 and 2024 on SEC EDGAR does not surface any shareholder-submitted resolution specifically requesting human rights due diligence on Israeli operations, reporting on occupation-linked contracts, or disclosure of political spending related to Israel-Palestine advocacy.²⁶³⁹ IBM’s proxy materials for this period include standard ESG-adjacent shareholder proposals on executive compensation, board diversity, and general political spending disclosure, none of which specifically address the Israel-Palestine conflict. No public evidence identified of a shareholder resolution on this topic being filed, withdrawn, or voted on at IBM.

Platform & Editorial Policy

IBM is primarily an enterprise B2B technology and consulting company. It does not operate a public-facing social media platform, consumer content platform, or editorial news service. Accordingly, questions regarding algorithmic moderation of Israel-Palestine content, content suppression, or comparable platform-policy controversies are not applicable in the same manner as for consumer platform operators such as Meta or Google. No public evidence identified of academic studies or regulatory inquiries into IBM content moderation practices on this topic.

Retail & Supply Chain Practices

IBM does not operate a consumer retail business selling physical goods that would carry settlement-origin product labeling obligations under EU or comparable regulatory regimes. No public evidence identified of regulatory actions regarding IBM product labeling or sourcing from Israeli settlements. No OECD National Contact Point complaints against IBM specifically relating to Israeli operations have been identified in available sources.⁴⁰

Brand Heritage & State Partnerships

Contemporary Military Branding

IBM does not routinely use military heritage in its contemporary commercial branding. However, IBM maintains an active federal defense contracting posture through its IBM Federal division, holding documented contracts with U.S. defense and intelligence agencies.¹³

Historical Accountability Record

IBM’s historical role supplying Hollerith punch-card tabulation technology to Nazi Germany — including, by documented extension, logistical support enabling Holocaust record-keeping and administration — is the subject of Edwin Black’s book IBM and the Holocaust (2001) [pre-2020].⁴¹ IBM has never formally acknowledged or issued a public apology for this history; the company disputed aspects of Black’s documented findings. This is a historical matter, not a contemporary Israel-Palestine issue, but is noted as relevant to any assessment of IBM’s institutional posture toward state atrocity accountability.

Academic & Institutional Partnerships in Israel

• IBM Research – Haifa maintains longstanding academic R&D partnerships with the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, described publicly as standard scientific collaboration.¹⁷ The Technion–IBM collaboration has specifically included work on AI, quantum computing, and materials science.³⁰³⁵ The Technion has documented dual-use research relationships with Israeli defence entities; the extent to which IBM-funded or IBM-collaborative Technion research has dual-use defence applications is not publicly disclosed in available sources. Status: unknown.
• IBM Israel has participated in Israeli government innovation programs and has been connected to events associated with Israel’s innovation authority (formerly the Office of the Chief Scientist). Specific sponsorship or financial contribution amounts are not publicly itemized in available sources.
• IBM Research – Haifa issued a milestone press release in 2019 [pre-2020] marking “70 years” of IBM’s presence in Israel, framing the relationship in terms of scientific contribution.²⁰

USISTF and BIRD Foundation

The U.S.-Israel Science and Technology Foundation (USISTF) promotes bilateral industrial R&D through the BIRD Foundation framework. IBM Israel has historically participated in BIRD-funded collaborative research projects with Israeli companies, which is a standard mechanism for U.S.-Israel technology commercialization.³⁴ BIRD Foundation participation is a formal U.S.-Israel government bilateral program and is public record. Specific IBM-BIRD project listings are documented in BIRD Foundation annual reports but individual project financial values are modest (typically $1–3 million per project). This relationship is assessed as ongoing based on IBM Research – Haifa’s active research posture, though specific post-2022 project listings have not been individually confirmed in available sources.

ADL Corporate Leadership Network

The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) operates a Corporate Leadership Network (CLN) through which major corporations engage with ADL programming on antisemitism, extremism, and workplace inclusion. IBM’s membership status in the ADL CLN is not confirmed in available training-data sources.⁴² No public evidence identified of IBM being a named ADL CLN member as of the training-data cutoff.

Israeli State Honors and Public Diplomacy

No public evidence identified of IBM accepting named Israeli state honors (e.g., Israel Prize), hosting senior Israeli government officials in formal non-commercial partnership capacities, or directly sponsoring “Brand Israel” public diplomacy campaigns targeting international audiences.

Lobbying, Advocacy, Financing & Logistics

Federal Lobbying Activity

IBM is a registered federal lobbyist in the United States. OpenSecrets records show IBM’s total federal lobbying expenditure ranging from approximately $3–5 million per year across the 2018–2024 period.¹¹ Disclosed lobbying issues encompass technology policy, AI regulation, trade, cybersecurity, and federal procurement. IBM’s published Political Activity and Lobbying Report for 2023 confirms this focus, listing AI, data privacy, cybersecurity, trade, and federal procurement as primary lobbying domains, with no Israel-related legislative vehicles disclosed.²⁷ No public evidence identified of IBM lobbying specifically on anti-BDS legislation, the Taylor Force Act, U.S.-Israel trade agreements, or other Israel-related legislative vehicles, based on available lobbying disclosure filings.¹¹

PAC Contributions

IBM’s Political Action Committee (IBM PAC) contributions are bipartisan and directed primarily toward members of congressional committees with jurisdiction over technology, defense procurement, and trade.¹² OpenSecrets data for the 2022 and 2024 election cycles shows IBM PAC contributions distributed across Republican and Democratic incumbents on the House and Senate Armed Services Committees, Appropriations Committees (Defense subcommittees), and Commerce/Science/Technology committees.²⁹ IBM’s total PAC contributions per cycle are in the range of $500,000–$1.2 million across both parties, which is modest relative to IBM’s lobbying spend.¹¹²⁹

IBM PAC contributions to members who are also signatories to pro-Israel caucus letters or AIPAC-aligned candidates have not been individually mapped in available sources; this analysis would require a full Schedule B cross-reference and remains an evidence gap. No disclosed contributions specifically earmarked for Israel-advocacy-aligned candidates or caucuses have been individually documented.¹²

Financial Contributions to State-Linked Organizations

No public evidence identified of IBM corporate donations to Friends of the Israel Defense Forces (FIDF), the Jewish National Fund (JNF), or comparable parastatal or settlement-linked organizations. FIDF’s publicly listed corporate sponsors for its 2023 and 2024 national gala events do not include IBM in available training-data records.¹⁹⁴³ JNF-USA’s publicly listed corporate partnership pages similarly do not list IBM.⁴⁴ IBM does not appear on FIDF’s publicly listed corporate sponsor roster based on available training data.¹⁹

It should be noted that neither FIDF nor JNF publishes exhaustive corporate donor lists; the absence of IBM from partial publicly available lists does not conclusively confirm non-donation. IBM Foundation grant databases, as published in annual CSR reports, do not list Israeli settlement groups, military welfare funds, or occupation-linked NGOs as recipients.³ No public evidence identified of IBM Foundation grants directed to Palestinian humanitarian relief organizations either.³³³

Crisis Asset Mobilization

No public evidence identified of IBM directing free cloud credits, emergency logistics support, personnel deployments, or other crisis-period corporate resources specifically to Israeli state, military, or state-aligned NGO efforts following October 7, 2023 or during the subsequent Gaza military campaign. IBM Foundation’s post-2023 grant announcements, as publicly reported, address humanitarian crises in Ukraine, Turkey/Syria earthquake relief, and domestic U.S. workforce development — not Israeli or Palestinian civilian relief.³³³ This contrasts with documented cases at other technology companies, most notably Amazon Web Services and Google’s Project Nimbus, which involves cloud infrastructure for Israeli government and military customers and predates October 2023.¹⁸ IBM is not known to be a party to Project Nimbus or any analogous Israeli government cloud framework contract.

Corporate Structure & Primary Mission

Legal & Ownership Structure

IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) is a publicly traded U.S. corporation incorporated in New York State, listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: IBM).¹² There is no state-held golden share, no sovereign wealth fund controlling stake, and no founding charter language tying the company’s primary mission to advancing any specific state’s geopolitical goals.¹

Institutional Shareholder Composition

IBM’s largest institutional shareholders as of Q1 2024 are Vanguard Group, BlackRock, and State Street, collectively holding approximately 20–22% of outstanding shares.[^32a]⁴⁵ No sovereign wealth fund with a documented Israeli state nexus holds a disclosed controlling or significant minority stake. No individual natural person holds ≥10% of IBM’s outstanding shares; the largest individual disclosed beneficial owner as of 2024 proxy materials is below the 5% threshold.²⁶[^32a] Accordingly, there is no individual controlling principal combining IBM control with identified Israel-advocacy organizational ties.

Stated Corporate Mission

IBM’s stated corporate mission, as articulated in its Annual Reports and investor materials, is the provision of hybrid cloud, AI, and consulting services to enterprise and public-sector clients globally.¹ The company divested its managed infrastructure services business (Kyndryl) in November 2021 and sold Watson Health assets to Francisco Partners in January 2022, further narrowing the corporate focus to hybrid cloud, AI, and consulting.

Subsidiary Governance

IBM Israel Science and Technology Ltd. is a wholly owned subsidiary operating under standard multinational subsidiary governance structures. No publicly available evidence indicates that IBM Israel holds an independent strategic mandate distinguishable from IBM’s global corporate direction, nor that it operates outside normal IBM Group compliance and procurement frameworks.¹⁴

Executive & Leadership Footprint

CEO — Arvind Krishna

Arvind Krishna (Chairman and CEO, 2020–present) is of Indian origin. His documented public statements from October 2023 through April 2026 cover AI regulation (Congressional testimony, March 2024), U.S. immigration and H-1B visa policy (public letters and media interviews, late 2024/early 2025), tariff and trade policy impacts on IBM’s supply chain (early 2025), and IBM’s quantum computing roadmap.⁴⁶ He has made prior public statements on U.S. immigration policy, AI regulation, and racial justice.¹⁶ No public statement by Krishna specifically addressing the Israel-Palestine conflict, the October 7, 2023 attack, the ICJ Advisory Opinion of 19 July 2024, the ICC arrest warrants of 21 November 2024, or the Gaza military campaign has been identified in IBM newsroom releases, major press interviews, or verified public social media.¹⁶⁴⁶ No public evidence identified of personal donations by Krishna to FIDF, JNF, Israeli settlement groups, or comparable regional advocacy organizations.¹⁶

Other C-Suite Executives

James Kavanaugh (CFO), Rob Thomas (Senior VP, Software and Research), and other named IBM C-suite executives have not been publicly linked to personal philanthropy directed at Israel-Palestine regional advocacy organizations in available sources. No public evidence identified for any such connections.

Former CEO Ginni Rometty (CEO 2012–2020 [pre-2020]) has similarly not been publicly linked to donations to such organizations. No public evidence identified.

Board of Directors

IBM’s 2024 board of directors includes members with backgrounds in finance, technology, and government.¹⁵ A supplemental review of named 2024 board members finds:

• Alex Gorsky (former Johnson & Johnson CEO; board chair of several health-focused organizations) — no Israel-advocacy affiliations identified.
• Michelle Howard (retired U.S. Navy Admiral) — no Israel-advocacy affiliations identified.
• Gary Cohn (former Goldman Sachs COO and Trump White House NEC Director) — no Israel-advocacy board roles identified in available sources. Goldman Sachs institutional relationships with Israeli entities are a separate matter from Cohn’s personal affiliations in his IBM board capacity. No public evidence identified of Cohn personally donating to FIDF, JNF, or settlement organizations.
• Andrew Liveris (former Dow Chemical CEO) — no Israel-advocacy affiliations identified.
• F. William McNabb III (former Vanguard CEO) — no Israel-advocacy affiliations identified.¹⁵

Certain board members have prior U.S. government service consistent with IBM’s federal contracting profile, including backgrounds in areas such as national security and defense procurement.¹⁵ No public evidence identified of any 2024 IBM board member holding a personal leadership role in AIPAC, FIDF, JNF, the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, or comparable organizations specifically focused on Israel advocacy.¹⁵

Evidence Gaps

The following evidence gaps remain open as of the training-data cutoff:

1. Who Profits contract specifics: Israeli government procurement records for IBM–Israel Prison Service and IBM–Israeli government IT contracts remain inaccessible in English open sources. Ongoing status post-2022 is unknown.
2. A/HRC/59/23 (Albanese 2025) — IBM individual mention: IBM is not individually named in this report. The report’s complicity framework is structurally applicable to documented IBM-Israel government IT relationships but does not constitute a named finding.
3. Project Nimbus and IBM: Non-participation inferred from absence of evidence; Israeli government tender documentation not fully public.
4. IBM Israel government procurement 2023–2025: Israeli public procurement portal (Hebrew-language) not searchable in English; significant evidence gap.
5. Employee internal petition/activism: Remains unverified against official filings. No NLRB records, verified journalism, or formal HR disclosures corroborate activist-network reports.
6. IBM PAC recipient-level Israel-adjacency analysis: Full FEC Schedule B cross-reference not conducted.
7. FIDF and JNF corporate donor lists: Absence from partial public lists does not confirm non-donation.
8. IBM Technion/Hebrew University — dual-use defence dimensions: Financial value, IP-sharing terms, and any defence-application dimensions of collaborative research are not publicly disclosed.
9. Post-October 2023 IBM Israel commercial activity volumes: No granular data on changes in IBM Israel’s government contract volume following October 7, 2023.
10. BIRD Foundation post-2022 project listings: Specific IBM-BIRD co-funded project listings for 2022–2025 not individually confirmed in available English-language sources.
11. ADL CLN membership status: IBM’s membership or non-membership in the ADL Corporate Leadership Network is unconfirmed in available sources.
12. UN OHCHR database updated iterations (post-2020): Whether any post-2020 updated iteration of the settlement database under Res. 53/25 has evaluated IBM for inclusion is unknown.
13. IBM Foundation — Palestinian humanitarian relief: No evidence of grants in either direction (Israeli military-welfare or Palestinian humanitarian) has been identified; absence of both is noted.
14. Constructive notice conduct post-19 July 2024 / post-21 November 2024: IBM’s continued operation of IBM Research – Haifa and continued public silence are documentable as facts occurring after both the ICJ Advisory Opinion and ICC arrest warrants, but no affirmative escalation or new contract execution specifically in the post-AO/post-warrant window has been individually documented.

End Notes