INDEX / DIRECTORY / PEUGEOT

Peugeot

Car Manufacturers 105 CITED SOURCES UPDATED 2026-07-10
BDS-1000 Score 122 /1000 E Tier E - Limited
Military ↗ 0.12 Digital ↗ 0.12 Economic ↗ 1.84 Political ↗ 0.36

OpenIntel is reader-funded - no sponsors, no institutional money. Support OpenIntel →

Peugeot - BDS-1000 Dossier

Key Findings

  • Economic: Peugeot vehicles have been sold across Israel since 1968 through the exclusive importer Lubinski Group, and in June 2022 Lubinski was named winner of an Israel Police tender to supply electric Peugeot and MG vehicles.12
  • Political: A Stellantis non-executive board director, Daniel Ramot, appointed April 2025, is an Israeli-American graduate of the IDF’s Talpiot program and a 1996–2002 Israeli Air Force avionics veteran.34
  • Military: The only documented military-linked use is indirect and civilian-channel - Haaretz reported Peugeot 2008 SUVs allocated to IDF combat commanders under the army’s civilian-market officer-leasing program in January 2023, though later reporting suggests the IDF has since shifted parts of this leased fleet elsewhere.56
  • Not found: No defence contract, SIBAT listing, armoured variant, or defence-supply-chain relationship was identified, and Peugeot/Stellantis does not appear in either the Who Profits database or the UN OHCHR settlement-business database.789

Target Profile

FieldDetail
Company NamePeugeot (automotive marque of Stellantis N.V.)
JurisdictionPeugeot is a French marque founded in 1810; the audits do not specify a formal incorporation jurisdiction for Peugeot itself or detail Stellantis N.V.’s precise incorporation seat beyond its formation via the January 2021 PSA–FCA merger - No public evidence identified for further detail.10
HeadquartersNo public evidence identified of a specific current headquarters address in the audits beyond Peugeot’s French origins and historic Sochaux production site; Stellantis manufacturing/R&D is described as spanning Europe, the Americas, and Morocco.11
SectorAutomotive manufacturing - civilian passenger vehicles; no tactical, mil-spec, or armoured product lines.712
OwnershipBrand of Stellantis N.V. (formed January 2021, PSA–FCA merger). Principal Stellantis shareholders: Exor N.V. (Agnelli family holding company, ~14–15.5%), Peugeot Invest (formerly FFP, ~7.6–7.74%), Bpifrance (French state investment bank, ~6.5–6.65%), Dongfeng Motor Corporation (~1.5–1.7%).101314
Key Executives / GovernanceAntonio Filosa, CEO since 23 June 2025; Carlos Tavares, former CEO; Daniel Ramot, non-executive director since 15 April 2025 (Israeli-American, IDF Talpiot program graduate, Israeli Air Force avionics veteran 1996–2002).3415
Israeli-Nexus SummaryA civilian carmaker sold in Israel via an independent importer (Lubinski Group) with one documented government-fleet contract (Israel Police EVs) and one board director of Israeli-military background; no direct defence contract, settlement listing, or organized boycott designation was identified.

Key Facts:

Executive Summary

Peugeot is a French automotive marque now operating as a brand within Stellantis N.V., the multinational group formed by the January 2021 merger of PSA and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. Across the four domain audits compiled for this dossier, Peugeot’s documented Israel/Palestine nexus is narrow, indirect, and almost entirely commercial: the company sells cars in Israel, one of its models has appeared in Israeli government fleets via ordinary commercial procurement, and one Stellantis board member has an Israeli military background. No audit identified a defence contract, a settlement-linked asset, a documented boycott campaign, or a corporate policy statement addressing the conflict in either direction.

The strongest documented vector is economic. Peugeot vehicles have been imported and sold in Israel since 1968 through the privately held Lubinski Group, which in June 2022 won a government tender - administered through Israel’s State Comptroller and Israel Police - to supply electric Peugeot and MG vehicles to the Israel Police, an initial phase of roughly 70 vehicles intended to scale into the hundreds.12 Separately, from September 2024, Peugeot 208s built at Stellantis’s Kenitra, Morocco plant began being exported to Israel, a standard wholesale supply arrangement that partly filled a gap left by Turkey’s trade embargo.11 These are the clearest, best-corroborated facts in the record, and they are also the least severe in character: an importer relationship and a police-vehicle tender won by a third-party Israeli company, not a Peugeot- or Stellantis-held defence contract.

The military and digital vectors are markedly weaker. The only military-adjacent finding is a January 2023 Haaretz report that IDF combat commanders were allocated Peugeot 2008 SUVs under the army’s rank-based civilian vehicle-leasing program - an importer-mediated, civilian-channel arrangement rather than a Peugeot defence contract - and a subsequent November 2025 Haaretz report indicating the IDF has been shifting parts of this leased fleet toward Mitsubishi, leaving the current status of any Peugeot allocation unresolved.56 No SIBAT listing, armoured variant, or defence-supply-chain relationship to Elbit Systems, Israel Aerospace Industries, or Rafael was identified.7 On the digital side, Stellantis’s cloud vendors (AWS, and from April 2026 Microsoft) separately serve Israeli state and military clients, but no evidence was found that Peugeot/Stellantis systems or data are routed through those Israeli-facing deployments; this is documented as indirect vendor overlap, not a direct relationship.2021

What is notably absent from the record is as important as what is present. Peugeot/Stellantis does not appear in the Who Profits company database or in the UN OHCHR database of businesses linked to Israeli settlement activity.89 No organized BDS Movement or Al-Haq campaign names the company.2223 No Peugeot- or Stellantis-owned factory, R&D centre, or office exists in Israel or the Occupied Palestinian Territories.11 Several specific claims circulating in secondary discourse - that Colmobil is Peugeot’s Israeli distributor, or that Peugeot supplies “XD3T engines and Landtrek chassis” to the IDF - were checked directly against primary sources and found to be unverified or false; the actual importer is Lubinski, and Colmobil (a real, documented IDF/police supplier) distributes Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, and other unrelated brands.2425

Weighed against the V4 scoring framework, this evidence record produces a BRS of 122 and Tier E (Minimal). The score is driven almost entirely by the Economic domain (the highest domain score at 1.84, versus 0.12 for both Military and Digital and 0.36 for Political), reflecting an ordinary commercial retail and import presence rather than the systemic operational, security, or governance entanglement that would justify a higher tier.

Timeline of Relevant Events

DateEvent
1968Lubinski Group (David Lubinski Ltd) formalizes the Israeli import franchise for Peugeot, having served as a Peugeot sub-agent in Israel since 1936.1617
2016-07-13PSA (Stellantis’s pre-merger predecessor) tests an Israeli startup’s electric-vehicle range-extender technology - a pilot evaluation, not a supply relationship.26
2021-04-07Stellantis, via subsidiary FCA Italy S.p.A., signs a Memorandum of Understanding with the Israel Innovation Authority to scout Israeli startups in driving-assistance, cybersecurity, and Industry 4.0 technology.1819
2022-06-14Israel’s State Comptroller and Israel Police name Lubinski Group winner of a tender to supply electric Peugeot and MG vehicles to the Israel Police.12
2023-01-09Haaretz reports Peugeot 2008 SUVs allocated to IDF combat commanders under the army’s rank-based civilian vehicle-leasing program.5
2023-12Stellantis Ventures recognizes Israeli in-cabin-radar company Vayyar Imaging at its Venture Awards.27
2024-09Peugeot 208 vehicles built at Stellantis’s Kenitra, Morocco plant begin export to Israel, partly filling a supply gap from Turkey’s trade embargo.11
2025-04-15Daniel Ramot, an Israeli-American IDF Talpiot-program graduate and Israeli Air Force avionics veteran, is appointed Stellantis non-executive director.34
2025-11-02Haaretz reports the IDF shifting parts of its leased vehicle fleet away from Peugeot/Chinese-linked brands toward Mitsubishi, on data-security grounds.6

Corporate Overview

Peugeot is a marque within Stellantis N.V., the multinational automaker formed by the January 2021 merger of PSA Group and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles.10 Stellantis’s principal shareholders are Exor N.V. (the Agnelli family’s holding company), Peugeot Invest (the Peugeot family’s investment vehicle), the French state investment bank Bpifrance, and China’s Dongfeng Motor Corporation; no Israeli state, sovereign-wealth, or institutional stake in Stellantis was identified in any audit.101314 Stellantis’s manufacturing and R&D footprint sits in Europe, the Americas, and Morocco; no Peugeot- or Stellantis-owned factory, assembly plant, warehouse, office, or R&D centre in Israel or the Occupied Palestinian Territories was identified.11

Peugeot has no company-owned retail presence in Israel. Vehicles are imported and distributed exclusively by the Lubinski Group, a privately held Israeli company that has held the Peugeot franchise since 1968 (having served as a sub-agent since 1936) and separately distributes Citroën, DS, Opel, MG, and Peugeot Motocycles.2829163017 Lubinski’s branches, including its Jerusalem branch, are located in Israel proper (West Jerusalem); no Lubinski or Peugeot dealership inside a West Bank settlement was identified.1 A separate, Ramallah-based “Peugeot Palestine” agent serves the Palestinian Authority-administered market and is a distinct entity from the Israeli-nexus importer.31 Trade.gov market intelligence separately notes Peugeot and Citroën among the more prominent brands sold generally in the West Bank automotive market, which operates within a customs-union framework tied to Israeli/EU vehicle standards; no settlement-specific dealership was identified.32

Domain Summaries

Military: Military

Mechanism of Involvement

The only documented military-adjacent fact is civilian-channel: a January 2023 Haaretz report on the IDF’s vehicle fleet stated that combat commanders are allocated Peugeot 2008 SUVs under the army’s rank-based leasing programme, procured through the ordinary Israeli civilian vehicle market rather than a direct Peugeot or Stellantis defence contract.5 At the parent level, Stellantis’s only Israel-facing relationship - the April 2021 memorandum of understanding with the civilian Israel Innovation Authority to scout automotive-technology startups - is flagged as context only; it has no defence dimension.1819

Counter-Arguments and Evidence Limits

No public evidence was identified of any contract, tender, or memorandum between Peugeot, Stellantis, or any Stellantis-group entity and the Israeli Ministry of Defence, IDF, Israel Prison Service, or Israel Border Police, and no Peugeot or Stellantis listing appears in Israel’s SIBAT defence-export directory.7 A November 2025 Haaretz report indicates the IDF has been shifting parts of its leased fleet toward Mitsubishi on data-security grounds, leaving the current status of any Peugeot officer-fleet allocation unresolved.6 Peugeot manufactures no tactical, mil-spec, or armoured variants for any security force, unlike the Land Rover/Toyota-chassis pattern used by dedicated Israeli armoured-vehicle integrators.12 A purported “Peugeot Expert / Israel Border Police” vehicle is non-evidentiary, tracing to a video-game vehicle modification rather than any real deployment, and historical Israeli police use of vintage Peugeot J7 vans is documented only as a heritage-museum exhibit, not a current procurement relationship.33 No Who Profits profile exists for Peugeot or Stellantis, and the company does not appear in the UN OHCHR settlement-business database.89

Named Entities and Evidence Map

Digital: Digital

Mechanism of Involvement

Stellantis’s technology-vendor relationships include AWS as its named “preferred cloud provider for vehicle platforms” (agreement announced January 2022, covering the STLA SmartCockpit platform and related cloud infrastructure) and a five-year Microsoft partnership announced April 2026 covering Azure cloud migration, AI, and cybersecurity.2021 TomTom holds a global contract supplying mapping and navigation software for the STLA SmartCockpit platform, and Stellantis joined the GlobalPlatform Automotive Task Force (chaired by UK firm Trustonic) in August 2025 to work on vehicle-cybersecurity standards.3435 Stellantis Ventures, the group’s innovation fund, recognized Israeli in-cabin-radar company Vayyar Imaging at its December 2023 Venture Awards, though no confirmed production integration into a Peugeot model was found.27 At the franchisee level, Israeli-founded telematics firms Cellocator and Pointer (now under Nasdaq-listed PowerFleet) supply CR-300 connected-car telematics hardware/software bundled into Peugeot, Citroën, DS, and MG vehicles sold through Lubinski Group in Israel.36 Stellantis’s April 2021 MoU with the Israel Innovation Authority is again the only parent-level Israel-facing engagement, structured as external startup-scouting rather than an owned facility or technology-supply arrangement.1819

Counter-Arguments and Evidence Limits

No public evidence was identified that Peugeot or Stellantis data or systems are specifically routed through AWS’s Israel (“il-central-1”) region - which is also the primary infrastructure for Israel’s Project Nimbus government-cloud programme - or through Microsoft’s Azure infrastructure serving the Israeli Ministry of Defence and reportedly Unit 8200; these are indirect vendor overlaps (shared commercial suppliers), not documented shared systems or contracts.2021 No public evidence was identified of a Stellantis–Mobileye partnership despite Mobileye’s Israeli origins, nor of any Israeli-origin facial-recognition, biometric, or predictive-policing tool deployed by Peugeot/Stellantis; a July 2025 Stellantis biometric vehicle-entry patent names no third-party or Israeli vendor.37 PowerFleet’s separate 7,500-vehicle Israel Police telematics contract (announced May 2021) is not shown to involve Peugeot-branded vehicles specifically.36 B’Tselem’s own published material contains only two isolated 1990s references to individual Peugeot vehicles in civilian incident records - not documentation of institutional Israeli security-forces procurement - directly contradicting secondary claims that NGO reporting documents Peugeot-branded vehicles used by Israeli security forces.25 A specific secondary claim that Peugeot supplies “XD3T engines and Landtrek chassis” to the IDF traces to a single unreachable source (openintel.uk) and does not hold up: the XD3T engine is historically associated with the 1980s Peugeot P4 French Army vehicle, not the modern Landtrek, whose only identified recent military buyer is the Spanish Army.25 The recurring claim that Colmobil is Peugeot’s Israeli distributor is likewise false.24 Peugeot/Stellantis does not appear in the Who Profits database or the UN OHCHR settlement database, and is not named in the UN Special Rapporteur’s July 2025 “economy of genocide” report.89

Named Entities and Evidence Map

Economic: Economic

Mechanism of Involvement

Peugeot’s economic nexus to Israel runs through the exclusive importer Lubinski Group, which has held the Peugeot franchise since 1968.1617 From September 2024, Peugeot 208s from Stellantis’s Kenitra, Morocco plant began being exported to Israel - a standard OEM wholesale transaction in which Peugeot is paid the wholesale price by Lubinski, which retains the in-market retail margin, duties, and aftersales revenue.11 In June 2022, Lubinski was named winner of an Israel Police tender to supply electric Peugeot and MG vehicles, an initial phase of roughly 70 vehicles expected to scale into the hundreds.12 At the parent level, Stellantis’s April 2021 MoU with the Israel Innovation Authority is a co-funding and startup-scouting arrangement, not a direct investment in Israeli assets.1819

Counter-Arguments and Evidence Limits

No public evidence was identified of any Peugeot- or Stellantis-owned factory, plant, warehouse, office, or R&D centre in Israel or the Occupied Palestinian Territories.11 No named Israeli-domiciled supplier was identified in Peugeot production; Stellantis’s announced advanced driver-assistance direction is a 2026 agreement with Qualcomm (US), not the Israeli firm Mobileye.38 No Israeli state, sovereign-wealth, or institutional stake in Stellantis was identified among its principal shareholders (Exor, Peugeot Invest, Bpifrance, Dongfeng).101314 Peugeot/Stellantis does not disclose Israel-specific revenue - Israel falls within its undifferentiated Middle East & Africa reporting region - and no profit-repatriation mechanism directing earnings into Israeli-domiciled entities was identified.39 Peugeot/Stellantis is not listed in the UN OHCHR settlement-business database.9 Lubinski’s branches sit within Israel proper (its Jerusalem branch is in West Jerusalem), and no Peugeot or Lubinski dealership inside a West Bank settlement was identified; the distinct Ramallah-based “Peugeot Palestine” dealer serves the Palestinian market and is unconnected to the Israeli-nexus importer.311

Named Entities and Evidence Map

Political: Political

Mechanism of Involvement

The clearest political-nexus fact is governance-level: Daniel Ramot, appointed Stellantis non-executive director effective 15 April 2025, is an Israeli-American entrepreneur born in Ramat Gan, a graduate of the IDF’s Talpiot program (with a Hebrew University degree obtained through that program), and an Israeli Air Force veteran (1996–2002) who developed avionic systems for F-15/F-16 aircraft before co-founding transit-tech company Via Transportation.34 Stellantis’s April 2021 MoU with the Israel Innovation Authority - signed under Israel’s long-running “R&D and Pilot Collaboration with Multinational Corporations” programme, also used by companies including Intel, Audi, Renault, IBM, and Philips - is publicly framed by Stellantis as standard “technological innovation” cooperation rather than a distinct geopolitical partnership.18404142 Lubinski’s 2022 win of the Israel Police electric-vehicle tender is documented as a standard commercial/government procurement contract.12

Counter-Arguments and Evidence Limits

No public statement by Stellantis, Peugeot brand leadership, former CEO Carlos Tavares, or current CEO Antonio Filosa regarding the Israel-Hamas conflict, the 7 October 2023 attacks, or Israeli military operations in Gaza was identified.15 This is a notable asymmetry: Stellantis issued formal, dated statements on the Russia-Ukraine war, with Tavares stating on 4 March 2022 that “we should not mix regime and people” while committing to sanctions compliance, and the company announcing suspension of manufacturing at its Kaluga, Russia plant on 19 April 2022.4344 Stellantis’s general Human Rights Policy (dated 7 March 2023) is geography-neutral and does not name Israel, Palestine, the Occupied Palestinian Territory, or settlements, and its philanthropic programme has no identified Gaza- or Israel-specific initiative.4546 Peugeot/Stellantis does not appear in the UN OHCHR settlement-business database (June 2023 update), the Who Profits database, Al-Haq’s November 2025 “Don’t Buy into Occupation V” report (which names Volvo Group, not Peugeot or Stellantis), or the BDS Movement’s November 2024 Corporate Priority Targeting Guide.892223 The sole identified OECD Watch complaint against Stellantis N.V. and FCA Italy (filed July 2022) concerns cobalt/mineral supply-chain transparency in the Democratic Republic of Congo and is unrelated to Israel/Palestine.47 French trade union CGT has published national statements on Gaza and organized a roughly 500-employee rally at the Stellantis Poissy site, but that action was documented primarily as a jobs/plant-closure protest rather than an Israel-Palestine-specific mobilization.4849 No evidence was identified of donations by Peugeot, Stellantis, or their controlling shareholders to the IDF, FIDF, JNF/KKL, Israeli reservist funds, settlement organizations, Regavim, or Im Tirtzu, and no evidence was identified of lobbying expenditure specifically directed at Israel/Palestine policy despite substantial general US lobbying spend recorded by OpenSecrets.50 Separately, Peugeot paid over $475 million in compensation tied to its 2016 withdrawal from Iran under sanctions pressure - a documented instance of the company navigating a different geopolitically sensitive market, illustrating that its silence on Israel/Palestine is not explained by a blanket policy of avoiding politically sensitive statements.515253

Named Entities and Evidence Map

BDS-1000 Score (V4)

DomainIMPV-Domain Score
Military2.001.502.000.12
Digital2.001.502.000.12
Economic4.504.005.001.84
Political2.502.003.500.36

V_MAX is driven entirely by Economic, reflecting Peugeot’s ordinary but documented commercial footprint in Israel - a long-standing exclusive importer relationship, a direct wholesale export channel from Morocco, and a government (Israel Police) fleet tender won by that importer - scored with high magnitude and directness because these are confirmed, ongoing commercial transactions rather than one-off or historical events. Military and Digital remain near the scoring floor because their only findings are indirect, civilian-channel, or vendor-overlap signals rather than direct contracts. The BRS of 122 and Tier E (Minimal) result from the V4 method: a scale-free Impact × Magnitude × Proximity score computed per domain from verified evidence only, vetted against the record rather than derived from unverified allegations.

Methodology Note

End Notes

Footnotes

  1. https://mg-israel.co.il/article/zsevpls/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9 ↩10

  2. https://www.themarker.com/dynamo/cars/2022-06-14/ty-article/.premium/00000181-6190-dde4-a187-f1bff0860000 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8

  3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ramot ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  4. https://www.stellantis.com/content/dam/stellantis-corporate/group/governance/leadership/bio/eng/Daniel-Ramot-EN.pdf ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  5. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-01-09/ty-article-magazine/.premium/israeli-armys-latest-casualty-the-environment/00000185-7d62-d9ca-adb5-ffe3b2160000 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6

  6. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-11-02/ty-article/.premium/idf-drops-chinese-cars-switches-to-japans-mitsubishi-fleet/0000019a-45ac-d21b-a7db-edfe90400000 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6

  7. https://english.mod.gov.il/About/Defense_Exports/Pages/SIBAT_International_Defense_Cooperation.aspx ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  8. https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/all ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7

  9. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/09/un-human-rights-office-updates-database-businesses-involved-israeli ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8

  10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellantis ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7

  11. https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2024/09/14299/israel-begins-importing-moroccan-made-cars-amid-turkish-embargo/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8

  12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDT_David ↩ ↩2

  13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_Invest ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  14. https://peugeot-invest.com/en/assets/713/stellantis ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  15. https://www.stellantis.com/en/news/press-releases/2025/may/stellantis-announces-antonio-filosa-25-year-veteran-of-the-company-to-be-its-new-chief-executive-officer ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  16. https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  17. https://www.lubinski.co.il/about-us/history/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  18. https://www.media.stellantis.com/em-en/corporate-communications/press/stellantis-and-israel-innovation-authority-announce-the-signing-of-a-memorandum-of-understanding ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9 ↩10

  19. https://www.timesofisrael.com/stellantis-maker-of-dodge-and-maserati-scouting-israeli-startups-for-tech-edge/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8

  20. AWS (Amazon Web Services) corporate communications on the Stellantis “preferred cloud provider” agreement (announced 5 January 2022) and the AWS Israel (Tel Aviv) region, as cited in the Digital domain audit (compiled 2026-06-27) - https://aws.amazon.com/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  21. Microsoft News Center on the Stellantis–Microsoft five-year Azure/AI/cybersecurity partnership (announced 20 April 2026) and reporting on Microsoft Azure’s Israeli Ministry of Defense contract, as cited in the Digital domain audit - https://news.microsoft.com/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  22. https://www.alhaq.org/publications/26931.html ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  23. https://www.bdsmovement.net/sites/default/files/2024-12/Guide%20to%20BDS%20Boycott%20&%20Pressure%20Corporate%20Priority%20Targeting-30%20Nov%202024-Submitted%20by%20BDS%20movement.pdf ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  24. https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/4219?colmobil-corporation= ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  25. Digital domain audit findings (compiled 2026-06-27) on B’Tselem’s published material, the openintel.uk secondary source, and related unverified claims - primary underlying URLs not preserved in the available audit record. ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  26. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/business/2016-07-13/ty-article/psa-group-tests-israeli-startups-range-extender-in-quest-for-electric-car/0000017f-db9c-d3a5-af7f-fbbea60d0000 ↩

  27. Stellantis Ventures Venture Awards materials (December 2023), as cited in the Digital domain audit - https://www.stellantis.com/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  28. https://il.linkedin.com/company/lubinski-group ↩

  29. https://autoboom.co.il/en/c/trade-networks/lubinski-trade ↩

  30. https://www.lubinski.co.il/our-brands/ ↩

  31. https://www.peugeot.ps/en/ ↩ ↩2

  32. https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/west-banks-automotive-sector ↩

  33. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peugeot_J7_Police_automobiles_displayed_at_the_Israeli_Police_Heritage_Center.jpg ↩

  34. TomTom corporate communications on its STLA SmartCockpit mapping/navigation contract, as cited in the Digital domain audit - https://www.tomtom.com/ ↩ ↩2

  35. GlobalPlatform Automotive Task Force materials (Stellantis membership announced 28 August 2025), as cited in the Digital domain audit - https://globalplatform.org/ ↩ ↩2

  36. PowerFleet Inc. corporate communications and Pointer Telocation SEC Form 20-F filing on Israel Police telematics and CR-300 hardware bundled via Lubinski Group, as cited in the Digital domain audit - https://www.powerfleet.com/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  37. U.S. patent grant reporting (issued 1 July 2025) on a Stellantis in-house biometric/facial-recognition vehicle-entry system, as cited in the Digital domain audit. ↩

  38. https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/business/qualcomm-adds-adas-to-cockpit-connectivity-supply-deal-with-stellantis-2026-05/ ↩

  39. https://stockdividendscreener.com/auto-manufacturers/stellantis-sales-and-market-share-in-the-middle-east-and-africa/ ↩

  40. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-04/08/c_139867293.htm ↩ ↩2

  41. https://www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0,7340,L-3903561,00.html ↩ ↩2

  42. https://innovationisrael.org.il/en/winner/stellantis-fcai/ ↩ ↩2

  43. https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/04/business/stellantis-tavares-russia-workers/index.html ↩

  44. https://www.euronews.com/2022/04/19/ukraine-crisis-russia-stellantis ↩

  45. https://www.stellantis.com/content/dam/stellantis-corporate/group/governance/corporate-regulations/Stellantis-Human-Rights-Policy.pdf ↩

  46. https://www.stellantis.com/en/sustainability/philanthropy ↩

  47. https://www.oecdwatch.org/complaint/italian-csos-vs-stellantis-nv-and-fca-italy/ ↩

  48. https://www.cgt.fr/dossiers/israel-palestine-pour-une-paix-juste-et-durable ↩ ↩2

  49. https://www.cgt.fr/actualites/international/solidarite/appel-manifestation-cnpjdpi-4-octobre-2025 ↩ ↩2

  50. https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/stellantis-nv/summary?id=D000043126 ↩

  51. https://www.timesofisrael.com/peugeot-to-pay-over-475m-in-iran-sanctions-compensation/ ↩

  52. https://www.euronews.com/business/2016/02/08/peugeot-citroen-compensates-iran-for-sanctions-prompted-pull-out ↩

  53. https://www.unitedagainstnucleariran.com/company/peugeot ↩