eBay Digital Audit

1. Executive Intelligence Summary

This report constitutes a comprehensive technographic audit of eBay Inc. (hereinafter referred to as “The Target” or “eBay”), executed to rigorously assess the extent of its digital reliance on technology vendors, leadership structures, and operational frameworks associated with the State of Israel, its military-industrial complex (specifically Unit 8200), and related systems of surveillance and militarization. The primary objective is to establish an exhaustive evidentiary baseline for determining a “Digital Complicity Score.” This document aggregates raw intelligence, vendor maps, operational data, and geopolitical context required for such an assessment.

The audit reveals a deep, structural, and historical reliance by eBay on the Israeli technology stack. This reliance is not merely incidental; it is foundational. For two decades, eBay’s core cataloging, pricing, and visual search algorithms were developed within its Netanya Research and Development (R&D) center. As the company moves to divest its physical presence in Israel by 2026, it is simultaneously deepening its integration with Israeli SaaS (Software as a Service) providers, particularly in the critical domains of cybersecurity, fraud prevention (behavioral biometrics), mobile attribution, and advertising technology.

Key Intelligence Findings:

• The “Unit 8200” Cyber Stack: The Target has integrated critical infrastructure security solutions from Wiz, CyberArk, and SentinelOne. These firms are not only headquartered or founded in Israel but are heavily staffed and led by alumni of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Unit 8200, the unit responsible for signal intelligence (SIGINT) and cyber warfare. The Target’s security posture is inextricably linked to the operational methodologies of this military unit.
• Surveillance & Biometrics: The Target has entered a strategic partnership with Forter, a fraud prevention unicorn founded by ex-Unit 8200 officers. This partnership involves the deployment of behavioral biometric surveillance to assess user trustworthiness, effectively outsourcing “identity decisions” to an Israeli firm. This system analyzes user interaction patterns—mouse movements, typing cadence, device orientation—creating a biometric profile of eBay’s massive user base.
• AdTech & Data Flow: eBay relies on AppsFlyer (Herzliya-based) as its “source of truth” for mobile attribution. This designates an Israeli firm as the primary processor of eBay’s user acquisition data, handling billions of event signals monthly. Furthermore, eBay is a key customer of Taboola and ironSource, directly financing the Israeli native advertising and app monetization ecosystems.
• The Netanya Legacy: eBay’s internal “Structured Data” initiative—the engine that organizes its billion-plus listings—was built on the acquisition of Israeli startups Corrigon, SalesPredict, and The Gift Project. While the physical office in Netanya is slated for closure in Q1 2026, the algorithms developed there (computer vision, predictive behavioral modeling) remain embedded in the Target’s core codebase.
• Cloud & Project Nimbus: eBay is a major enterprise client of Google Cloud and Amazon Web Services (AWS), the two providers executing “Project Nimbus”—the Israeli government’s massive cloud infrastructure contract. eBay’s continued financial patronage of these cloud giants indirectly supports the capitalization of the infrastructure used by the Israeli military and government.

2. Corporate Footprint & The “Netanya” Hub

The physical and historical presence of eBay in Israel centers on its Research and Development (R&D) facility in Netanya. This facility has served not merely as a satellite office but as a core engine for eBay’s global “Structured Data” and “Catalog” initiatives. Understanding this footprint is essential to quantifying the Target’s historical contribution to the Israeli tech ecosystem.

2.1. Historical Establishment and The Shopping.com Acquisition

eBay’s entry into the Israeli ecosystem was marked by the acquisition of Shopping.com in 2005 for approximately $620 million.¹ This transaction was a watershed moment for the Israeli high-tech sector, representing one of the largest exits of that era. It provided the foundational talent and infrastructure for what would become the Netanya development center.

Over the subsequent two decades, this center expanded to employ between 300 and 350 personnel at its peak.¹ The personnel at this center were not engaged in peripheral maintenance tasks; they were tasked with solving some of the most complex data science problems facing the company. The center became a hub for “Machine Learning, NLP, Recommendation Systems, Information Retrieval, and Computer Vision”.²

2.2. Strategic Acquisitions and “Dual-Use” Technology Integration

The strategic importance of the Netanya hub was reinforced through subsequent targeted acquisitions of Israeli “dual-use” AI and analytics firms. “Dual-use” in this context refers to technologies—such as computer vision and predictive profiling—that have applications in both commercial sectors (retail) and security/intelligence sectors (surveillance).

2.2.1. The Gift Project (2011)

eBay acquired The Gift Project in 2011 to enhance its social commerce capabilities.³ While the deal size was smaller (approx. $20 million), it integrated Israeli social graph analysis into eBay’s platform, allowing for the mapping of user relationships and gifting behaviors.

2.2.2. SalesPredict (2016)

In 2016, eBay acquired SalesPredict, a company focused on predictive analytics and B2B/B2C modeling.⁴

• Founders: The company was co-founded by Kira Radinsky and Yaron Zakai-Or. Radinsky is a prominent figure in the Israeli data science community, known for work on predicting future events based on historical data patterns—a field with clear intelligence overlaps.
• Integration: SalesPredict was integrated into eBay’s “Structured Data” organization. Its mandate was to identify “correlative relationships” between buyer attributes and behaviors.⁴
• Implication: The logic used to predict what an eBay user might want to buy, based on micro- and macro-economic predictions, is derived from this Israeli acquisition. This acquisition directly supported eBay’s goal of “increased sophistication in artificial intelligence”.⁴

2.2.3. Corrigon (2016)

Also in 2016, eBay acquired Corrigon Ltd., a visual search technology firm, for approximately $30 million.⁵

• Technology: Corrigon developed “advanced image identification algorithms” capable of comparing an image to billions of others in real-time.⁵
• Surveillance Capability: The technology was designed to allow manufacturers to “keep tabs on their products” by getting image-based alerts about brand presence across the web.⁵ In the hands of a platform like eBay, this technology acts as a massive visual surveillance engine, crawling the web to identify, classify, and match objects within images.
• Integration: Corrigon’s team and technology were moved to the Netanya center to power eBay’s image recognition and classification efforts.⁶ This capability allows eBay to “peruse the more than one billion items” on its platform using computer vision, a technology foundational to modern automated surveillance systems.

2.3. Strategic Divestment (2024–2026)

Intelligence indicates a major operational shift is currently underway. As of mid-2025, eBay has confirmed the closure of its Netanya R&D center, with a complete cessation of operations scheduled for the first quarter of 2026.⁷

• Timeline of Closure: The withdrawal has been phased. It began with waves of layoffs targeting marketing and sales staff in 2024, followed by the termination of R&D personnel.⁷
• Scale: The closure involves the termination of over 200 employees.⁸
• Official Rationale: eBay official communications cite a global “assessment of operational footprint” and a need to “optimize support for our people, customers and long-term strategic objectives”.⁷ The company frames this as a consolidation of development hubs.
• Geopolitical Context: Analysts and observers have noted the timing coincides with “Israel’s assault on Gaza” and broader regional instability.⁹ While eBay denies a political motive, stating the center remained “integral” until the decision was made ⁹, the “gradual withdrawal began shortly after” the escalation of conflict in late 2023/early 2024.
• The “Digital Residue”: It is critical to note that while the physical office is closing, the technological legacy remains. The algorithms developed in Netanya—Corrigon’s visual search, SalesPredict’s behavioral modeling—are now part of eBay’s core intellectual property. The “exit” is physical, not technological. eBay continues to run on code written in Netanya.

3. The “Unit 8200” Cyber Stack

A critical vector of digital complicity is the Target’s reliance on third-party cybersecurity vendors that originate from Israel’s military intelligence sector. Unit 8200 (the IDF’s equivalent of the NSA or GCHQ) is the primary incubator for these firms. The “Unit 8200 Stack” refers to a suite of cybersecurity tools developed by veterans of this unit, which often commercialize military-grade offensive and defensive cyber capabilities. eBay’s cybersecurity posture involves significant contracts with these entities.

3.1. Wiz (Cloud Security)

Vendor Profile: Wiz is a cloud security unicorn headquartered in New York but with its R&D and founding team deeply rooted in Tel Aviv.

• Leadership: Founded by Assaf Rappaport, Ami Luttwak, Yinon Costica, and Roy Reznik. This is the same team that founded Adallom (acquired by Microsoft) and are all alumni of Unit 8200.¹⁰ Their background is in high-level cyber intelligence and offensive/defensive operations.

eBay Integration:

• Direct Usage: Research explicitly identifies eBay as a customer in a “Wiz Security” case study context.¹¹
• Operational Depth & Collaboration: The relationship goes beyond simple software procurement. eBay’s internal penetration testing team has collaborated directly with Wiz researchers. This collaboration was highlighted during the discovery of the “AttachMe” vulnerability (CVE-2022-29149) in Oracle Cloud infrastructure. Wiz publicly acknowledged “eBay’s pen testing team” for their role in the discovery.¹²
• Technographic Implication: Wiz’s core technology operates on an “agentless” scanning model. To function, it requires deep, privileged access to a client’s entire cloud environment (AWS, Azure, GCP) to scan workloads for vulnerabilities. By utilizing Wiz, eBay grants an Israeli-founded firm—whose leadership maintains deep ties to the Israeli defense establishment—high-level visibility into its entire cloud infrastructure, data stores, and application logic.

3.2. CyberArk (Privileged Access Management)

Vendor Profile: CyberArk is the global leader in Privileged Access Management (PAM). It is dual-headquartered in Petah Tikva, Israel, and Newton, Massachusetts.

• Leadership: Founded by Udi Mokady, a veteran of Unit 8200. The company is a cornerstone of the Israeli cyber sector.

eBay Integration:

• Evidence of Deployment: Technical documentation regarding the CyberArk Identity API includes sample responses that explicitly contain configurations for the “Ebay web application”.¹³ This indicates that CyberArk’s identity management solutions are integrated into eBay’s employee or service authentication workflows.
• Strategic Role: CyberArk is used to secure the “keys to the kingdom”—privileged accounts that control administrative access to corporate networks and sensitive databases. In the wake of eBay’s massive 2014 data breach, CyberArk executives publicly commented on eBay’s security failures, positioning their solution as the necessary remedy for protecting “privileged access accounts”.¹⁴
• Ecosystem Integration: CyberArk frequently partners with other Israeli firms used by eBay, such as SentinelOne, creating a reinforced mesh of Israeli security vendors protecting the Target’s infrastructure.¹⁵

3.3. Check Point Software Technologies

Vendor Profile: Founded by Gil Shwed (a Unit 8200 veteran), Check Point is the “grandfather” of Israeli cybersecurity and widely considered the inventor of the stateful inspection firewall.

eBay Integration:

• Relationship: The relationship is complex and indicative of deep scrutiny. Check Point researchers have historically audited eBay’s platform, discovering severe vulnerabilities.
  • The “JSFuck” Vulnerability: Check Point discovered a critical flaw in eBay’s platform that allowed attackers to execute malicious code using a technique called “JSFuck,” bypassing standard security filters.¹⁶
  • Magento Vulnerabilities: Check Point also disclosed massive vulnerabilities in the Magento e-commerce platform (which eBay owned at the time).¹⁸
• Commercial Status: While snippets show Check Point products are sold on eBay ¹⁹, the discovery and responsible disclosure of such deep vulnerabilities typically imply a vendor-client relationship or a high-level auditing arrangement. eBay’s reliance on Check Point’s research to patch its core platform demonstrates a dependency on Israeli cyber-intelligence for platform integrity.

3.4. SentinelOne (Endpoint Security)

Vendor Profile: SentinelOne is a major competitor in the XDR (Extended Detection and Response) space, founded by Tomer Weingarten. It has deep ties to the Israeli cyber ecosystem and partners extensively with Wiz and CyberArk.¹⁵

eBay Integration:

• Integration Pathway: eBay utilizes Anvilogic, a security detection automation platform.²¹ The Anvilogic solution guide explicitly lists SentinelOne as a “Security Vendor Integration” alongside other major vendors.
• Deductive Analysis: The presence of SentinelOne in the integration list for a platform eBay actively uses (Anvilogic) suggests that SentinelOne is a component of eBay’s endpoint defense strategy. This would mean eBay’s employee laptops, servers, and endpoints are monitored by agents developed by this Tel Aviv-based firm.

4. Surveillance, Biometrics & “Trust” (The Retail Tech Stack)

This domain represents the highest “complicity” risk. “Retail Tech” and “Loss Prevention” are increasingly euphemisms for commercialized surveillance technologies. eBay has partnered with firms that treat consumer behavior as a signal intelligence problem, effectively privatizing the surveillance of its users.

4.1. Forter (The “Trust” Engine)

Vendor Profile: Forter is a “Decision as a Service” fraud prevention company. It automates the decision to approve or decline transactions.

• Founders: Michael Reitblat (CEO) and Lior Ron (President). Both served as officers in Unit 8200.²² Reitblat’s background is explicitly linked to the adaptation of military intelligence techniques for commercial fraud detection.

eBay Partnership:

• Strategic Alliance: eBay has a formalized partnership with Forter, evidenced by joint marketing materials titled “Staying Ahead of Fraud and False Declines | eBay x Forter”.²³
• Technology – Behavioral Biometrics: Forter’s core technology differentiates itself from traditional fraud rules by analyzing user behavior rather than just transaction data. It utilizes “Cyber Intelligence” and “Behavioral Analysis”.²²
  • Biometric Surveillance: This involves tracking how a user holds their phone, their typing speed, mouse movements, and navigation patterns.²⁴ This creates a unique biometric fingerprint for each user.
  • Irrevocable Data: Forter’s founders have publicly stated that unlike passwords, “biometric data cannot be modified or replaced when it leaks,” acknowledging the extreme sensitivity of the data they collect.²⁴
• The “Identity Graph”: Forter processes over $500 billion in transactions annually. By participating in this network, eBay contributes to a global “identity graph” managed by an Israeli firm. A user’s behavior on eBay helps Forter identify and judge them on other platforms (e.g., Nordstrom, Priceline).²⁵
• Agentic Commerce: As eBay moves toward “Agentic AI” (automated buying), Forter’s role becomes even more critical as the gatekeeper of “Trust,” verifying that the AI agent is acting on behalf of a legitimate human.²⁶

4.2. Riskified

Vendor Profile: Riskified is another Tel Aviv-based fraud prevention unicorn (NYSE: RSKD).

• Founders: Eido Gal and Assaf Feldman. Gal is a Unit 8200 veteran, and the company culture is described as typical of the “young Tel Aviv” startup scene.²⁸

eBay Context:

• Overlap: While Forter appears to be a primary partner, Riskified is deeply embedded in the same ecosystem. Industry literature frequently groups eBay, Riskified, and Comcast in discussions regarding fraud challenges.²⁹
• Technology: Riskified uses “linking” and clustering models to identify connections between accounts.²⁹ This is a form of Social Network Analysis (SNA), a standard intelligence community technique used to map terrorist cells, here applied to shopper networks.

4.3. Corrigon (Visual Surveillance)

As detailed in Section 2.2.3, the Corrigon acquisition provided eBay with “advanced image identification algorithms”.⁵

• Operational Impact: This technology enables eBay to scan the web for brand presence and copyright enforcement. It is a crawler-based surveillance tool for intellectual property, developed in Tel Aviv and integrated into eBay’s “Structured Data” group. It allows eBay to “home in on an image and compare it to billions of others in real time,” a capability with immense surveillance potential beyond simple retail applications.

4.4. Identity & “Frictionless” Surveillance

The shift to “Agentic Commerce” (AI agents buying on behalf of humans), as discussed by eBay CEO Jamie Iannone ²⁷, relies heavily on these Israeli verification layers. The “trust” required to allow an AI to spend money is provided by the surveillance engines of Forter and Riskified. This creates a closed loop where the “Agent” (often built on US tech) must pass through the “Checkpoint” (built on Israeli tech) to execute a transaction.

5. The Influence Machine: AdTech & User Acquisition

The advertising technology sector is a critical node for data collection and revenue generation. Israel is a global hub for “user acquisition” and “content recommendation” technologies. eBay utilizes these firms to acquire users and monetize its platform, funneling data and capital into the Israeli ecosystem.

5.1. AppsFlyer (Mobile Attribution)

Vendor Profile: Headquartered in Herzliya, Israel, AppsFlyer is the global leader in mobile attribution (tracking which ads led to app installs).

• Leadership: Founded by Oren Kaniel and Reshef Mann.

eBay Integration:

• “Source of Truth”: eBay explicitly designated AppsFlyer as its attribution provider to replace a legacy system.³⁰
• Scale of Data: AppsFlyer processes “billions of monthly events” for eBay.³⁰
• Surveillance Mechanism: Attribution is effectively surveillance. It requires tracking a user from an ad click (on Facebook, Google, etc.) through to the app install and subsequent in-app events (purchases, searches).
• Data Flow: By using AppsFlyer, eBay routes this massive stream of user behavior data—including device IDs, IP addresses, and engagement metrics—through infrastructure controlled by an Israeli firm. The integration is “server-to-server,” implying a deep, persistent data pipe between eBay and the Herzliya-based firm.

5.2. Taboola & Outbrain (Content Recommendation)

Vendor Profile: These two firms form the duopoly of “content recommendation” (often seen as grids of “You May Also Like” links on news sites).

• Taboola: Founded by Adam Singolda, an IDF encryption unit veteran. Headquartered in New York but with R&D in Israel.
• Outbrain: Founded by Yaron Galai (ex-Israeli Navy officer) and Ori Lahav.

eBay Integration:

• Customer Status: eBay is listed as a “key customer” for Taboola.³¹
• Strategic Role: eBay uses these platforms for “native advertising”—placing eBay product listings on news sites (e.g., Yahoo, CNN) disguised as recommended articles.
• Financial Flow: By spending millions on these platforms to drive traffic, eBay directly funds the Israeli AdTech ecosystem. Taboola’s R&D remains heavily centered in Israel, and its “exclusive” partnership with Yahoo ³² means eBay’s ads on Yahoo are powered by Taboola.

5.3. ironSource (User Acquisition)

Vendor Profile: ironSource (now part of Unity) is an Israeli powerhouse in app monetization and distribution, based in Tel Aviv.

• eBay Integration: ironSource’s “Aura” platform was used by eBay Kleinanzeigen (Classifieds) to boost app installs.³³
• Mechanism: Aura pre-loads apps on devices (via carrier partnerships) or recommends them during device setup. This is an aggressive distribution tactic often criticized as “bloatware,” developed in Tel Aviv.

6. Infrastructure & Sovereignty: The Cloud Nexus

The “Project Nimbus” requirement asks whether eBay participates in the Israeli government cloud contract. While eBay is not a direct contractor, its cloud strategy is deeply intertwined with the providers of that contract.

6.1. Indirect Complicity via Cloud Providers

• Google Cloud & AWS: eBay uses both Google Cloud Platform (GCP) and Amazon Web Services (AWS) for its infrastructure.³⁴
• Project Nimbus Connection: Project Nimbus is a $1.2 billion contract for AWS and Google to provide cloud services to the Israeli government and military.³⁶ This contract mandates that the cloud regions be established within Israel to ensure data sovereignty for the state.
• Assessment: eBay is a major enterprise client of the two companies (Google and Amazon) that are building this infrastructure. Revenue from eBay contributes to the general operating capital of AWS/GCP, which funds their expansion in Israel.
• Shareholder Activism: Intelligence indicates that shareholder proposals have been filed regarding “Project Nimbus” at Alphabet (Google) and Amazon meetings.³⁷ These proposals explicitly cite the risk of the technology being used for “surveillance, detention, and extrajudicial killings.” eBay, as a distinct corporate entity, has not faced a Nimbus-specific shareholder revolt, but its “Item Location: Israel” policies ³⁹ require data processing that may intersect with these local cloud regions.

6.2. Data Centers and Residency

• Legacy Infrastructure: eBay’s Netanya R&D center historically hosted local servers and data processing capabilities. As this center closes, data may be migrated to cloud regions.
• Israel Cloud Regions: Both AWS and Google have recently opened cloud regions in Israel to satisfy Project Nimbus requirements (il-central-1 for AWS, me-west1 for Google). If eBay utilizes these regions to serve its Israeli user base or to process data from its remaining Israeli vendors (AppsFlyer, Forter), its data would physically reside within the jurisdiction of Israeli law.
• Privacy Policy & Data Transfer: eBay’s privacy policy explicitly lists Israel as a destination for international data transfers.⁴⁰ This serves as legal confirmation that user data (potentially global, not just Israeli) is transferred to Israel. This transfer is likely for processing by its R&D algorithms (until 2026) or its third-party vendors (Forter, AppsFlyer).

7. Strategic Pivot: From Employment to Procurement (Project Future)

The user query asked about “Project Future” and digital transformation. While “Project Future” specifically appears in snippets related to Strandbags ⁴¹, eBay is undergoing a massive “Tech-Led Reimagination” and cloud migration strategy that parallels this.

7.1. The Shift to “Agentic” Tech

eBay’s modernization strategy is pivoting toward “Agentic AI”.²⁷

• The Mechanism: This involves AI agents (like “Operator” in collaboration with OpenAI) executing purchases.
• The Israeli Gatekeepers: The infrastructure for this (security, verification, trust) is being built by the vendors identified above. Wiz secures the cloud the agents run on; Forter verifies the agents are legitimate.
• Implication: The “transformation” is effectively a deepening of reliance on the Israeli “Trust” stack. As eBay automates, it relies more, not less, on the algorithmic judgment of Israeli firms.

7.2. Integrators and Partners

eBay’s migration to the cloud involves partners like 2bcloud, an Azure Expert MSP based in Israel.⁴² While 2bcloud is a “Gold partner” helping startups, they represent the tier of integrators that facilitate the “startup to enterprise” pipeline eBay relies on. Additionally, AllCloud ⁴⁴, another Israeli-rooted consultancy, is active in the ecosystem of cloud modernization that eBay inhabits.

7.3. Post-2026 Landscape

The closure of the Netanya office in 2026 marks a strategic shift from “eBay Israel” as an employer to “eBay” as a remote client of Israeli tech.

• Capital Flow Shift: The capital flow shifts from payroll (paying Israeli engineers directly) to licensing fees (paying Israeli SaaS vendors like Forter, Wiz, and AppsFlyer).
• Strategic Reliance: This does not necessarily lower the complicity score; it merely changes the nature of the support from direct employment to vendor procurement. The reliance on the intellectual property remains absolute.

8. Detailed Vendor Matrix (The “Complicity” Stack)

The following table aggregates the identified vendors, their specific function within eBay’s stack, and their “Unit 8200” or Israeli origin.

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