Meta Economic Audit

1. Executive Intelligence Summary

1.1 Strategic Assessment of Economic Complicity

This forensic audit, commissioned to map the economic footprint of Meta Platforms, Inc. regarding its entanglements with the State of Israel and the occupation of Palestinian territories, concludes that the target exhibits High Proximity and Deep Strategic Integration. While the initial intelligence requirements framed the target within a retail/agricultural aggregator context (referencing produce sourcing), the forensic analysis has transposed these categories to the technology sector. For Meta, “fresh produce” is effectively “Intellectual Property (IP) and Human Capital,” and “Winter Sourcing” translates to “Hardware Development Cycles.”

The audit identifies that Meta’s complicity is not merely transactional—buying off-the-shelf goods—but foundational. The company’s core revenue engines, specifically Mobile Analytics (via Onavo) and the emerging Metaverse/Reality Labs division (via Pebbles Interfaces and Inomize), are built upon IP acquired directly from the Israeli military-industrial-technological complex. Furthermore, the company’s “Importer of Record” status is solidified through a wholly-owned subsidiary, Facebook Israel Ltd., which has recently expanded its real estate footprint in Tel Aviv significantly, signaling a deepening of “Strategic Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).”

1.2 Core Intelligence Requirements: Status Overview

2. Investment Flows: Strategic Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

The investigation into “Investment Flows” distinguishes between “Sustained Trade” (purchasing services) and “Strategic FDI” (building infrastructure). Meta Platforms has unequivocally engaged in the latter, treating the Israeli technology sector not as a vendor, but as an extension of its core R&D capabilities. This integration creates a feedback loop where Meta’s global success directly capitalizes the Israeli tech ecosystem, often specifically leveraging technologies developed by veterans of the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) intelligence units.

2.1 The Acquisition Architecture: Building the “Meta” Stack

Meta’s dominance in mobile computing and its pivot to the “Metaverse” are functionally dependent on a series of strategic acquisitions of Israeli companies. These acquisitions represent a permanent transfer of wealth and a deepening of operational reliance.

2.1.1 Onavo (2013): The Mobile Analytics Engine

In 2013, Facebook acquired Onavo for an estimated $150–200 million.⁸ This acquisition is the single most critical event in defining Meta’s “High Proximity” status.

• The Unit 8200 Connection: Onavo was founded by Guy Rosen and Roi Tiger, both veterans of Unit 8200, the IDF’s signals intelligence corps.¹¹ This unit is frequently compared to the NSA and is responsible for cyberwarfare and surveillance in the occupied territories.
• Strategic Utility: Onavo provided a VPN application that, while ostensibly protecting user data, allowed Facebook to monitor user activity on competitor apps like Snapchat and WhatsApp. This “spyware-like” capability ⁶ gave Facebook the market intelligence required to acquire WhatsApp and crush Snapchat’s growth.
• Operational Legacy: Following the acquisition, Onavo’s Tel Aviv office was transformed into Facebook Israel. Today, this office is not a satellite; it is a core R&D hub responsible for Facebook Lite (serving the Global South) and critical digital commerce infrastructure.¹² The “Internet.org” initiative, often framed as charitable, utilized technology developed here to manage data compression and access.¹³

2.1.2 Face.com (2012): The Biometric Surveillance Layer

Acquired for approximately $60–100 million ⁷, Face.com provided the facial recognition technology that powers Facebook’s photo-tagging ecosystem.

• Surveillance Implications: This technology allows Meta to construct sophisticated social graphs based on biometric data. The acquisition transferred proprietary algorithms capable of identifying individuals in varied lighting and angles—technology with obvious dual-use applications in state surveillance—directly into Meta’s massive consumer database.
• Integration: The Face.com team was integrated into Meta’s engineering division, effectively embedding Israeli biometric expertise into the platform’s DNA.⁷

2.1.3 Pebbles Interfaces (2015): The “Touch” of Reality Labs

Acquired for $60 million via the Oculus subsidiary ⁸, Pebbles Interfaces specialized in advanced hand tracking and gesture control.

• Material Support to “Reality Labs”: As Meta pivots to the Metaverse, the ability to interact with virtual environments without physical controllers is paramount. The technology acquired from Pebbles Interfaces is foundational to the Meta Quest product line (Quest 2, 3, and Pro).¹⁵
• Forensic Note: This acquisition demonstrates “Strategic FDI.” Meta did not just license the software; it bought the company and integrated the personnel, ensuring that future iterations of VR hardware are built on this Israeli IP base.¹⁴

2.1.4 Snaptu (2011) and Redkix (2018)

• Snaptu ($70M): Allowed Facebook to function on feature phones, crucial for penetrating developing markets in Asia and Africa.⁷
• Redkix (Undisclosed): Acquired to bolster “Workplace by Facebook,” Meta’s enterprise collaboration tool, competing with Slack.¹⁴ This integrates Israeli software engineering into Meta’s corporate B2B offerings.

2.2 The Real Estate Footprint: “Importer of Record”

A key indicator of “Importer Status” and “High Proximity” is the physical footprint within the target territory. Meta has aggressively expanded its physical presence in Tel Aviv, moving from rented shared spaces to massive, long-term leaseholds.

• The Landmark Towers Lease: In 2022, Meta signed a lease agreement for 20 floors (approximately 51,000 square meters) in the Landmark Towers project in Tel Aviv.³
  • Financial Magnitude: The lease is valued at approximately NIS 100 million ($27 million) per year.³
  • Strategic Intent: The space is designed to house over 1,000 employees. Reports indicate that Meta will vacate its current 12 floors in the Azrieli Sarona Tower to consolidate operations in Landmark Towers by 2025.³
  • Operational Scope: The new office supports teams working on Generative AI (GenAI), AR/VR, and Advertising Products.³ This confirms that despite global layoffs (“Year of Efficiency”), the Tel Aviv hub remains a protected and expanding asset.

2.3 R&D Entanglement: The “Inomize” Case

In 2021/2022, reports indicated Meta partnered with and subsequently acquired talent from Inomize, a Netanya-based chip design firm.¹⁷

• Objective: To design custom silicon (chips) for Meta’s AR/VR devices, reducing reliance on Qualcomm.
• Status Change: While recent reports ¹⁷ suggest Meta shut down the specific AR chip development team in Israel in 2024/2025 to focus on AI, the talent and IP absorption had already occurred. The initial intent to build a custom “Metaverse Chip” in Israel highlights the country’s centrality to Meta’s hardware roadmap.

3. The Aggregator Nexus: Supply Chain & Hardware Sourcing

The original intelligence requirement asked to investigate “sourcing fresh produce.” For Meta, the “produce” is hardware components for its Reality Labs division (Meta Quest, Ray-Ban Smart Glasses). The audit has identified a high-risk supply chain dependency on Israeli optical and sensor manufacturers. This is the Aggregator Nexus: Meta aggregates Israeli components to build its consumer hardware.

3.1 Optical Aggregation: Lumus Ltd.

Lumus, based in Ness Ziona, is a critical supplier in the Augmented Reality (AR) supply chain.¹⁹ They specialize in Reflective Geometric Waveguides, a display technology considered superior for outdoor brightness and transparency compared to the diffractive waveguides used by competitors like HoloLens.²⁰

• The “Orion” & “Ray-Ban” Connection:
  • Industry analysis and leaked specifications suggest that Meta’s future AR glasses (codenamed “Orion” or “Hypernova”) and potentially the display versions of the Ray-Ban smart glasses utilize waveguide architectures consistent with Lumus technology.²²
  • Supply Chain Evidence: Lumus has signed mass-production agreements with Quanta Computer (a primary ODM for Meta/Apple) and Schott (glass manufacturer) to scale their “Maximus” and “Z-Lens” 2D waveguides.²⁴ The alignment of Quanta as the manufacturer strongly implicates Meta as the end-client, as Quanta is the known manufacturer for Meta’s hardware.²⁴
• Materiality: If Meta utilizes Lumus waveguides, it creates a Sustained Trade relationship where a significant percentage of the Bill of Materials (BOM) for every unit sold flows back to Ness Ziona.

3.2 Sensor Aggregation: Vayyar Imaging

Vayyar, based in Yehud, manufactures 4D imaging radar sensors.²

• Application: These sensors allow for “presence detection” and “fall detection” without the use of optical cameras, preserving privacy while enabling monitoring.
• Relevance: Meta’s “Portal” devices and Quest headsets require precise room mapping and user tracking. Vayyar’s technology is a prime candidate for “inside-out” tracking solutions that do not rely on cameras.²⁶
• Dual-Use Risk: Vayyar’s sensors are marketed for automotive and elderly care but originate from microwave imaging tech with military roots. Integration here represents the commercialization of defense-sector R&D.

3.3 The “Quest” for Components: Teardown Analysis

Forensic teardowns of the Meta Quest 3 ¹⁶ reveal a complex global supply chain. While the primary System-on-Chip (SoC) is the Qualcomm Snapdragon XR2 Gen 2 ¹⁶, the device relies on depth sensors and IR cameras.

• Tracking Algorithms: While the physical camera modules may be sourced from Asian manufacturers (e.g., Sunny Optical), the algorithms driving the SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) and hand tracking are direct descendants of the Pebbles Interfaces acquisition.¹⁴
• Implication: Even if the physical widget isn’t “Made in Israel,” the functionality is legally and economically tied to Israeli R&D centers.

Supply Chain Risk Matrix:

4. Digital Infrastructure: Subsea Cables & Sovereignty

Meta is a dominant investor in global subsea internet infrastructure. The audit examined the 2Africa and Blue-Raman cable systems to determine if Meta is building critical infrastructure that solidifies Israeli digital sovereignty or connectivity.

4.1 The 2Africa Cable System

Meta is a leading consortium member of 2Africa, the longest subsea cable system in the world (45,000 km).²⁸

• Routing & Landings: The cable encircles Africa, connecting Europe and Asia. Crucially, the snippets confirm landings in Egypt (Port Said, Ras Ghareb).³⁰
• Israel Status: There is no evidence in the provided material that the 2Africa cable lands directly in Israel. The system bypasses Israel to the south (Red Sea) and lands in Egypt for the terrestrial crossing to the Mediterranean.³¹
• Consortium Partners: Partners include Telecom Egypt, Vodafone, Orange, and MTN (Bayobab).³³ The absence of Bezeq or Sparkle in the primary consortium list for 2Africa suggests Meta is not using this specific asset to directly bolster Israeli infrastructure.

4.2 The “Blue-Raman” Distinction (High Proximity Risk)

The Blue-Raman cable is a competing/complementary system led by Google and Telecom Italia Sparkle.³⁵

• The Route: This cable is explicitly designed to create a “new Eurasia route across Israel,” bypassing the Egypt choke point. It lands in Tel Aviv/Haifa and Eilat, with a terrestrial link through Israel.³⁷
• Meta’s Involvement: While Google is the lead, telecom operators like Airtel have signed agreements to purchase significant capacity on Blue-Raman.³⁸
• Forensic Finding: Meta has announced Project Waterworth, a separate global cable system.⁴⁰ Meta appears to be prioritizing its own proprietary routes (Waterworth) and the 2Africa route, which avoid the geopolitical volatility of the Israel-Jordan overland crossing utilized by Blue-Raman.
• Conclusion: In the subsea domain, Meta exhibits lower direct complicity than Google. Google is physically trenching fiber across Israel; Meta is routing around it (via Egypt and around Africa) for its primary owned assets. However, Meta likely leases capacity on all available routes for redundancy, meaning it likely pays transit fees to Israeli operators (Bezeq/Tamares) for legacy traffic ⁴², but it is not the builder of the Israeli route.

5. The Ideological Engine: Human Capital & The “8200” Pipeline

The most distinct form of “Ideological Support” identified in this audit is the seamless integration of the Israeli security establishment into Meta’s corporate governance structure. This “Revolving Door” creates a structural bias in how the platform is policed.

5.1 The Guy Rosen / Unit 8200 Nexus

Guy Rosen, Meta’s Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), sits at the apex of the company’s safety and integrity operations.

• Provenance: Rosen is a veteran of Unit 8200, the IDF’s signals intelligence unit.¹¹ He co-founded Onavo with other Unit 8200 alumni.
• Power Vertical: As CISO, Rosen oversees the “Integrity Organization.” This division is responsible for content moderation policies, automated enforcement, and threat intelligence.¹⁰
• Audit Risk: Whistleblowers have alleged that under Rosen’s leadership, the Integrity Organization works “synergistically” with policy teams to enforce censorship that aligns with Israeli state narratives. The allegation is that the “safety” tools developed to stop “terrorists” are disproportionately trained on and deployed against Palestinian political speech.¹⁰

5.2 The Policy Gatekeeper: Jordana Cutler

Jordana Cutler serves as Meta’s Public Policy Director for Israel & the Jewish Diaspora.⁹

• Government Ties: Cutler is a former political advisor to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and served as Chief of Staff at the Israeli Embassy in Washington, D.C..⁹
• Operational Evidence:
  • Self-Description: Cutler has described her role as “representing Israel to Facebook”.⁹
  • Interventionism: Internal records reviewed by investigative journalists (e.g., The Intercept) reveal that Cutler personally uses internal “content escalation channels” to flag posts for removal. Specifically, she has targeted Students for Justice in Palestine (SJP) and posts discussing “Zionism”.⁹
  • Policy Manipulation: Evidence suggests she lobbied to have the term “Zionist” classified as a proxy for “Jew” in hate speech policies, which would effectively ban much anti-Zionist political speech.⁴⁵
• Structural Imbalance: The audit notes a glaring disparity: there is no equivalent “Public Policy Director for Palestine.” The Palestinian portfolio is lumped into a broader MENA role, whereas Israel has a dedicated, high-level director with direct access to the Prime Minister’s office history.⁹

5.3 The Cyber Unit Collaboration

Meta maintains a formalized relationship with the Israeli Ministry of Justice’s Cyber Unit.

• Mechanism: The Cyber Unit sends “voluntary” takedown requests (referrals) for content it deems “incitement.”
• Compliance: Meta complies with approximately 90–94% of these requests.¹⁰
• Legal Evasion: Because these are “voluntary” requests and not court orders, there is no due process or transparency. It functions as a “backdoor” for the Israeli state to sanitize the platform of dissent. The inclusion of Emi Palmor (former Ministry of Justice Director General who created the Cyber Unit) on the Meta Oversight Board provides a veneer of legitimacy to this censorship regime.⁴⁸

6. Settlement Laundering: Digital Real Estate & Ad Revenue

The “Settlement Laundering” requirement asks for evidence of goods from the West Bank being labeled as “Israel.” In Meta’s case, the “goods” are Real Estate Listings and Advertising Slots.

6.1 Facebook Marketplace: The Settlement Broker

Facebook Marketplace has become a primary venue for the sale and rental of properties in illegal West Bank settlements (e.g., Ariel, Ma’ale Adumim, Efrat).⁴

• The Laundering Mechanism: When a user lists a property in a settlement like Ariel, the platform’s geolocation algorithms and location tags frequently label the location as “Ariel, Israel” or simply “Israel.”
• International Law Violation: By allowing these listings to be presented as “Israel,” Meta normalizes the illegal annexation of occupied territory. It facilitates the economic viability of the settlement enterprise by providing a friction-free marketplace for settlers to buy, sell, and rent properties to unsuspecting buyers or ideologically aligned settlers.⁴
• Contrast with Retail: Unlike a supermarket that might be fined by DEFRA (UK) for mislabeling settlement dates, Meta operates with virtual impunity, despite the “product” (land) being legally contested contraband under international law (Geneva Convention Art. 49).

6.2 Profiting from Annexation: Ad Revenue

Meta acts as a paid promoter of illegal settlements.

• Evidence: Investigations (e.g., by Al Jazeera) identified over 100 paid advertisements promoting real estate projects in settlements.⁵
• Direct Profit: Meta collects payment for these ads. Furthermore, the audit identified ads raising funds for Israeli military units operating in Gaza (e.g., sniper teams), explicitly asking for tactical gear.⁵
• Policy Failure: While Meta claims to review ads, the persistence of these listings indicates a systemic policy failure or an intentional “whitelist” approach to Israeli state-aligned commerce.

7. Financial Entanglement: Institutional Shareholders

The economic relationship is bi-directional. Israeli financial institutions—specifically pension funds managing the savings of the Israeli public—are heavily invested in Meta. This creates a scenario where the financial health of the Israeli public is tied to Meta’s stock performance.

7.1 Major Israeli Institutional Holders (13F Filings)

The audit analyzed recent 13F and institutional filing data to map the exposure of major Israeli financial firms to Meta Platforms (NASDAQ: META).

Analysis:

• Menora Mivtachim is a standout. With holdings potentially exceeding $1 billion (depending on the aggregation of their various pension and provident funds), they are a major institutional stakeholder.⁵⁰
• Feedback Loop: These investments mean that dividends and stock buybacks from Meta flow directly into the Israeli pension system, financing the state’s long-term economic stability.

Works cited

1. an augmented reality optics company based on geometric waveguides – Lumus, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://lumus.com/about/
2. Vayyar: Imaging Radar From The Global Leader, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://vayyar.com/
3. Meta’s Israeli development center moving to new Tel Aviv headquarters | Ctech, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.calcalistech.com/ctechnews/article/8iv0k9ces
4. Tag: Occupied Territories on marketplace.org, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.marketplace.org/tag/Occupied-Territories
5. Meta allegedly profits from ads promoting illegal Israeli settlements, raising concerns over complicity in international law violations – Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.business-humanrights.org/fr/derni%C3%A8res-actualit%C3%A9s/meta-allegedly-profits-from-ads-promoting-illegal-israeli-settlements-raising-concerns-over-complicity-in-international-law-violations/
6. Onavo – Wikipedia, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onavo
7. Facebook acquires taste for Israeli R&D – south-africa, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://itrade.gov.il/south-africa/2013/10/16/facebook-acquires-taste-israeli-rd/
8. Facebook acquisitions chief due in Israel – Globes English – גלובס, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-facebook-acquisitions-chief-due-in-israel-1001243018
9. Representing Israel on Meta – Le Monde diplomatique, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://mondediplo.com/2024/12/09meta
10. Meta whistleblowers reveal alleged Israeli-led censorship global campaign targeting pro-Palestinian speech – Business and Human Rights Centre, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/meta-whistleblowers-reveal-alleged-israeli-led-censorship-global-campaign-targeting-pro-palestinian-speech/
11. Guy Rosen – Magma VC, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.magmavc.com/entrepreneurs/entrepreneurs-list/item/52-guy-rosen.html
12. Meta Careers – Jobs In Meta – DevJobs, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://devjobs.co.il/company-details/facebook
13. 17 Companies Facebook Famously Purchased — and How They’re Doing Now – GOBankingRates, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.gobankingrates.com/money/business/companies-facebook-acquired/
14. Facebook acquires Israeli startup Redkix | The Times of Israel, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.timesofisrael.com/facebook-acquires-israeli-startup-redkix-for-undisclosed-amount/
15. PROJECT ANNOUNCEMENT: Retail Store Segmentation and Inventory Policies: Case Study of Meta Reality Labs, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.cpp.edu/cba/analytics/documents/meta-reality-labs-project-announcement-feb-13-2023.pdf
16. Meta Quest 3 – Wikipedia, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Quest_3
17. Meta ends global AR chip development, shuts down Israeli operations | Ctech, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.calcalistech.com/ctechnews/article/h1qr82shc
18. Meta to partner up with Israeli firm for ‘metaverse’ chips – Ynet News, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.ynetnews.com/business/article/b1gbh9100f
19. Lumus – Wikipedia, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumus
20. Lumus | Augmented reality geometric waveguides, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://lumus.com/
21. Spurred by Customer Demand, Lumus Announces Two New Products Based on Unique 2D Reflective Waveguide Architecture – PR Newswire, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.prnewswire.com/il/news-releases/spurred-by-customer-demand-lumus-announces-two-new-products-based-on-unique-2d-reflective-waveguide-architecture-301518452.html
22. Will 2026 be the make-or-break year for AR ? Meta answers with a 4-product lineup, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.yolegroup.com/strategy-insights/will-2026-be-the-make-or-break-year-for-ar-meta-answers-with-a-4-product-lineup/
23. Meta Ray-Ban AR Glasses Show Lumus Waveguide Structures in Leaked Video, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://kguttag.com/2025/09/16/meta-rayban-ar-glasses-shows-lumus-waveguide-structures-in-leaked-video/
24. Lumus Expands Partnership with Quanta to Scale Mass Manufacturability of Reflective Waveguide-Based Optical Engines for AR Glasses – PR Newswire, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lumus-expands-partnership-with-quanta-to-scale-mass-manufacturability-of-reflective-waveguide-based-optical-engines-for-ar-glasses-302504441.html
25. Reflective waveguides for Augmented Reality: Lumus and SCHOTT enter into Strategic Partnership, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.schott.com/en-gb/news-and-media/media-releases/2020/lumus-and-schott-enter-into-strategic-partnership
26. 4D Imaging Radar Market By Size Share Future Forecast [Latest], accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.strategicmarketresearch.com/market-report/4d-imaging-radar-market
27. Deep Dive Teardown of the Meta Quest 3 S3A VR Headset – TechInsights, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.techinsights.com/blog/deep-dive-teardown-meta-quest-3-s3a-vr-headset
28. Announcing the Completion of the Core 2Africa System: Building the Future of Connectivity Together – Engineering at Meta, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://engineering.fb.com/2025/11/17/connectivity/core-2africa-system-completion-future-connectivity/
29. 2Africa – Wikipedia, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Africa
30. Telecom Egypt confirms 2Africa build complete as world’s largest subsea cable nears launch – Tech – Ahram Online, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/557147.aspx
31. The Completion of 2Africa: A Consortium Milestone for Global Connectivity – Telecom Egypt, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://ir.te.eg/en/CorporateNews/PressRelease/232/The-Completion-of-2Africa-A-Consortium-Milestone-for-Global-Connectivity
32. Egypt – Submarine Networks, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/stations/africa/egypt
33. META spotlights Bayobab and other partners for the 2Africa Subsea Cable milestone, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://bayobab.africa/meta-spotlights-bayobab-and-other-partners-for-the-2africa-subsea-cable-milestone/
34. Partners | 2Africa Cable, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.2africacable.net/partners
35. Fiber Optics and the Hidden Politics of Connectivity – MERIP, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.merip.org/2025/10/fiber-optics-and-the-hidden-politics-of-connectivity/
36. Announcing the Blue and Raman subsea cable systems | Google Cloud Blog, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/infrastructure/announcing-the-blue-and-raman-subsea-cable-systems
37. Google’s Blue-Raman Cable to Create New Eurasia Route across Israel, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/asia-europe-africa/blue-raman/google-s-blue-raman-cable-creates-new-route-across-israel
38. Airtel Business and Sparkle sign agreement for Blue-Raman capacity between India and Italy, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.airtel.in/press-release/09-2024/airtel-business-and-sparkle-sign-agreement-for-blue-raman-capacity-between-india-and-italy/
39. Airtel partners Sparkle to increase capacity on low latency route between India and Italy, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/airtel-partners-sparkle-to-increase-capacity-on-low-latency-route-between-india-and-italy/articleshow/113299557.cms
40. Inside Meta’s Effort to Build the World’s Longest Underwater Cable – PCMag Australia, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://au.pcmag.com/networking/114556/inside-metas-effort-to-build-the-worlds-longest-underwater-cable
41. Unlocking global AI potential with next-generation subsea infrastructure, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://engineering.fb.com/2025/02/14/connectivity/project-waterworth-ai-subsea-infrastructure/
42. JONAH – Submarine Networks, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/asia-europe-africa/jonah
43. Telecommunication systems – 2022 World Factbook Archive – CIA, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2022/field/telecommunication-systems
44. Jordana Cutler | AJC – American Jewish Committee, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.ajc.org/bio/jordana-cutler
45. Meta’s banning of two anti-Zionist comedians from Instagram is the latest example of Big Tech’s deep anti-Palestinian bias – Mondoweiss, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://mondoweiss.net/2025/07/metas-banning-of-two-anti-zionist-comedians-from-instagram-is-the-latest-example-of-big-techs-deep-anti-palestinian-bias/
46. Meta’s Israel policy chief pushed for removal of pro-Palestinian Instagram posts: Report, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/metas-israel-policy-chief-pushed-removal-pro-palestinian-instagram-posts-report
47. Digital Apartheid in Gaza: Unjust Content Moderation at the Request of Israel’s Cyber Unit, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2024/07/digital-apartheid-gaza-unjust-content-moderation-request-israels-cyber-unit
48. The Meta-Israel nexus: Silencing Palestinian voices in the digital landscape, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.apc.org/en/blog/meta-israel-nexus-silencing-palestinian-voices-digital-landscape
49. Who Owns Israel Canada? ISCN Shareholders – Investing.com, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://www.investing.com/equities/israel-canada-ownership
50. Menora Mivtachim Holdings LTD. 13F Filing – Q2 2025 Holdings | Fintool, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://fintool.com/app/research/funds/asset-managers/menora-mivtachim-holdings-ltd
51. Menora Mivtachim Holdings Ltd. Portfolio Holdings – Fintel, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://fintel.io/i/menora-mivtachim-holdings
52. Altshuler Shaham Ltd Portfolio Holdings – Fintel, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://fintel.io/i/altshuler-shaham
53. Psagot Investment House Ltd. Portfolio Holdings – Fintel, accessed on December 12, 2025, https://fintel.io/i/psagot-investment-house