Table of Contents
Costco Wholesale Corporation is a mainstream US membership warehouse retailer with no direct military, intelligence, or defence-sector relationship with Israeli state institutions. Its BDS-1000 score of 148 (Tier E) reflects a profile dominated by two findings: a documented but transactional multi-category supply chain sourcing Israeli-origin agricultural goods and settlement-adjacent manufactured products (V-ECON, the largest contributor to the composite), and a pattern of politically selective corporate silence combined with one confirmed act of shareholder accountability suppression (V-POL, the dominant domain by V-Score).
The military domain (V-MIL) scores near-zero. Three claims from prior research — co-appearance on a New York City tax register, a job-listing aggregator result, and a mischaracterised rabbinical consumer guide — were audited and discarded as not probative, fabricated inferences, or source misrepresentations respectively. The only live military-adjacency pathway is Costco’s retail of commercially available DJI consumer drone models, which the IDF independently acquires and modifies — a two-structural-step separation with no confirmed Costco-to-IDF institutional supply link. The digital domain (V-DIG) scores negligible: all four claimed Israeli-origin cybersecurity vendor relationships were discarded as unverifiable, Costco has no Israeli data infrastructure, and the company is a buyer rather than a provider of technology.
The economic case rests on better-evidenced ground. The Costco Business Centre Canada product listing confirms Israeli-origin Medjool dates as an active SKU.1 NGO-sourced evidence from CJPME, the Palestine Solidarity Campaign, and the Corporate Occupation “Apartheid in the Fields” report supports seasonal sourcing of citrus (Mehadrin), avocados (Galilee Export), and herbs (Arava Export Growers) from suppliers with documented settlement operations in the Jordan Valley.23 Keter Group, a Costco supplier of resin outdoor storage products, operates manufacturing facilities in the Barkan Industrial Zone in the occupied West Bank, documented by the Who Profits Research Center.4 Kirkland Signature Minoxidil and Diclofenac are confirmed by FDA DailyMed records as manufactured by Perrigo at its Yeruham, Negev facility — located inside sovereign Israeli territory, not in occupied territories.5
The political profile is defined by a contrast and a direct act. On the contrast: Costco publicly announced exit from Russia after the 2022 invasion, issued a formal board statement defending DEI in January 2025, and acknowledged the Teamsters strike threat — while issuing no public statement on Gaza or the October 7 aftermath.67 On the direct act: a September 2025 SEC no-action letter documents Costco’s board seeking exclusion of a shareholder proposal referencing “Palestine/Israel employees” and the “Holy Land Principles” from its 2025 proxy statement.8 This is the hardest political evidence in the audit: a first-person corporate decision to prevent shareholder-level accountability on Palestinian labour rights from reaching a vote.
The composite score should be read with its evidence limits in mind. Total Israeli procurement quantum is undisclosed. Provenance of specific Keter SKUs to Barkan rather than to Green Line facilities is unresolved. The named Hadiklaim–Kirkland Signature private label contract is asserted in BDS campaign materials but unverified at the contract level. A Tier E score does not exonerate: the Keter, date, and citrus supply relationships are documented, the 2025 proxy exclusion is a direct corporate decision, and the selective-silence pattern is verifiable across multiple public records.
| Date | Event |
|---|---|
| 1983 | Costco founded in Seattle, Washington, by James Sinegal and Jeffrey Brotman |
| 1993 | Costco and Price Club merge to form Costco Wholesale Corporation |
| 2005 | Perrigo acquires Agis Industries, establishing its Yeruham, Negev pharmaceutical manufacturing base 5 |
| 2010 | Omega S.A. v. Costco affirmed by the US Supreme Court (parallel import / first-sale doctrine; no defence-trade relevance) |
| 2010 | USACBI publishes Ahava Dead Sea Laboratories BDS campaign material naming Costco as a retailer 9 |
| 2015 | SodaStream relocates primary manufacturing from Mishor Adumim (West Bank) to Rahat, Negev 10 |
| July 2020 | Costco disciplines employees for wearing Black Lives Matter masks, citing ban on political messages in employee handbook 1112 |
| February 2022 | Costco suspends Russian operations following the invasion of Ukraine; listed on Yale SOM tracker and Leave Russia campaign 6 |
| 2022 | DJI added to US Department of Commerce Entity List for national security reasons; Costco continues retail of DJI consumer drones as standard COTS electronics |
| February 2023 | Israeli Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich publicly invites Costco to enter the Israeli civilian food retail market; no Costco response made public 1314 |
| September 2023 | Costco begins deploying tablet-based membership verification kiosks; company confirms no facial recognition technology used 15 |
| October 2023 | US diaspora organisations purchase consumer goods from US bulk retailers for IDF reservists; Costco not specifically named as a source 16 |
| 2023 | US lawmakers cite Costco for continued sale of Dahua/Lorex surveillance cameras on restricted entity lists 17 |
| February 2024 | Canadian BDS Coalition Ramadan campaign explicitly names Costco as a retailer of settlement-origin Hadiklaim dates 18 |
| May 2024 | BDS Coalition Canada summer campaign names Costco for Keter and date products 19 |
| May 2025 | Al Jazeera reports IDF systematic retrofitting of commercial DJI drones for surveillance and weapons delivery in Gaza; Costco not named as a supply channel 20 |
| January 2025 | Costco board issues formal public statement defending DEI initiatives; shareholder anti-DEI proposal rejected 21 |
| January 2025 | Teamsters vote 85% in favour of national strike at Costco; negotiations ongoing 22 |
| 2025 | Gina Raimondo (former US Secretary of Commerce) nominated to Costco Board of Directors 23 |
| September 2025 | SEC no-action letter documents Costco seeking exclusion of a shareholder proposal on “Palestine/Israel employees” and Holy Land Principles from 2025 proxy statement 8 |
| January 2025 | Canadian BDS Coalition 2025 Ramadan campaign continues to name Costco as a retailer of Israeli settlement dates 24 |
Costco Wholesale Corporation is the world’s third-largest retailer by revenue, operating a membership warehouse model across more than 800 locations globally. The company is incorporated in the State of Washington and headquartered in Issaquah, Washington. It has no Israeli operations, no Israeli market entry, and no Israeli revenue segment in its FY2024 Form 10-K.25 The company’s three geographic reporting segments are United States, Canada, and Other International; Israel appears in none of them.25
Costco’s private label, Kirkland Signature, encompasses foodstuffs, household goods, clothing, pharmaceuticals, and consumer electronics accessories. The brand is produced via a network of third-party contract manufacturers worldwide; some confirmed manufacturing relationships involve Israeli-domiciled producers, as detailed under V-ECON and V-MIL. Costco is not a technology company, defence contractor, or cloud services provider. Its corporate structure is a standard US public company with no Israeli ownership stake, no Israeli state-appointed board representation, and no charter linkage to Israeli state objectives.
The company’s institutional shareholder base is dominated by standard US index and active fund managers — Vanguard, BlackRock, and State Street — with no identified Israeli sovereign wealth fund or state-entity ownership.26 Board Chairman Hamilton E. James, a former Blackstone executive, was appointed to the President’s Intelligence Advisory Board by President Biden in 2023 in a personal capacity.27 Former US Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo was nominated to the Costco board in 2025.23 These affiliations represent individual board members’ civic roles, not corporate relationships.
Costco’s documented contact with Israeli government actors is limited to an unsolicited February 2023 invitation by Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich for the company to enter the Israeli food retail market.1314 No Costco response to that invitation has been made public, and no subsequent market entry has been announced. The absence of a market entry is the only verifiable corporate response available in the public record.
No public evidence has been identified of any direct contract, tender award, framework agreement, or memorandum of understanding between Costco and the Israeli Ministry of Defence (IMOD), the Israel Defence Forces (IDF), Israel Prison Service, Israel Border Police, or any other Israeli state security body. Costco does not appear in SIBAT (Israel’s Defence Export and Defence Cooperation Directorate) listings, international defence exhibition catalogues, or Israeli or international defence procurement registries.28 This absence is not surprising: Costco’s business classification as a warehouse-format wholesale membership retailer does not correspond to any category typically covered by defence procurement systems.
The rubric band for V-MIL Impact at 1.50 reflects the “incidental civilian goods” category — the lowest non-zero band. The score is not zero because two documented pathways exist that create limited indirect military-adjacent exposure, even though neither constitutes an institutional supply relationship. The first is Costco’s retail of DJI consumer drone models; the second is its supply chain relationship with Keter Group, whose manufacturing facilities include the Barkan Industrial Zone in the occupied West Bank.
DJI Consumer Drones. Costco retails commercially available DJI consumer drone models — including Mini series and Mavic series units — as standard consumer electronics bundles.29 These are unmodified commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) units sold without restriction to general members of the public. Al Jazeera’s May 2025 reporting documents that the IDF systematically retrofits commercial DJI platforms — including small civilian models — for surveillance and weapons delivery in Gaza, including modifications enabling grenade delivery and tunnel monitoring.20 That report establishes an IDF practice of COTS drone field modification but does not identify Costco as a supply channel; DJI civilian platforms are referenced generically. No institutional supply agreement, standing order, or preferential arrangement between Costco and the IDF, Israeli procurement agencies, or Israeli defence-adjacent intermediaries for drone units has been identified.
The analytical chain here runs: Costco sells DJI units to the general public → DJI units are also independently acquired and modified by the IDF → therefore, at a structural remove of at least two steps (retailer to public buyer to possible IDF acquisition via independent channels), a theoretical exposure exists. The Proximity score of 1.50 reflects this two-step structural distance. Costco exercises no awareness or control over the military end-use of COTS goods purchased by members of the public. The DJI COTS retail relationship does not meet the standard for any confirmed military supply relationship and is properly classified as “incidental civilian goods channel.”
A Reddit post from 2025 references Costco listing the DJI Mini 4 Pro bundle as “discontinued” in its in-store system,29 indicating standard commercial lifecycle management rather than any extraordinary relationship with the product line.
Keter Group — Barkan Industrial Zone. The Who Profits Research Center documents Keter Group as operating manufacturing facilities in the Barkan Industrial Zone, an Israeli industrial settlement park built on land of the Palestinian villages of Haris, Bruqin, and Sarta in the occupied West Bank.4 Costco product listings confirm that Keter-branded outdoor storage products have been sold through Costco’s platform.30 A documented three-party collaboration between Keter, Tetra Pak, and Costco for recycled-carton planters was reported in trade and sustainability press in 2024.3132 This collaboration involved Costco as the retail endpoint for a Keter-manufactured product.
Keter is not a defence prime contractor, and its Barkan facilities produce resin consumer goods (deck boxes, outdoor storage furniture, sheds), not construction equipment or military materiel. The military-domain relevance is indirect: the Barkan Industrial Zone operates under Israeli civilian and military administration of the West Bank, meaning Keter’s industrial activity there occurs within an occupation infrastructure. However, this does not constitute direct military supply by Costco. The Keter relationship is assessed under V-MIL at this incidental level; its primary analytical weight falls under V-ECON.
Perrigo Pharmaceutical Manufacturing. FDA DailyMed regulatory records confirm that Kirkland Signature Minoxidil Topical Solution USP 5% lists Perrigo as the manufacturer, with origin associated with Perrigo’s Yeruham facility in the Negev, Israel.5 Kirkland Signature Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel 1% similarly lists Perrigo as distributor with Israel as manufacturing origin.33 Yeruham is located inside sovereign Israeli territory within the pre-1967 Green Line; it is not in the West Bank, Gaza, or any occupied territory, and no UN body or NGO has characterised it as such. Perrigo’s Israeli operations originate from its 2005 acquisition of Agis Industries.34 This is civilian pharmaceutical production with no identified connection to Israeli defence manufacturing and carries no military-domain significance.
Claims Discarded as Not Probative. Three claims advanced in prior research were reviewed and discarded. First, New York City General Corporation Tax Allocation reports (2005–2006) were cited as placing “RAFAEL USA INC.” and “COSTCO WHOLESALE CORPORATION” on the same document. These are city-wide tax registers listing all major corporate taxpayers in the same annual filing; co-appearance is not evidence of any commercial, contractual, or supply chain relationship. Second, a ZipRecruiter job listing co-appearance showing Elbit Systems and Costco results in a Virginia search was cited as evidence of supply chain integration. This is an artefact of search engine aggregation and constitutes no evidence of any relationship. Third, a claim that Kirkland Signature products appear on “IDF Kashrut Logistics lists” was reviewed; the cited document is a Council of Orthodox Rabbis of Greater Detroit Passover consumer guide — a civilian rabbinical publication — not an IDF institutional procurement document. All three claims are assessed as not probative, a fabricated inference, and a source misrepresentation respectively, and are excluded from findings.
Diaspora Aid Purchases. Hindustan Times reporting from October 2023 documents US Jewish diaspora organisations purchasing consumer goods — sleeping bags, toiletries, socks — from unnamed US bulk retailers to ship to IDF reservists.16 Costco is not named as a specific source; the inference from general bulk-retail descriptions is not corroborated by any named source.
Export Sales Programme. Costco operates an Export Sales programme enabling members to purchase goods for export via approved freight forwarders.35 Third-party package forwarding services document Israel as a shipping destination.3637 This establishes a documented civilian parallel import channel. No evidence that Israeli Ministry of Defence or IDF institutional buyers have used these channels has been identified; documented end-use is civilian parallel import.
The Magnitude score of 1.50 reflects the absence of any confirmed military-volume supply. The Proximity score of 1.50 reflects the passive market link: Costco is two structural steps removed from any documented IDF end-use of its COTS drone products, and its Keter and pharmaceutical relationships are civilian consumer goods with no confirmed military application.
The strongest challenge to the near-zero V-MIL score is the DJI COTS drone issue. The Al Jazeera reporting establishes that the IDF does not distinguish between civilian and military acquisition channels when sourcing commercial drones — it simply acquires available platforms and modifies them.20 Under this argument, any large-format consumer electronics retailer selling DJI units to the public is a de facto supply node in the IDF’s COTS acquisition chain. This is a structurally coherent argument, but it proves too much: it would implicate every electronics retailer in any country where DJI products are commercially available. The BDS-1000 rubric evaluates institutional supply relationships, awareness, and control, not theoretical end-use pathways through anonymous consumer purchases. The absence of any confirmed Costco-to-IDF institutional supply agreement is determinative.
A second challenge concerns the Keter evidence gap. Who Profits documents Keter’s Barkan presence, but no shipment-level provenance documentation — bill of lading, certificate of origin, or customs entry — links specific Costco-sold Keter SKUs to Barkan production rather than to Keter’s Green Line facilities at Carmiel and Yokneam.4 Keter announced relocation plans from Barkan around 2020–2022 under international commercial pressure; the extent to which Barkan operations have continued or fully ceased is not definitively confirmed in available training data. If specific Costco-sold SKUs could be traced to Barkan production, the V-MIL Proximity score might be marginally higher, though the classification would remain “civilian goods.”
A third gap is the Israeli government procurement portal (mr.gov.il / Rashut Hamikrazim), which is not fully publicly accessible in English. A Hebrew-language search of that portal would be required to confirm with full confidence the absence of Costco from Israeli public-sector tender records. That search was not possible within the scope of this audit.
For the V-MIL score to change materially upward, one of the following would need to be documented: a named Costco–IMOD or Costco–IDF institutional procurement instrument; evidence of Costco supplying ruggedised, tactical, or military-specification variants of any product; or confirmation that Costco’s export channels have been specifically used for IDF institutional bulk acquisition.
| Entity | Type | Relevance | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Israel Defence Forces (IDF) | State security body | Potential end-user of COTS DJI drones; no institutional supply link to Costco confirmed | No public evidence of direct Costco relationship |
| Israeli Ministry of Defence (IMOD) | State body | No contract, tender, or MOU with Costco identified | No public evidence |
| SIBAT | Israeli defence export directorate | No Costco listing found in registry | No public evidence |
| DJI (Da-Jiang Innovations) | Chinese COTS drone manufacturer | Costco retails DJI consumer drones; IDF independently modifies COTS DJI platforms | Confirmed retail relationship; no institutional supply link |
| Keter Group | Israeli consumer goods manufacturer | Barkan Industrial Zone facilities documented by Who Profits; Costco sells Keter resin products | Confirmed commercial relationship; SKU-level provenance unresolved |
| Perrigo plc | Irish-domiciled pharma (Israeli operations via Agis acquisition) | Manufactures Kirkland Signature Minoxidil and Diclofenac at Yeruham, Negev | Confirmed (FDA DailyMed); civilian pharma, inside Green Line |
| Rafael USA Inc. | US subsidiary of Israeli defence prime Rafael | NYC tax register co-appearance with Costco; assessed not probative | Discarded — not probative |
| Elbit Systems | Israeli defence prime | ZipRecruiter job listing co-appearance; assessed fabricated inference | Discarded |
| Who Profits Research Center | Israeli NGO | Documents Keter Barkan operations; Costco not named as company in its own right | NGO source |
| Al Jazeera | Media outlet | May 2025 report on IDF DJI COTS drone modification; does not name Costco | Confirmed IDF practice; no Costco nexus |
| Tetra Pak | Swedish-Swiss packaging company | Three-party Keter–Tetra Pak–Costco planter collaboration documented | Confirmed (trade press) |
Costco scores near-zero across all three V-DIG criteria (I: 0.50, M: 0.50, P: 0.50), yielding a V-DIG domain score of 0.02. This near-zero result reflects a systematic audit finding: Costco is a consumer retailer, not a technology provider, and its role in relation to any Israeli digital or surveillance infrastructure is that of a potential buyer of commercially available technology, not a seller or provider.
The audit reviewed four claimed Israeli-origin cybersecurity vendor deployments at Costco — Wiz, CyberArk, SentinelOne, and Check Point — and discarded all four as unverifiable. No named Costco relationship has been confirmed for any of these vendors in public-facing corporate disclosures, vendor case studies, or regulatory filings.38394041 Costco’s FY2024 Annual Report (Form 10-K) discloses cybersecurity risk generically, referencing third-party service providers, but names no specific security vendors.25 This is standard practice for large US retailers and means the technology stack cannot be reliably mapped from public filings alone. A fifth potential relationship — Palo Alto Networks, co-founded by Israeli national Nir Zuk — was similarly discarded for absence of evidence.
The customer-cap rule is analytically important here. Even if one of these vendor relationships were confirmed, Costco would be in the position of a buyer of commercially available enterprise security software — not a provider of technology to Israeli state or security bodies. The BDS-1000 rubric caps V-DIG Impact for buyer relationships at a lower band than for technology provision relationships. The near-zero score reflects both the absence of confirmed relationships and the structural ceiling that would apply even if they were confirmed.
Project Nimbus. Project Nimbus is the $1.2 billion cloud infrastructure contract awarded in 2021 to Google Cloud and Amazon Web Services to provide sovereign cloud services to the Israeli government and military.25 Costco has no known participation in Project Nimbus or any Israeli state-backed cloud programme.25 A prior draft characterised Costco’s use of Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud Platform for enterprise workloads as creating a “Project Nimbus connection.” This inference is rejected: the same cloud providers host commercial enterprise and Israeli government workloads in different physical regions and under distinct contractual frameworks. Costco’s commercial cloud usage does not create a structural or financial relationship with Israeli military cloud infrastructure. No public evidence of any Costco relationship with Project Nimbus has been identified.
Membership Verification Kiosks. Costco deployed tablet-based membership verification kiosks at warehouse entrances beginning approximately 2023–2024. The system displays the member’s photo on a tablet for visual comparison by a Costco employee.15 Costco has publicly stated it does not use facial recognition technology in this system.15 The specific hardware or software vendor for the kiosks is not publicly disclosed. No Israeli-origin vendor has been identified as supplying the kiosk system, and a prior draft’s characterisation of the kiosks as “surveillance-ready” for future facial recognition capability is a speculative inference excluded from findings.
Navitus Health Solutions and Hello Heart. Costco is a majority owner of Navitus Health Solutions, a Pharmacy Benefit Manager headquartered in Madison, Wisconsin, disclosed in corporate filings.4243 Hello Heart Ltd. is an Israeli-founded digital health company providing a blood pressure monitoring and AI cardiovascular coaching application, with its R&D team based in Tel Aviv and US headquarters in Menlo Park, California.44 A partnership between Navitus and Hello Heart is assessed as plausible-unverified: consistent with known Hello Heart commercial activity and Navitus’s model of integrating digital therapeutics, but the specific announcement attributed to September 2025 in prior drafts cannot be confirmed to the required evidentiary standard from available training data. If such a partnership exists and if Costco employees are covered by Navitus-administered benefits, it would represent a pathway through which Hello Heart’s Israeli-developed AI platform could be offered to Costco’s employee population. This inference remains plausible-unverified and requires live-web verification.
Surveillance, Biometrics, and Computer Vision. No verified relationship between Costco and any Israeli-origin computer vision, facial recognition, or biometric vendor — including Trigo, AnyVision/Oosto, BriefCam, or Trax — has been identified. No evidence that Costco operates data centre infrastructure within Israel has been identified. Costco does not operate an Israeli e-commerce storefront or subsidiary requiring Israeli data residency. The Amnesty International 2023 report documenting Israeli use of automated facial recognition systems including “Blue Wolf” against Palestinians in the West Bank45 does not mention Costco and contains no finding relevant to Costco’s technology procurement.
Retail Technology — Blue Yonder, ALPR, Scan & Go. Trade press has referenced a Costco migration to Microsoft Dynamics 365 for finance functions (plausible-unverified); Blue Yonder Group (a Panasonic-owned, non-Israeli supply chain software firm) referenced in Costco WMS context (plausible-unverified); ALPR technology at some locations for parking and gas station management (plausible-unverified).46 None of these involve identified Israeli-origin vendors. No Israeli-origin vendor has been identified in connection with any Costco retail technology deployment.
HP Inc. and SodaStream. Costco sells HP Inc. products as a standard consumer electronics retailer. Who Profits and the BDS Movement have documented HP Inc.’s historical provision of biometric identification systems referenced in connection with West Bank checkpoint infrastructure.4748 The characterisation of Costco’s retail HP sales as constituting complicity in occupation surveillance infrastructure is an advocacy position, not a regulatory or legal finding. SodaStream completed its relocation from the Mishor Adumim West Bank facility to Rahat, Negev by 2019;15 current SodaStream manufacturing is inside sovereign Israeli territory.
The strongest challenge to the near-zero V-DIG score is vendor opacity. Large US retailers routinely use Israeli-origin cybersecurity software — CyberArk for privileged access management, SentinelOne for endpoint detection, Check Point for network security — without disclosing vendor names in public filings. The absence of confirmation is not the same as confirmed absence, particularly in a domain where Costco’s public disclosure is deliberately minimal. SentinelOne’s deployment was assessed as “plausible-unverified” specifically because enterprise cybersecurity job descriptions at major US retailers commonly reference SentinelOne tooling.40 If any of these vendor relationships were confirmed through live-web investigation, the V-DIG score would increase modestly — but would remain well below 0.5 given the customer-cap ceiling.
The Hello Heart/Navitus pathway is a genuine open question. If a Navitus–Hello Heart partnership is publicly documented and Costco employees receive benefits through Navitus that include Hello Heart’s Israeli-developed AI cardiovascular coaching platform, it would represent the clearest V-DIG exposure in the audit: Israeli R&D-developed technology deployed to Costco employees through a Costco-majority-owned subsidiary. The impact would be limited to Band 1–2 (buyer relationship with Israeli-origin tech in a wellness context), not Band 4–5 territory, but it would raise the V-DIG domain score above negligible. The current score reflects the evidence as it stands.
For the V-DIG score to change materially, one of the following would need to be documented: a confirmed named Costco deployment of Israeli-origin cybersecurity software at institutional contract level; confirmation of the Navitus–Hello Heart partnership with Costco employee coverage; or evidence of Costco procuring Israeli-origin surveillance, facial recognition, or computer vision technology for deployment in its warehouses.
| Entity | Type | Relevance | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wiz, Inc. | Israeli-founded cloud security (CNAPP) | Claimed Costco deployment; founders are Unit 8200 alumni 38 | Discarded — unverifiable |
| CyberArk Software Ltd. | Israeli-founded PAM vendor (Petach Tikva R&D) | Claimed Costco deployment 39 | Discarded — unverifiable |
| SentinelOne, Inc. | Israeli co-founded EDR/XDR platform (Tel Aviv R&D) | Plausible-unverified retail sector deployment 40 | Plausible-unverified |
| Check Point Software Technologies | Israeli-founded network security (Tel Aviv HQ) | Claimed Costco deployment 41 | Discarded — unverifiable |
| Palo Alto Networks | Israeli-co-founded (Nir Zuk) network security | No Costco relationship identified | No public evidence |
| Hello Heart Ltd. | Israeli-founded digital health AI (Tel Aviv R&D) | Plausible Navitus partnership enabling employee access | Plausible-unverified |
| Navitus Health Solutions | US PBM; Costco majority-owned | Potential Hello Heart distribution channel 43 | Confirmed ownership; Hello Heart link unverified |
| Blue Yonder Group | US/Panasonic supply chain software (not Israeli) | Referenced in Costco WMS context 46 | Plausible-unverified; not Israeli-origin |
| HP Inc. | US hardware company | BDS target; retail HP sales at Costco; no Israeli-tech-provision nexus 4748 | Advocacy-sourced; confirmed retail only |
| SodaStream | Israeli brand (PepsiCo-owned) | Relocated from West Bank to Rahat by 2019 15 | Confirmed relocation; current manufacturing inside Green Line |
| Sonova Group | Swiss hearing health company | Manufactures Kirkland Signature hearing aids; no Israeli components identified 49 | Confirmed Swiss-origin; no Israeli-tech nexus |
| Project Nimbus | Israeli state cloud programme (AWS/Google Cloud) | No Costco involvement; speculative inference discarded | No public evidence |
| Amnesty International | Human rights NGO | 2023 “Blue Wolf” facial recognition report; does not mention Costco 45 | Contextual only |
| Who Profits Research Center | Israeli NGO | Documents HP and Keter settlement-industry ties 47 | NGO source; no Costco digital-domain finding |
The V-ECON domain is the largest contributor to Costco’s composite BDS-1000 score, driven by a multi-category, recurring supply chain sourcing relationship with Israeli-origin and settlement-adjacent agricultural suppliers and consumer goods manufacturers. The domain scores I: 3.50, M: 4.50, P: 5.50, yielding a V-ECON domain score of 1.24.
Agricultural Supply Chain — Dates. The Costco Business Centre Canada website lists Organic Medjool Dates as an active SKU with Israel among the countries of origin.1 This is direct documentary evidence of Israeli-origin produce in Costco’s current retail assortment. BDS Coalition Canada’s 2024 and 2025 Ramadan campaign materials identify Hadiklaim — the Israeli Date Growers Cooperative, whose membership includes Jordan Valley settlement growers — as the attributed supply source, naming Costco alongside other major North American retailers.1824 CJPME lists Costco in its BDS consumer guide in connection with these claims.50 Costco’s primary documented US date supplier is Natural Delights, operating out of Bard Valley, California;51 the BDS campaign assertion of seasonal Israeli-origin sourcing when US supply is insufficient has not been independently verified at contract level. The named Hadiklaim–Kirkland Signature private label contract remains an advocacy-sourced claim unconfirmed by any corporate filing or procurement document.
Agricultural Supply Chain — Citrus, Avocados, Herbs. The Corporate Occupation “Apartheid in the Fields” report (2020) is the primary public document evidencing that major Israeli agricultural exporters sourcing from Jordan Valley settlements label produce “Product of Israel.”2 Mehadrin Tnuport Export (MTEX), documented by Who Profits as an Israeli citrus grower and exporter with West Bank operations including Beqa’ot and Netiv Hagdud,52 is identified by CJPME and PSC materials as supplying Jaffa-branded citrus to Costco during winter months.5053 Galilee Export, documented by Corporate Occupation as specialising in green-skin avocados sourced from the Jordan Valley,54 and Arava Export Growers, documented by Who Profits as operating packing facilities in the Mehola settlement,55 are both listed in CJPME boycott materials as suppliers present in Costco.50 The evidence base for citrus, avocado, and herb supply rests on NGO investigation and boycott database identification; no customs enforcement finding or laboratory origin-testing result specifically naming Costco shipments as settlement-origin has been identified.
The “Winter Window” (December–April) seasonal pattern for Israeli citrus, peppers, avocados, and dates is consistent with Israel’s agricultural export calendar and documented in NGO reports and trade materials.254 Canadian Reddit community discussions from 2024–2025 reflect consumer-level awareness of Israeli-origin produce at Costco Canada locations.56 These data points collectively support the inference that Israeli agricultural produce flows through Costco’s retail assortment on a recurring seasonal basis, though no corporate disclosure quantifies or characterises these flows.
Keter Group — West Bank Manufacturing. Who Profits documents Keter Group as operating manufacturing facilities in the Barkan Industrial Zone in the occupied West Bank.4 Costco product listings confirm Keter-branded outdoor storage products have been sold through Costco’s platform.30 The 2024 three-party Keter–Tetra Pak–Costco recycled-carton planter collaboration, reported in trade and sustainability press, confirms an active commercial collaboration.3132 The civil society concern is that consumer purchasing of Keter products at Costco generates revenue for a settlement-based manufacturer. The evidentiary gap is shipment-level provenance: no bill of lading or certificate of origin links specific Costco-sold Keter SKUs to Barkan production rather than to Keter’s Green Line facilities at Carmiel or Yokneam. Keter announced relocation plans from Barkan around 2020–2022; the completeness of that relocation is not definitively confirmed.
Perrigo / Kirkland Signature Pharmaceuticals. FDA DailyMed regulatory records confirm Kirkland Signature Minoxidil Topical Solution USP 5% lists Perrigo as manufacturer at its Yeruham, Negev facility.5 Kirkland Signature Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel 1% similarly lists Perrigo as distributor with Israeli manufacturing origin.33 These are the most formally documented supply chain relationships in the V-ECON domain, confirmed by regulatory records rather than NGO campaign materials. Yeruham is inside sovereign Israeli territory within the pre-1967 Green Line and has not been characterised as occupied territory by any UN body or NGO. This relationship represents a confirmed commercial manufacturing contract with an Israeli-domiciled facility in sovereign Israeli territory.
Ahava Dead Sea Laboratories. The UN OHCHR, pursuant to its mandate under Human Rights Council Resolution 31/36, included Ahava Dead Sea Laboratories in its database of businesses with documented operations in Israeli-occupied territories.57 Ahava’s primary resource extraction — Dead Sea minerals and mud — occurs at or near Mitzpe Shalem, a settlement in the occupied Jordan Valley.5758 Costco.com product listings confirm Ahava-branded products, including Ahava Mineral Body Lotion (17 fl oz, 2-pack) and Ahava Crystal Osmoter X6 Smoothing Cream, have been available on Costco’s platform.5960 Visualizing Palestine’s BDS dataset documents Ahava as a sustained BDS target, noting that some retailers removed Ahava products following campaign pressure; Costco continued to stock Ahava products as of the dates reflected in its listings.61 No Costco corporate statement confirming removal of Ahava products or attributing any such removal to BDS pressure has been identified.
Importer of Record Status. Costco has standing as importer of record confirmed by prior US Customs tariff refund litigation,62 establishing that Costco takes legal title at port of entry for at least some goods. This structural fact is relevant to the Proximity score: it means Costco is not a purely passive downstream retailer — it directly assumes legal responsibility for at least some of its import flows. Whether IOR standing applies specifically to Israeli-origin produce is not separately documented in public filings.
Labelling Compliance. US Customs and Border Protection rules require goods produced in the West Bank by Israeli settlers to be labelled “West Bank” rather than “Israel.” If settlement-origin goods are declared as Israeli-origin to claim US-Israel Free Trade Agreement duty-free status, this constitutes a customs compliance risk for any importer of record.63 No confirmed enforcement action against Costco for mislabelling settlement-origin products has been identified in US or Canadian regulatory records. The Costco Business Centre Canada listing reflects “Israel” or “USA/Israel” as origin for Medjool dates,1 and no Canadian Food Inspection Agency enforcement action relating to this labelling has been identified.
Physical Footprint and Investment. Costco operates no retail warehouse locations, offices, distribution centres, or support facilities within Israel or the Occupied Palestinian Territories. The Smotrich invitation episode confirms Costco’s non-presence in the Israeli market as of February 2023.1314 No subsequent Israeli market entry has been announced through April 2026. Costco earns no revenue from Israeli consumers, operates no Israeli payroll, and has no Israeli tax registration. Costco’s FY2024 10-K breaks revenue into US, Canada, and Other International segments; Israel appears in none of them.25 No Costco R&D facility, innovation lab, or technology partnership formalised at contract level in Israel has been identified. The largest institutional shareholders are standard US index funds; no Israeli sovereign wealth fund or state entity ownership is identified.26
The Impact score of 3.50 reflects “Sustained Trade” with a “transactional extraction relationship” — multi-category recurring sourcing from Israeli agricultural exporters and settlement-adjacent manufacturers, with no physical presence, FDI, or R&D investment. The Magnitude score of 4.50 reflects a “Modest Presence” — multi-supplier, multi-category recurring sourcing that is real and documented but modest in absolute terms relative to Costco’s $240+ billion annual revenue, with no aggregate Israeli procurement value publicly disclosed. The Proximity score of 5.50 reflects Costco’s position as direct importer of record for some flows and a direct commercial contractor with independent Israeli suppliers — more proximate than a purely passive distribution chain, less proximate than a subsidiary or joint venture relationship.
The most significant challenge to the V-ECON score is the provenance gap. The multi-category agricultural supply relationship rests substantially on NGO investigation and boycott-database identification rather than on confirmed customs records, corporate disclosures, or independent investigative journalism at the procurement level. The CJPME and PSC boycott lists identify Costco as a retailer of Israeli agricultural produce, but no named procurement contracts for citrus, avocados, or herbs have been identified in any public corporate filing. The seasonal sourcing assertion — that Costco switches to Israeli supply when US domestic supply is insufficient — has not been independently verified. A counter-argument would hold that the evidence base is largely advocacy-sourced and therefore overstates the documented commercial relationship.
A second limitation concerns the Albaad–Kirkland Signature wipes manufacturing relationship, which remains entirely unverified. Albaad Massuot Yitzhak Ltd. is a publicly traded Israeli non-woven products manufacturer;64 a claimed relationship whereby Albaad manufactures Kirkland Signature flushable and baby wipes has not been confirmed by any corporate filing, press release, or named contract. If confirmed, this would represent an additional manufacturing-revenue flow into Israel and would modestly raise the V-ECON Magnitude score.
A third limitation is the Keter provenance gap already noted: without SKU-level country-of-origin documentation, it is not possible to confirm that specific Costco-sold Keter units originate from Barkan rather than from Green Line facilities. The Who Profits documentation establishes Keter’s Barkan presence but does not resolve Costco’s specific supply provenance.4
For the V-ECON score to change materially upward, one of the following would need to be documented: a confirmed named Hadiklaim–Kirkland Signature manufacturing contract; confirmation of the Albaad–Kirkland Signature wipes relationship; SKU-level provenance documentation linking Costco-sold Keter products to Barkan production; or customs enforcement findings confirming settlement-origin produce in Costco’s supply chain. For the score to move downward, it would need to be established that the cited agricultural suppliers do not in fact supply Costco, or that Keter’s Barkan operations have fully ceased with no Barkan-origin product flowing to Costco.
| Entity | Type | Relevance | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hadiklaim Israel Date Growers Cooperative | Israeli agricultural cooperative | Dates sourced to Costco via boycott databases; Costco Business Centre CA listing confirms Israeli-origin dates 1 | Confirmed SKU listing; named contract unverified |
| Mehadrin Tnuport Export (MTEX) | Israeli citrus/agricultural exporter with West Bank operations | Jaffa-branded citrus identified in Costco per CJPME/PSC/Corporate Occupation 52 | NGO-sourced; no named contract |
| Galilee Export | Israeli avocado exporter, Jordan Valley | Green-skin avocados in Costco per Corporate Occupation 54 | NGO-sourced; no named contract |
| Arava Export Growers | Israeli herb exporter; Mehola settlement packing 55 | Herbs in Costco per CJPME 50 | NGO-sourced; no named contract |
| Ahava Dead Sea Laboratories | Israeli cosmetics; OHCHR database; Mitzpe Shalem settlement | Costco.com product listings confirmed 5960 | Confirmed retail listings; no corporate removal statement |
| Keter Group | Israeli consumer goods manufacturer; Barkan Industrial Zone | Confirmed Costco product listings and trade press collaboration 3031 | Confirmed commercial relationship; Barkan provenance unresolved |
| Perrigo plc | Irish-domiciled pharma; Yeruham, Negev manufacturing | Kirkland Signature Minoxidil and Diclofenac confirmed by FDA DailyMed 533 | Confirmed (regulatory record); inside Green Line |
| Albaad Massuot Yitzhak Ltd. | Israeli non-woven products manufacturer (TASE-listed) 64 | Claimed Kirkland Signature wipes manufacturer | Unverified |
| Natural Delights | US date producer (Bard Valley, California) | Primary documented US date supplier 51 | Confirmed; offsets Israeli-sourcing assertion |
| Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich | Israeli government | February 2023 market-entry invitation to Costco 13 | Confirmed; no Costco response recorded |
| Who Profits Research Center | Israeli NGO | Keter, Mehadrin, Arava profiles; Costco not named independently 45255 | NGO source |
| CJPME | Canadian NGO | BDS target lists naming Costco for multiple Israeli-origin products 50 | Advocacy source |
| Corporate Occupation | UK NGO | “Apartheid in the Fields” report on Israeli settlement agriculture 2 | Advocacy/investigative source |
| Human Rights Watch | International NGO | 2016 “Occupation, Inc.” contextual documentation 65 | Contextual source |
| US-Israel Free Trade Agreement | Trade agreement | Governs duty-free status of Israeli-origin goods; West Bank goods excluded 63 | Regulatory framework |
The V-POL domain drives the BDS-1000 composite score as V-MAX. It scores I: 4.00, M: 3.50, P: 8.50, yielding a V-POL domain score of 1.71. The domain score reflects two analytically distinct findings: a documented pattern of politically selective corporate silence, and one confirmed act of shareholder accountability suppression.
Selective Silence — The Russia/DEI/Labor Contrast. Costco has issued no public corporate statement specifically addressing the Israel-Palestine conflict, the October 7, 2023 Hamas attack, or the subsequent Israeli military campaign in Gaza.2866 This silence is not analytically significant in isolation — many corporations decline to comment on geopolitical disputes as a matter of policy. What elevates it is the contrast with Costco’s documented willingness to take public positions on other contested issues. Following the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Costco publicly suspended Russian operations and is listed on both the Yale School of Management corporate tracker and the Leave Russia campaign as having curtailed activities.667 In January 2025, Costco’s board issued a formal public statement defending its diversity, equity, and inclusion programmes ahead of a contested shareholder vote.6869 Simultaneously, the company acknowledged the Teamsters strike vote and the company’s labour posture.7071 These three documented instances of public corporate engagement on contested political, social, and labour questions — each carrying commercial and reputational risk — establish that Costco’s silence on Gaza is not a blanket policy of political non-engagement. It is selective.
The V-POL Impact score of 4.00 is set at the upper boundary of the “Business-as-Usual / Low-Mid” band and the threshold of the “Active Suppression of Accountability” band. The Russia/DEI/Labor contrast establishes the selectivity of Costco’s silence; the impact criterion is not scored at Business-as-Usual alone because the pattern exceeds mere commercial indifference. However, silence — even selective silence — is an insufficient basis on its own for the “Active Suppression” band. The rubric for Band 4.1–5.0 requires a sustained, multi-year pattern of accountability suppression. One proxy exclusion does not constitute a multi-year pattern.
SEC No-Action Letter — Proxy Exclusion. A September 2025 SEC no-action letter documents Costco’s board seeking exclusion of a shareholder proposal referencing “Palestine/Israel employees” and the “Holy Land Principles” from its 2025 proxy statement.8 This is the hardest political evidence in the entire audit. It is a first-person, documented corporate decision by Costco’s board — not a campaign allegation, advocacy claim, or NGO characterisation. The Holy Land Principles are a set of employment fairness standards for US companies operating in Israel-Palestine, modelled on the MacBride Principles developed for Northern Ireland. A shareholder resolution demanding compliance with these standards would, if passed, require Costco to conduct and disclose a supply chain labour audit with specific reference to Palestinian employee rights. Costco’s board sought to prevent this resolution from reaching a shareholder vote.
This action is analytically significant at the Proximity dimension (scored 8.50): it is a direct corporate decision, not a mediated third-party action. The board is the decision-making body; the action is first-person. The Magnitude score of 3.50 reflects the single documented proxy-cycle exclusion — a real instance of accountability suppression, but one that does not yet constitute the sustained, high-frequency pattern required for Band 4.5–5.0.
BLM Mask Discipline — HR Policy Pattern. In July 2020, Costco employees were sent home for wearing Black Lives Matter masks, under the company’s employee handbook prohibition on “political or controversial” messages on attire.1112 The incident generated significant public controversy. This episode is analytically relevant to V-POL because it documents Costco’s HR policy apparatus being applied to suppress visible employee political expression on a racial justice issue. No documented equivalent disciplinary action for pro-Israel symbols has been identified — nor has any documented action against pro-Palestine symbols been identified. The BLM episode establishes that the policy exists and has been enforced; its application to other political expressions remains undocumented.
Dahua/Lorex Surveillance Technology. US lawmakers cited Costco in 2023 for continuing to sell security camera products associated with Dahua Technology — a Chinese firm placed on the US Entity List in connection with surveillance of Uyghur Muslims in Xinjiang — after restricted entity designation.17 This episode is relevant to V-POL because it establishes a documented pattern of Costco continuing to sell restricted or human-rights-flagged technology until subject to external pressure or regulatory attention. This pattern is contextually relevant to the evaluation of Costco’s governance approach to politically sensitive product lines.
Keter and Date Products — BDS Campaign Visibility. Costco has been named in organised BDS campaigns in connection with Keter-branded products41966 and Israeli Medjool dates.1824 The company has not issued any public statement addressing these campaigns, either to acknowledge the civil society concerns or to contest the factual characterisation of its supply chain relationships. This silence is consistent with the broader pattern of non-engagement on Israel-Palestine matters.
Board and Executive Political Profile. Board Chairman Hamilton E. James was appointed to the President’s Intelligence Advisory Board by President Biden in 2023 in a personal capacity.27 Gina Raimondo, nominated to the board in 2025, was the addressee — in her capacity as Commerce Secretary — of a January 2024 letter co-signed by Maryknoll Office of Global Concerns urging suspension of firearms exports to Israel; the Commerce Department did not publicly announce export suspensions in response.72 Jeff Raikes is a former Gates Foundation CEO with no documented Israel-advocacy affiliations.7374 CEO Ron Vachris has made no documented public statements on Israel-Palestine. Fox Business reported in 2024 that Costco board members made personal political donations predominantly to Democratic candidates;75 no corporate PAC donations to AIPAC or Israel-advocacy organisations have been identified in OpenSecrets or FEC records.76 The board’s political profile is that of mainstream Democratic-aligned individuals; there is no identified nexus to Israeli settlement-advocacy or defence-sector fundraising.
Lobbying. Costco engages in federal lobbying primarily on trade, labour, and healthcare policy issues.76 No Costco lobbying filings specifically addressing Israel-Palestine policy, anti-BDS legislation, or related trade legislation have been identified. No corporate PAC donations to AIPAC or Israel-advocacy political organisations have been identified.76 The company’s political spending policy states Costco does not make direct corporate contributions to political parties or candidates.77
The principal counter-argument to the V-POL score is that absence of a statement on Gaza is the null hypothesis for any corporation: most US companies did not issue statements on Gaza, and selectivity arguments risk over-reading corporate silence. This is a legitimate structural challenge. The response is that the comparator cases — Russia, DEI, labor — are not chosen arbitrarily; they are documented cases where Costco made first-person corporate decisions to speak. The evidentiary record supports the inference that Costco has a communications apparatus capable of and willing to engage on politically contested terrain when it chooses to. The Gaza silence is therefore more accurately characterised as a choice not to speak rather than an absence of capacity to speak.
A second counter-argument concerns the 2025 proxy exclusion: companies routinely seek exclusion of shareholder proposals on procedural or relevance grounds; the no-action request does not necessarily reflect substantive opposition to the Holy Land Principles. This is true. The audit does not characterise the exclusion as evidence of ideological alignment with Israeli settlement policy. It characterises it as an act of accountability suppression — a corporate decision to prevent a human-rights labour audit from reaching a shareholder vote — which is a more limited but still analytically significant finding. The full text of the no-action letter would be required to assess the procedural grounds Costco cited; that full-text review was not completed within the scope of this audit.8
For the V-POL Impact score to increase materially to Band 4.5–5.0, it would need to be established that: Costco has excluded Palestine-related shareholder proposals in more than one proxy cycle; Costco has actively lobbied against anti-settlement or pro-Palestinian trade measures; or Costco has engaged in documented public advocacy against BDS campaigns targeting the company. None of these have been confirmed.
| Entity | Type | Relevance | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hamilton E. James | Costco Board Chairman; former Blackstone COO | Biden PIAB appointee (personal); Democratic fundraiser 27 | Confirmed personal affiliations; no Israel-advocacy nexus |
| Ron Vachris | Costco CEO (from January 2024) | No documented public statements on Israel-Palestine | No public evidence |
| Gina Raimondo | Costco Board nominee (2025); former US Secretary of Commerce | Addressee of 2024 letter on Israel firearms exports 72 | Confirmed role; no personal Israel-advocacy identified |
| Jeff Raikes | Costco Director; former Gates Foundation CEO | No documented Israel-advocacy affiliations 7374 | No public evidence |
| Craig Jelinek | Former Costco CEO | No documented Israel-Palestine statements | No public evidence |
| Teamsters | Union representing Costco warehouse workers | 85% strike vote January 2025; internal Palestine debate in labor press 70 | Confirmed strike vote; Teamsters Palestine stance is union-internal |
| Canadian BDS Coalition | Canadian civil society | Ramadan 2024/2025 campaigns naming Costco for Israeli dates 1824 | Confirmed advocacy campaigns |
| CJPME | Canadian NGO | BDS target list naming Costco 50 | Confirmed advocacy source |
| PCUSA MRTI | Presbyterian Church USA | Pre-2020 boycott summary sheet naming Keter Plastics 78 | Confirmed faith-based advocacy source |
| Inminds | UK-based pro-Palestine activist group | Direct consumer actions targeting Costco for Israeli products 79 | Confirmed advocacy campaigns |
| Maryknoll Office of Global Concerns | Faith-based advocacy NGO | January 2024 letter to Raimondo/Blinken on Israel firearms exports 72 | Contextual; no direct Costco nexus |
| Yale School of Management | Academic institution | Corporate Russia tracker listing Costco 6 | Confirmed academic tracking source |
| Leave Russia campaign | Corporate accountability tracker | Lists Costco among companies curtailing Russia operations 67 | Confirmed listing |
| Dahua Technology | Chinese surveillance manufacturer (US Entity List) | Associated with Lorex cameras sold at Costco 17 | Confirmed regulatory context |
| OpenSecrets | Campaign finance database | Documents Costco federal lobbying and PAC activity 76 | Confirmed data source |
Taken across all four domains, Costco’s BDS-1000 profile reflects a company whose relationship with Israel is real, documented, and commercially significant at the supply chain level — but is transactional and non-strategic in character, without the direct military, digital, or high-proximity political engagement that would place it in Tier D or above.
The most important cross-domain structural limitation is the absence of verified contract-level documentation for most of the claimed supply relationships. The agricultural supply chain evidence (dates excepted via the Costco Business Centre Canada listing) rests substantially on NGO boycott database identification rather than customs records, corporate disclosures, or investigative journalism at the procurement level. This is a genuine evidence limitation: NGO boycott lists are advocacy tools, not supply chain audits. A sceptical reader could reasonably hold that the V-ECON Impact and Magnitude scores are at the upper bound of what the available evidence supports.
A second cross-domain limitation is that several high-profile V-DIG claims — the four Israeli-origin cybersecurity vendor relationships — were discarded as unverifiable. The vendor opacity of Costco’s technology stack means that the near-zero V-DIG score is a finding of absence of confirmed evidence, not a confirmed finding of absence. Live-web vendor case study investigation, FOIA-type requests, or cybersecurity job posting analysis could alter this domain’s findings.
The V-POL score’s dependence on a single proxy exclusion event and a selectivity argument means the domain finding is analytically robust but not redundantly evidenced. The 2025 SEC no-action letter is the load-bearing piece of evidence; its procedural grounds are not fully assessed. If Costco sought exclusion on technical grounds unrelated to substantive opposition to Palestinian labour rights audits, the accountability-suppression characterisation would be weakened. If a second proxy-cycle exclusion or documented anti-BDS lobbying were identified, it would be strengthened.
The score of 148 (Tier E) should be read as: a mainstream US retailer with documented but transactional supply chain links to Israeli and settlement-adjacent suppliers, a pattern of selective political silence on Gaza that is verifiably distinct from its posture on other contested issues, and one confirmed act of shareholder accountability suppression. It should not be read as exoneration, nor as evidence of strategic or institutional alignment with the Israeli state.
| Entity | Domain(s) | Type | Key Finding | Evidentiary Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Costco Wholesale Corporation | All | US retail corporation | Subject entity; NASDAQ: COST | Confirmed |
| Ron Vachris | V-POL | CEO (from January 2024) | No documented Israel-Palestine statements | No public evidence |
| Hamilton E. James | V-POL | Board Chairman | Biden PIAB appointee (personal); Democratic fundraiser | Confirmed personal affiliations |
| Gina Raimondo | V-POL | Board nominee (2025) | Former US Commerce Secretary; no Israel-advocacy nexus identified | Confirmed nomination |
| Jeff Raikes | V-POL | Director | Former Gates Foundation CEO; no Israel-advocacy identified | No public evidence |
| Navitus Health Solutions | V-DIG, V-ECON | US PBM; Costco majority-owned | Potential Hello Heart digital health distribution channel | Ownership confirmed; Hello Heart link unverified |
| Keter Group | V-MIL, V-DIG, V-ECON, V-POL | Israeli consumer goods manufacturer | Barkan Industrial Zone manufacturing; Costco resin product supplier | Confirmed commercial relationship; Barkan provenance unresolved |
| Hadiklaim Date Growers Cooperative | V-MIL, V-ECON, V-POL | Israeli agricultural cooperative | Israeli-origin dates in Costco (SKU confirmed); settlement growers in membership | Confirmed SKU listing; named contract unverified |
| Mehadrin Tnuport Export (MTEX) | V-ECON | Israeli citrus exporter; West Bank operations | Jaffa citrus identified at Costco per NGO sources | NGO-sourced; no named contract |
| Galilee Export | V-ECON | Israeli avocado exporter; Jordan Valley | Avocados identified at Costco per Corporate Occupation | NGO-sourced; no named contract |
| Arava Export Growers | V-ECON | Israeli herb exporter; Mehola settlement | Herbs at Costco per CJPME | NGO-sourced; no named contract |
| Ahava Dead Sea Laboratories | V-MIL, V-ECON | Israeli cosmetics; OHCHR database; Mitzpe Shalem settlement | Costco.com product listings confirmed | Confirmed retail; OHCHR-listed company |
| Perrigo plc | V-MIL, V-ECON | Irish pharma; Yeruham, Negev manufacturing | Kirkland Signature Minoxidil and Diclofenac confirmed by FDA DailyMed | Confirmed (regulatory record) |
| Albaad Massuot Yitzhak Ltd. | V-ECON | Israeli non-woven products (TASE-listed) | Claimed Kirkland Signature wipes manufacturer | Unverified |
| DJI | V-MIL | Chinese COTS drone manufacturer | Costco retails consumer drones; IDF independently modifies COTS DJI platforms | Confirmed retail; no institutional supply link |
| Bezalel Smotrich | V-ECON, V-POL | Israeli Finance Minister | February 2023 Costco market-entry invitation | Confirmed; no Costco response recorded |
| Hello Heart Ltd. | V-DIG | Israeli-founded digital health AI | Potential Navitus distribution channel for employee wellness | Plausible-unverified |
| Wiz, Inc. | V-DIG | Israeli-founded cloud security | Claimed Costco deployment; discarded as unverifiable | Discarded |
| CyberArk Software Ltd. | V-DIG | Israeli-founded PAM vendor | Claimed Costco deployment; discarded as unverifiable | Discarded |
| SentinelOne, Inc. | V-DIG | Israeli co-founded EDR platform | Retail sector deployment plausible-unverified | Plausible-unverified |
| Check Point Software Technologies | V-DIG, V-ECON | Israeli-founded network security | Claimed Costco deployment; discarded as unverifiable | Discarded |
| Dahua Technology / Lorex | V-POL | Chinese surveillance hardware (US Entity List) | Costco cited by lawmakers for continued sale post-listing | Confirmed regulatory episode |
| Teamsters | V-POL | Union | 85% national strike vote January 2025; internal Palestine debate | Confirmed |
| Canadian BDS Coalition | V-MIL, V-ECON, V-POL | Canadian civil society | Multiple campaigns naming Costco | Confirmed advocacy |
| CJPME | V-MIL, V-ECON, V-POL | Canadian NGO | BDS target list naming Costco | Confirmed advocacy |
| Who Profits Research Center | V-MIL, V-DIG, V-ECON, V-POL | Israeli NGO | Keter, Mehadrin, Arava, HP profiles | NGO source |
| Corporate Occupation | V-ECON | UK NGO | “Apartheid in the Fields” report on Israeli settlement agriculture | Investigative NGO source |
| Inminds | V-MIL | UK activist group | Consumer campaigns targeting Costco for Israeli products | Confirmed advocacy |
| Visualizing Palestine | V-MIL, V-ECON | Palestinian advocacy data project | BDS dataset; Ahava campaign tracking | Advocacy data source |
| Palestine Solidarity Campaign | V-ECON | UK civil society | Israeli date and produce boycott materials naming Costco | Confirmed advocacy |
| PCUSA MRTI | V-POL | Presbyterian Church USA | Pre-2020 Keter Plastics boycott summary sheet | Confirmed faith-based advocacy |
| Amnesty International | V-DIG | Human rights NGO | “Blue Wolf” facial recognition report; does not mention Costco | Contextual only |
| Human Rights Watch | V-ECON | Human rights NGO | 2016 “Occupation, Inc.” settlement businesses report | Contextual source |
| Sonova Group | V-DIG | Swiss hearing health company | Manufactures Kirkland Signature hearing aids; no Israeli components identified | Confirmed Swiss-origin |
| Natural Delights | V-ECON | US date producer (Bard Valley, CA) | Primary documented US date supplier | Confirmed; context for Israeli-sourcing assertion |
| US-Israel Free Trade Agreement | V-ECON | Trade agreement | Governs duty-free status; West Bank goods excluded | Regulatory framework |
| Kirkland Signature | V-MIL, V-ECON | Costco private label brand | Multiple confirmed manufacturing relationships with Israeli-domiciled producers | Confirmed brand; individual contracts vary |
| Domain | I | M | P | V-Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| V-MIL | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 0.07 |
| V-DIG | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.003 |
| V-ECON | 3.50 | 4.50 | 5.50 | 1.77 |
| V-POL | 4.00 | 3.50 | 8.50 | 2.00 |
Composite BDS-1000 Score: 148 — Tier E (0–199)
V-POL is the V-MAX domain (2.00). The other three domain scores sum to 1.843, contributing 0.2 × 1.843 = 0.369 to the composite. The formula yields (2.000 + 0.369) / 16 × 1000 = 148.
V-MIL is anchored at 1.50 across all three criteria, reflecting a retailer with incidental civilian goods pathways and no confirmed military supply instrument. V-DIG scores near-zero at 0.50 across all criteria, reflecting complete absence of confirmed digital provision to Israeli state or security bodies and systematic discarding of all claimed Israeli-origin vendor relationships. V-ECON at 3.50 / 4.50 / 5.50 reflects the best-evidenced domain for Israeli commercial exposure: confirmed Israeli-origin produce in retail assortment, confirmed West Bank-adjacent manufacturing supply (Keter, with provenance unresolved), and confirmed Israeli pharmaceutical manufacturing (Perrigo, inside the Green Line), with Costco holding direct importer-of-record status for some flows. V-POL at 4.00 / 3.50 / 8.50 captures the selective-silence contrast, the confirmed 2025 proxy exclusion, and the high direct proximity of board-level decisions. The Proximity score of 8.50 is bounded at the “High — Direct” ceiling because the proxy exclusion and HR policy enforcement are first-person corporate decisions with no third-party mediation.
V-MIL — Moderate-high confidence in near-zero scoring. Three fabricated or misrepresented claims were audited and discarded. The only live military-adjacency pathway (DJI COTS drones and independent IDF field modification) lacks any confirmed institutional supply link. The Israeli government procurement portal (mr.gov.il) was not fully searchable within the scope of this audit; a Hebrew-language search of that portal remains an open gap. The Hadiklaim seasonal date supply claim and the Keter SKU provenance gap are unresolved but are civilian in character.
V-DIG — Highest confidence in near-zero scoring. Costco is a consumer retailer with no technology provision role. All four Israeli-origin cybersecurity vendor relationships were discarded as unverifiable. The customer-cap structural ceiling applies. The Hello Heart / Navitus pathway is genuinely open: if the Navitus–Hello Heart partnership is confirmed and Costco employees receive Hello Heart services through Navitus-administered benefits, the V-DIG Impact score would increase to approximately 1.5, modestly raising the V-DIG domain score but leaving it well below the composite’s primary drivers. Live-web vendor case study and job posting investigation is required to resolve remaining technology stack questions.
V-ECON — Moderate confidence. The multi-category agricultural supply relationship is the best-evidenced domain after V-POL, but the evidence base is substantially NGO-sourced rather than drawn from customs records, regulatory findings, or corporate disclosures. The Costco Business Centre Canada date listing provides the most direct public documentary evidence.1 Total Israeli procurement quantum is unknown; no aggregate value is publicly disclosed.25 The Keter Barkan provenance gap is material and unresolved. The Albaad–Kirkland Signature wipes relationship is entirely unverified. Impact is correctly anchored at 3.50 (Sustained Trade) and not higher because there is no FDI, no R&D, and no physical presence.
V-POL — Moderate confidence. The most consequential finding — the September 2025 SEC no-action letter — is hard documentary evidence of a direct corporate decision. The Russia/DEI/Labor contrast is well-documented across multiple public records. However, the proxy exclusion covers a single proxy cycle, and the rubric requires a sustained multi-year pattern for Band 4.1–5.0. The full text of the no-action letter — including the procedural grounds cited by Costco — was not reviewed within the scope of this audit.8 If a second proxy-cycle exclusion (2024 or 2026) were documented, or if anti-BDS lobbying were confirmed, the Impact score would move to 4.5.
Composite. The score of 148 accurately represents a mainstream US retailer whose primary Israel exposure is commercial and supply-chain in nature, not military or digital. It should not be read as exoneration — the documented supply relationships are real, the proxy exclusion is a direct corporate act, and the selective-silence pattern is verifiable. It should not be read as indicative of strategic or institutional alignment with the Israeli state or military. The composite is dominated by two analytically distinct drivers: commercial transactional trade (V-ECON) and political selective accountability avoidance (V-POL).
For researchers and civil society organisations (validated by V-ECON, moderate confidence): The most productive investigative target is supply chain provenance. Priority gaps are: (1) SKU-level country-of-origin documentation for Costco-sold Keter products to determine Barkan vs. Green Line production origin; (2) import manifest and customs record investigation to confirm whether Costco is importer of record for Israeli agricultural produce flows; and (3) verification of the Albaad–Kirkland Signature wipes manufacturing relationship via Albaad TASE filings and import records. Resolution of any of these gaps would either confirm or materially narrow the V-ECON findings.
For researchers and civil society organisations (validated by V-POL, high confidence): The 2025 SEC no-action letter is a directly actionable piece of evidence.8 The full text should be reviewed to assess the procedural grounds cited by Costco. A second Palestine-related shareholder proposal in the 2026 proxy cycle — citing the 2025 exclusion as precedent — would test whether the pattern of accountability suppression is sustained. The selective-silence/Russia contrast argument is most effectively deployed when paired with the proxy exclusion evidence, as the latter provides the hard corporate decision that transforms a silence argument into a documented accountability finding.
For shareholders and institutional investors (validated by V-ECON and V-POL, moderate confidence): The confirmed multi-category supply relationships with Israeli and settlement-adjacent suppliers create undisclosed supply chain risk in three areas: US Customs labelling compliance (settlement-origin produce potentially labelled “Product of Israel”), reputational exposure from sustained NGO campaign targeting, and human rights due diligence obligations under emerging EU CSRD and US SEC disclosure frameworks. Engagement on supply chain transparency — including country-of-origin disclosure at SKU level and a supplier code of conduct that addresses occupied territory manufacturing — is proportionate to the documented evidence and the confirmed V-ECON score.
On the V-DIG gap (open question, low current evidence): Live-web investigation of Costco’s cybersecurity vendor stack — via archived job postings, vendor case study pages, and technology partner disclosures — would resolve the discarded claims regarding Israeli-origin cybersecurity software. The Hello Heart / Navitus partnership should be verified via Navitus’s current benefits partner disclosures and Hello Heart’s commercial partnership announcements. If either finding is confirmed, a V-DIG score revision would be warranted.
On the V-MIL gap (open question, low probability of material change): A Hebrew-language search of the Israeli government procurement portal (mr.gov.il) would formally close the defence contracting gap. Current evidence strongly suggests no relationship exists; this search is confirmatory rather than expected to reveal new material.
Costco Business Centre CA — Organic Medjool Dates listing — https://www.costcobusinesscentre.ca/organic-medjool-dates.product.100348403.html ↩↩↩↩↩
Corporate Occupation — Apartheid in the Fields report (2020) — https://corporateoccupation.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/34/2020/04/apartheid-in-the-fields-EBOOK.pdf ↩↩↩↩
Palestine Solidarity Campaign — Boycott Israeli Dates — https://palestinecampaign.org/boycott-israeli-dates/ ↩
Who Profits Research Center — Keter Plastics company profile — https://www.whoprofits.org/company/keter-plastic ↩↩↩↩↩↩↩
FDA DailyMed — Kirkland Signature Minoxidil, Perrigo manufacturer record — https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=2fc3f51e-bad6-16f3-e063-6294a90ab5b6&version=2 ↩↩↩↩↩
Yale School of Management — Corporate Russia tracker — https://som.yale.edu/story/2022/over-1000-companies-have-curtailed-operations-russia-some-remain ↩↩↩↩
Leave Russia campaign — Costco listing — https://leave-russia.org/costco ↩
SEC no-action letter — Costco Palestine/Israel shareholder proposal (September 2025) — https://www.sec.gov/files/corpfin/no-action/14a-8/ncpprcostco9152025-14a8inc.pdf ↩↩↩↩↩↩
USACBI — Ahava BDS campaign (2010) — https://usacbi.org/2010/09/israeli-beauty-products-company-ahava-complicit-in-the-sins-of-occupation/ ↩
Visualizing Palestine — BDS dataset, SodaStream/Ahava timeline — https://bds.visualizingpalestine.org/data?t=ahava ↩
TheGrio — Costco BLM mask discipline (July 2020) — https://thegrio.com/2020/07/13/costco-employees-sent-home-blm-masks/ ↩↩
Revolt TV — Costco BLM mask discipline (July 2020) — https://www.revolt.tv/article/2020-07-12/73874/costco-penalizes-workers-for-wearing-black-lives-matter-masks ↩↩
Times of Israel — Smotrich Costco market-entry invitation — https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-invites-us-retail-giant-costco-to-make-foray-into-local-food-market/ ↩↩↩↩
Jerusalem Post — Smotrich Costco invitation — https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-730667 ↩↩↩
Costco — Privacy policy / membership kiosk context — https://www.costco.com/privacy-policy.html ↩↩↩↩↩
Hindustan Times — US diaspora aid purchases for IDF reservists (October 2023) — https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-jews-rush-to-aid-israel-with-bulletproof-vests-socks-and-soap-101697057869222.html ↩↩
Security Sales & Integration — Lawmakers cite Costco for banned Dahua/Lorex surveillance cameras — https://www.securitysales.com/news/lawmakers-costco-banned-surveillance-equipment/154864/ ↩↩↩
BDS Coalition Canada — 2024 Ramadan boycott Israeli dates campaign — https://bdscoalition.ca/2024/02/11/2024-ramadan-boycott-israeli-dates-break-fast-with-palestinian-medjoul/ ↩↩↩↩
BDS Coalition Canada — Summer 2024 apartheid-free campaign — https://bdscoalition.ca/2024/05/28/make-sure-you-are-not-purchasing-apartheid-this-summer/ ↩↩
Al Jazeera — IDF retrofitting DJI commercial drones, Gaza (May 2025) — https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/8/israel-retrofitting-dji-commercial-drones-to-bomb-and-surveil-gaza ↩↩↩
CBS News — Costco DEI board statement, shareholder vote — https://www.cbsnews.com/news/costco-dei-policy-board-statement-shareholder-meeting-vote/ ↩
Democracy Now — Costco DEI and Teamsters strike deadline (January 2025) — https://www.democracynow.org/2025/1/28/headlines/costco_wont_end_dei_initiatives_faces_friday_strike_deadline_by_18_000_union_workers ↩
Costco Investor Relations — Gina Raimondo board nomination — https://investor.costco.com/news/news-details/2025/Costco-Wholesale-Corporation-Announces-Nomination-of-Gina-Raimondo-to-Board-of-Directors/default.aspx ↩↩
BDS Coalition Canada — 2025 Ramadan boycott Israeli dates campaign — https://bdscoalition.ca/2025/01/19/2025-ramadan-boycott-israeli-dates-break-fast-with-palestinian-medjoul/ ↩↩↩↩
SEC EDGAR — Costco Wholesale Corporation Form 10-K filings — https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=0000909832&type=10-K&dateb=&owner=include&count=10 ↩↩↩↩↩↩↩
Costco Investor Relations — Corporate governance and shareholder information — https://investor.costco.com ↩↩
Wikipedia — Hamilton E. James — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_E._James ↩↩↩
Brussels Morning — Costco neutral stance and global operations overview — https://brusselsmorning.com/does-costco-support-israel-the-companys-neutral-stance-and-global-operations/80915/ ↩↩
Reddit r/DJI — Costco DJI Mini 4 Pro bundle discontinued in-store system (2025) — https://www.reddit.com/r/dji/comments/1j2t5uw/costco_lists_mini_4_pro_bundle_as_discontinued_in/ ↩↩
Costco.com — Keter Cortina 30-gallon resin deck box product listing — https://www.costco.com/keter-cortina-30-gallon-resin-deck-box-for-patio-outdoor-storage%2C-grey.product.4000117534.html ↩↩↩
Packaging Suppliers Global — Costco, Tetra Pak, Keter recycled-carton planter — https://packagingsuppliersglobal.com/news/supplier-news/costco-to-sell-planters-made-from-recycled-cartons-in-collaboration-with-tetra-pak-keter ↩↩↩
Sustainability Magazine — Costco circular container gardening — https://sustainabilitymag.com/articles/costco-could-circular-containers-encourage-green-gardening ↩↩
FDA report — DailyMed Kirkland Signature Diclofenac Sodium Topical Gel — https://fda.report/DailyMed/65fb46b7-eea3-4ae4-b391-82bb4a52c3b6 ↩↩↩
Perrigo plc — Investor relations, Agis acquisition history — https://www.perrigo.com/investors ↩
Costco — Export Sales programme — https://www.costco.com/f/-/export-sales/ ↩
Planet Express — How to shop Costco from abroad — https://planetexpress.com/how-to/costco/ ↩
ShipTime — Costco international shipping guide — https://shiptime.com/costco/ ↩
Wiz, Inc. — About / company background — https://www.wiz.io/about ↩↩
CyberArk Software — Company information — https://www.cyberark.com ↩↩
SentinelOne — Company information — https://www.sentinelone.com ↩↩↩
Check Point Software Technologies — Company information — https://www.checkpoint.com ↩↩
SEC EDGAR — Costco Form 10-K (FY2024 annual report proxy) — https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/909832/000090983224000006/0000909832-24-000006-index.htm ↩
Navitus Health Solutions — About — https://www.navitus.com/about ↩↩
Hello Heart — About — https://www.helloheart.com/about ↩
Amnesty International — Automated Apartheid report (2023) — https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/6701/2023/en/ ↩↩
Blue Yonder — About / company background — https://blueyonder.com/about ↩↩
Who Profits Research Center — HP company profile — https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/3291 ↩↩↩
BDS Movement — Act Now Against HP — https://bdsmovement.net/Act-Now-Against-HP ↩↩
Sonova Group — Investor / annual reports — https://www.sonova.com/en/investors/annual-reports ↩
CJPME — BDS boycott target list — https://www.cjpme.org/boycott ↩↩↩↩↩↩
Natural Delights — FAQ — https://www.naturaldelights.com/faq ↩↩
Who Profits Research Center — Mehadrin Tnuport Export company profile — https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/4108 ↩↩↩
Palestine Solidarity Campaign — Boycott Israeli Dates — https://palestinecampaign.org/boycott-israeli-dates/ ↩
Corporate Occupation — Galilee Export / Apartheid in the Fields update — https://corporateoccupation.org/2020/02/12/apartheid-in-the-fields-from-occupied-palestine-to-uk-supermarkets-2020-update-3-4-galilee/ ↩↩↩
Who Profits Research Center — Arava Export Growers company profile — https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/3944 ↩↩↩
Reddit r/CostcoCanada — Products from Israel discussion — https://www.reddit.com/r/CostcoCanada/comments/1nfg09o/products_from_israel/ ↩
OHCHR — Ahava Dead Sea Laboratories database entry — https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/business/pot-db/4-ahava-dead-sea-laboratories-ltd.pdf ↩↩
Wikipedia — Ahava — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahava ↩
Costco.com — Ahava Crystal Osmoter X6 Smoothing Cream product listing — https://www.costco.com/ahava-crystal-osmoter-x6-smoothing-cream%2C-1.7-fl-oz.product.4000299399.html ↩↩
Costco.com — Ahava Mineral Body Lotion 17 fl oz 2-pack product listing — https://www.costco.com/ahava-mineral-body-lotion%2C-17-fl-oz%2C-2-pack.product.1860123.html ↩↩
Visualizing Palestine — BDS dataset, Ahava campaign data — https://bds.visualizingpalestine.org/data?t=ahava ↩
VMSD — Costco tariff refund lawsuit (importer of record) — https://vmsd.com/costco-sues-to-get-tariff-refund/ ↩
USTR — US-Israel Free Trade Agreement — https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/israel-fta ↩↩
TASE — Albaad Massuot Yitzhak Ltd. company details — https://www.tase.co.il/en/market_data/security/0/469/0/1/company-details ↩↩
Human Rights Watch — Occupation, Inc. (2016) — https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/01/19/occupation-inc-how-settlement-businesses-contribute-israels-violations-palestinian ↩
BDS Coalition Canada — Boycott list of shame — https://bdscoalition.ca/boycott-list-of-shame/ ↩↩
Leave Russia campaign — Costco listing — https://leave-russia.org/costco ↩↩
CBS News — Costco DEI board statement — https://www.cbsnews.com/news/costco-dei-policy-board-statement-shareholder-meeting-vote/ ↩
Democracy Now — Costco DEI and Teamsters (January 2025) — https://www.democracynow.org/2025/1/28/headlines/costco_wont_end_dei_initiatives_faces_friday_strike_deadline_by_18_000_union_workers ↩
WRP — Teamsters 85% national strike vote at Costco — https://wrp.org.uk/features/teamsters-vote-85-for-national-strike-at-costco-for-a-fair-contract/ ↩↩
Democracy Now — Costco Teamsters strike deadline (January 2025) — https://www.democracynow.org/2025/1/28/headlines/costco_wont_end_dei_initiatives_faces_friday_strike_deadline_by_18_000_union_workers ↩
Maryknoll OGC — Letter to Blinken and Raimondo on Israel firearms exports (January 2024) — https://maryknollogc.org/2024/01/25/maryknoll-ogc-joins-letter-secretary-blinken-and-secretary-raimondo/ ↩↩↩
Wikipedia — Jeff Raikes — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Raikes ↩↩
Raikes Foundation — About — https://www.raikesfoundation.org/about-us ↩↩
Fox Business — Costco board members donated heavily to Democrats (2024) — https://www.foxbusiness.com/media/costco-board-members-donated-heavily-democrats-2024-election-cycle ↩
OpenSecrets — Costco Wholesale lobbying and PAC summary — https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/costco-wholesale/summary?id=D000000528 ↩↩↩↩
Costco — Policy Regarding Spending on Elections and Policy Advocacy — https://s201.q4cdn.com/287523651/files/doc_downloads/govdocs/Policy-Regarding-Spending-on-Elections-and-Policy-Advocacy.pdf ↩
PCUSA MRTI — Boycott 101 summary sheet (Keter Plastics) — https://pma.pcusa.org/site_media/media/uploads/mrti/pdfs/boycott101_summary-sheet.pdf ↩
Inminds — Costco campaign page — http://www.inminds.com/article.php?id=10311 ↩
CJPME — Recommended BDS actions — https://www.cjpme.org/sn_recommended ↩
Labor for Palestine — Teamsters and Palestine (February 2024) — https://laborforpalestine.net/2024/02/01/the-crisis-in-the-teamsters-counterpunch/ ↩
Costco — Supplier Code of Conduct — https://www.costco.com/supplier-code-of-conduct.html ↩
Costco Investor Relations — Board of Directors — https://investor.costco.com/governance/board-of-directors/default.aspx ↩
SEC EDGAR — Costco proxy filing (December 2024) — https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/909832/000090983224000072/cost-20241209.htm ↩
Who Profits Research Center — Settlement industrial zones database — https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/excel?Presence=16&Type=Table ↩
Who Profits Research Center — Traded companies database — https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/excel?Traded=3&Type=Table ↩
Costco Investor Relations — Corporate governance documents — https://investor.costco.com/corporate-governance/governance-documents ↩
TechCrunch — Wiliot $200M funding at $1B valuation (2021) — https://techcrunch.com/2021/05/10/wiliot-raises-200m-at-1b-valuation-as-its-ambient-iot-platform-gains-traction/ ↩
CJPME — BDS recommended actions list — https://www.cjpme.org/sn_recommended ↩
HRW — Business and human rights topic page — https://www.hrw.org/topic/business-and-human-rights ↩
UK Trade Info — Commodity code 0804 traders (Mehadrin UK import activity) — https://www.uktradeinfo.com/umbraco/api/searchdownload/traders?commodities=0804&display=list&filename=Trader%20search%20results.csv ↩
Charity Navigator — Costco Foundation profile — https://www.charitynavigator.org/ein/911799391 ↩
