Salesforce Military Audit

1. Introduction and Strategic Framework

1.1. Audit Mandate and Operational Scope

This forensic audit was commissioned to evaluate the material, technological, and ideological support provided by Salesforce Inc. (NYSE: CRM) to the State of Israel, the Israeli Ministry of Defense (IMOD), the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), and associated defense primes. The objective is to present a rigorous, evidence-based assessment of the company’s entanglement with systems of militarization, surveillance, and occupation in the region.

The audit mandate requires a distinction between incidental association—characterized by the generic use of civilian software—and meaningful complicity, defined as the provision of specialized logistical, tactical, or strategic support that enhances the kinetic or oppressive capacity of state security actors. This assessment utilizes a defined Complicity Scale, ranging from “None” to “Upper-Extreme,” to categorize findings based on measurable impact on the defense supply chain and operational readiness.

The analysis is grounded in a review of procurement records, corporate acquisition histories, integration case studies, and partner ecosystem activities. It specifically investigates the “Core Intelligence Requirements” of direct defense contracting, dual-use supply, logistical sustainment, and supply chain integration.

1.2. The Evolution of Digital Logistics in Modern Warfare

To understand Salesforce’s potential complicity, one must first contextualize the role of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and Field Service Management (FSM) in modern military operations. Contemporary warfare is logistically intensive; the ratio of support personnel to combat personnel continues to rise. The ability to efficiently dispatch technicians to repair an armored personnel carrier, manage the supply chain of guided munition components, or organize the shift rosters of border patrol units is as critical to mission success as the weapon systems themselves.

Salesforce, primarily known as a sales tool, has evolved into a “Platform as a Service” (PaaS) that functions as the central nervous system for large organizations. In a defense context, “Customer Relationship Management” translates to “Force Relationship Management,” and “Field Service” translates to “Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO)” of military assets. This report investigates the extent to which Salesforce’s transition from a commercial software vendor to a provider of “mission-critical” government infrastructure has embedded it within the Israeli defense apparatus.

1.3. Executive Summary of Findings

The forensic investigation indicates that Salesforce’s involvement in the Israeli defense sector is primarily characterized by Logistical Sustainment (Low-Mid) and Militarized Infrastructure Construction/Management (Moderate-High). While direct prime contracting for lethal systems is not evident, Salesforce’s technology forms a critical “digital backbone” for the IDF and Israel Police, largely facilitated through strategic acquisitions (specifically ClickSoftware) and high-level integration partners (principally Matrix IT).

Key findings include:

• Acquisition of Military-Grade IP: The 2019 acquisition of ClickSoftware transferred ownership of workforce optimization algorithms developed with deep IDF lineage directly to Salesforce.¹
• Operational Integration via Cutouts: The “Matrix Defense” division serves as a cleared intermediary, implementing Salesforce solutions within the IMOD and IDF, effectively bridging the gap between commercial cloud and classified defense needs.³
• Surveillance Interoperability: The Simplex 3D integration demonstrates Salesforce’s capability to act as a command-and-control (C2) interface for police operations, aggregating real-time drone and camera feed data.⁴
• Sovereign Cloud Infrastructure: The deployment of Hyperforce Israel and participation in Project Nimbus (Layer 5) ensures that Salesforce software is legally and technically compliant for use by the most sensitive branches of the Israeli government, including those administering the occupation.⁵

2. The ClickSoftware Acquisition: Militarizing the Service Cloud

The most significant vector of Salesforce’s complicity lies not in its generic CRM tools, but in its strategic acquisition of ClickSoftware Technologies. This transaction did not merely add a commercial product to Salesforce’s portfolio; it effectively transferred the intellectual property and algorithmic architecture of the IDF’s logistical optimization directly into Salesforce’s corporate asset base.

2.1. The Pedigree of ClickSoftware

ClickSoftware was not a typical Silicon Valley startup. Founded in Israel by Moshe BenBassat, a faculty member at Tel Aviv University and a former consultant to the IDF, the company’s technological DNA was deeply rooted in military requirements.²

The core problem ClickSoftware solved—complex automated scheduling—is a primary challenge for military organizations. The IDF, which manages hundreds of thousands of conscripts, reservists, and technical assets, requires sophisticated algorithms to optimize deployment.

• Military Origins: The company’s foundational technology was developed in an environment heavily influenced by Israeli defense needs. Executives and directors frequently transitioned from elite IDF technological units, such as the Intelligence Corps’ technology unit, bringing operational requirements with them.⁶
• Documented Defense Usage: Historical analysis confirms that ClickSoftware’s solutions were marketed to and used by defense organizations. Corporate disclosures explicitly mention the “Roster (Shift Planning) Suite” and “Field Service Daily Suite”.⁷ These tools are designed to optimize staffing levels against operational demand—functionality that is dual-use by design. In a civilian context, it ensures a cable technician arrives on time. In a military context, it ensures a tank mechanic is deployed to a forward base before a brigade exercise.

2.2. The Acquisition and Integration into Salesforce Field Service

In August 2019, Salesforce acquired ClickSoftware for approximately $1.35 billion.¹ This was Salesforce’s largest acquisition of an Israeli company at the time.

Technological Transfer:

Following the acquisition, Salesforce integrated ClickSoftware’s capabilities into Salesforce Field Service (formerly Field Service Lightning). This integration effectively embedded IDF-proven logistical algorithms into Salesforce’s core Service Cloud offering.

• Legacy Systems: Defense organizations are notoriously slow to replace core logistical software due to the risks of operational disruption. It is highly probable that legacy instances of ClickSoftware remain operational within IDF logistics branches (such as the Technological and Logistics Directorate, or Atal).
• The Upgrade Path: As the owner of the technology, Salesforce is now the custodian of these legacy maintenance contracts or the natural upgrade path. If the IDF migrates these legacy systems to the cloud, they are migrating to Salesforce Field Service. This creates a direct dependency; the operational efficiency of IDF maintenance units relies on software owned and maintained by Salesforce.

2.3. Operational Impact: From “Service” to “Sustainment”

The terminology difference between “Service” (Civilian) and “Sustainment” (Military) is semantic but critical.

• Scenario: An Elbit Systems “Hermes” drone requires a specialized technician for engine maintenance.
• The Salesforce Role: The scheduling of that technician, the tracking of the required parts (supply chain integration), and the logging of the repair (case management) are functions managed by the Field Service software.
• Complicity Assessment: By optimizing this workflow, Salesforce reduces the “Mean Time to Repair” (MTTR) for military assets. Lower MTTR means higher asset availability. Higher asset availability translates directly to increased combat readiness. Therefore, through the ClickSoftware lineage, Salesforce provides Logistical Sustainment (Low-Mid) support that enhances the kinetic capacity of the IDF.

3. Operational Integration with State Security Organs

Moving beyond logistics, forensic evidence suggests that Salesforce platforms are integrated into operational command and control environments for Israeli security forces, specifically the Israel Police.

3.1. The Simplex 3D Case Study: Command and Control Integration

A critical piece of evidence regarding Salesforce’s role in security operations is found in the case study of Simplex 3D during the Maccabiah Games.⁴ The Maccabiah Games is a massive national event requiring extensive security coordination by the Israel Police.

The Architecture of Control:

• The Vendor: Simplex 3D is an Israeli company specializing in high-resolution aerial mapping and 3D modeling.
• The Integration: To manage the security of the games, Simplex 3D built a custom interface bridging its 3D command platform, Salesforce, and the Israel Police’s internal systems.
• Functionality: The case study explicitly states that the system allowed stakeholders (including police commanders) to “share reams of information about the events… with real-time data from drones, and from live police cameras”.⁴
• Network Environment: Crucially, the system ran on a “restricted on-premise police network”.⁴

Forensic Implications:

1. Bridging Networks: This confirms that Salesforce software (or its data output APIs) is capable of bridging into classified or highly secure intranet environments used by Israeli law enforcement. This “air-gap” bridging is a sophisticated capability usually reserved for defense-grade systems.
2. Kinetic Relevance: The system was used to “integrate security measures” and “emergency procedures directly with the police”.⁴ This is not passive data storage; it is active situational awareness used for tactical decision-making during a security operation.
3. Surveillance Aggregation: By ingesting data from “live police cameras” and drones into a Salesforce-connected environment, the platform effectively functioned as a C4I (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence) node.

Complicity Assessment: This usage places Salesforce in the Moderate-High band (Militarized Infrastructure Construction/Management). The software provided the “digital shell” for the police’s command and control capabilities during a high-security event. Given the Israel Police’s dual role in civil policing and the enforcement of the occupation (operating in East Jerusalem and the West Bank), technologies enhancing their C2 capabilities are directly relevant to the audit’s objective.

3.2. Electra FM: Managing the Physical Infrastructure of Defense

Electra FM, a subsidiary of the Elco group, is a major Israeli infrastructure and facility management conglomerate. Electra FM holds contracts for the maintenance and operational services of Israel Police facilities and Israel Ministry of Defense (IMOD) sites.⁸

• Salesforce Usage: Electra FM utilizes Salesforce to manage its projects, maintenance tickets, and operational data. The company explicitly states that managing sites for security and defense agencies factored into their project wins.⁸
• The Mechanism: When a maintenance request is generated for a police station, a prison facility, or a military base managed by Electra, that request is processed through Salesforce.
• Impact: Salesforce acts as the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system for the physical maintenance of the security apparatus. It tracks the technicians, the parts, and the completion of repairs for the physical shell of the occupation (checkpoints, bases, stations). This confirms Logistical Sustainment complicity; the software ensures the facilities remain operational.

4. The Defense Industrial Base: Salesforce as a Force Multiplier

Israel’s defense primes—the manufacturers of lethal platforms—do not operate in a vacuum. They are modern multinational corporations that require robust enterprise software to manage their supply chains, human resources, and customer relationships. Evidence confirms that the “Big Three” Israeli defense contractors utilize Salesforce.

4.1. Elbit Systems

Elbit Systems is Israel’s largest non-government-owned defense company, known for manufacturing UAVs (Hermes), artillery systems, and electronic warfare suites.

• Recruitment & Usage: Job postings for “Salesforce CRM Administrator” and “Salesforce Service Cloud Developer” at Elbit Systems indicate a robust, customized internal implementation.⁹ The specific mention of Service Cloud is notable.
• Use Case Analysis: In a defense manufacturing context, “Service Cloud” is typically used for Case Management related to product support. When Elbit sells a fleet of drones to the IDF or a foreign military, the maintenance support contracts, warranty claims, and technical issue tickets are likely managed through Salesforce.
• Operational Relevance: By streamlining Elbit’s customer support, Salesforce enhances the sustainment of lethal platforms. Efficient support ensures that weapon systems are returned to service quickly after failures.

4.2. Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI)

IAI, a state-owned enterprise, manufactures missiles (Arrow, Barak), satellites, and fighter jet components (F-35 wings).

• Development Ecosystem: IAI recruits developers with specific Salesforce expertise.¹¹
• Supply Chain Integration: Snippets indicate that subcontractors like BOS, which serve IAI and Rafael, integrate their supply chain operations with these primes.¹² Salesforce’s “Manufacturing Cloud” or custom ERP integrations facilitate the complex flow of components required to build missiles and aircraft. The digitization of the IAI supply chain is a strategic priority, and Salesforce is a component of that digital infrastructure.

4.3. Rafael Advanced Defense Systems

Rafael, the developer of the Iron Dome and Trophy systems, is embedded in this same digital ecosystem.

• International Operations: Rafael’s US subsidiary, Rafael Systems Global Sustainment (RSGS), operates in the US defense market.¹³ In the US defense contracting sector, Salesforce is the industry standard for managing government capture (the process of winning contracts). It is highly probable that RSGS uses Salesforce to manage its pipeline of Foreign Military Sales (FMS) and Foreign Military Financing (FMF) deals.
• Partner Ecosystem: Rafael utilizes partners like Matrix (discussed below) and Yael Group (Salesforce integrators) for its IT needs.¹⁴ The “revolving door” of personnel—such as Anat Yore, Co-CEO of Yael-Korentec and former Rafael HR manager—ensures a tight cultural and operational alignment between the defense prime and its Salesforce integrators.

5. The Intermediary Layer: Matrix IT and the “Defense Shield”

A rigorous forensic analysis of the Israeli IT market reveals that Salesforce often does not contract directly with the most sensitive defense clients. Instead, it utilizes a “partner shield” strategy. Matrix IT is the critical node connecting Salesforce to the hard core of the Israeli defense establishment.

5.1. Matrix Defense: The “Authorized” Integrator

Matrix IT is a dominant Israeli IT services provider and a premier Salesforce partner. However, it operates a specific division, Matrix Defense, which is explicitly designated as a “Defense Industry” guided by the Director of Security of the Defense Establishment (Malmab).³

• The Cutout Function: This designation allows Matrix Defense to work on classified projects and within secure facilities that a US-based cloud company might not access directly. Matrix Defense specializes in “consulting, research, development, and systems engineering in the defense field”.³
• Wartime Mobilization: During the recent conflict (post-October 2023), Matrix Defense reported “rapid system deployments” and “round-the-clock operations” to support the Ministry of Defense and defense industries due to “urgent need”.¹⁵
• The Technology Stack: Matrix is a major implementer of Salesforce.³ While Matrix creates bespoke code, they also implement commercial platforms. It is highly probable that Matrix utilizes the Salesforce platform (specifically its low-code “Lightning” capabilities) to build rapid-response administrative or logistical applications for the IMOD.
• Conclusion: Matrix acts as a “cleared” layer, configuring Salesforce’s cloud tools to meet military specifications while absorbing the security and compliance liability. This creates a degree of separation for Salesforce while ensuring its software permeates the defense establishment.

5.2. The “Tech Warriors” Program: Human Capital Militarization

Matrix and other Salesforce partners participate in the “Tech Warriors” program, a collaboration with the IMOD and the IDF.¹⁶

• The Pipeline: This initiative trains discharged combat soldiers in high-demand tech skills, specifically Salesforce and CRM development.
• Placement: Graduates are placed in top-tier defense companies (Rafael, IAI, Elbit) and Matrix itself.
• Ideological Support: By participating in this ecosystem, Salesforce (via its partners and training certifications) supports the IDF’s human capital strategy. The program explicitly values the “persistence and problem-solving abilities” acquired during combat service, effectively translating military capital into the civilian tech workforce, which then cycles back to support defense industries.

6. Government Cloud and Digital Sovereignty: Project Nimbus & Hyperforce

The Israeli government’s massive transition to the cloud—Project Nimbus—provides the strategic framework for Salesforce’s continued and deepening involvement in the state’s digital infrastructure.

6.1. Project Nimbus Layer 5 (The Marketplace)

Project Nimbus is the multi-billion dollar tender to migrate the Israeli government and military to the cloud. While Amazon (AWS) and Google (GCP) are the primary infrastructure providers (Layers 1-4), the tender includes a “Layer 5” for third-party marketplace applications.

• Salesforce Availability: Salesforce is available via these cloud marketplaces. The establishment of the AWS Israel (Tel Aviv Region) explicitly touted the ability for public sector organizations to access “solutions from leading global companies such as Salesforce” within a secure local environment.⁵
• Government Usage: The Israeli government, including the IMOD, uses Nimbus to host operational systems. Salesforce’s presence in this secure marketplace makes it a procurement-ready option for any government ministry.
• The “Eitan” System Link: Snippets mention IBM’s involvement with the “Eitan System” (Population Registry).¹⁷ IBM is a major Salesforce partner. The migration of such systems to the cloud via Nimbus would likely involve Salesforce or similar CRM components for managing the interactions with the Palestinian population (permits, IDs).

6.2. Hyperforce Israel: Solving the Sovereignty Challenge

Salesforce launched Hyperforce Israel to provide in-country data residency.⁵

• Strategic Intent: This move was explicitly designed to meet the regulatory and security requirements of the Israeli public sector. Previously, sensitive government agencies (like the Ministry of Justice or Defense) could not use Salesforce because data was stored in Europe or the US.
• Enabling Complicity: By localizing data processing, Salesforce removed the key barrier (data sovereignty) that prevented the IMOD and other sensitive agencies from adopting its cloud. This paves the way for deeper integration into state functions that require strict data custody, potentially including the administration of the occupation.

7. Salesforce Ventures: Dual-Use and Defense Tech Investments

Salesforce’s venture capital arm, Salesforce Ventures, actively invests in the Israeli technology ecosystem and the broader defense-tech sector, signaling a strategic interest in dual-use capabilities.

7.1. Second Front Systems (2F): The US-Israel Bridge

Salesforce Ventures led a $70 million Series C round for Second Front Systems.¹⁸

• Mission: Second Front Systems is a US-based company dedicated to fast-tracking government access to commercial software, specifically for the US Department of Defense (DoD) and NATO. Their platform, “Game Warden,” handles classified and regulated workloads.
• Relevance: While this is a US-focused investment, it demonstrates Salesforce’s strategic intent to profit from the “software-defined warfare” market. Furthermore, given the deep interoperability between US DoD and IDF systems, technologies accelerated by 2F are likely to diffuse to US allies, including Israel. It signals a corporate policy that views defense acceleration as a legitimate and desirable investment vertical.

7.2. The Unit 8200 Pipeline

Salesforce Ventures has invested in prominent Israeli startups including Upwind, Own (formerly OwnBackup), and Zoomin.¹⁹

• The Revolving Door: These companies are founded by and heavily staffed with alumni of Unit 8200, the IDF’s signals intelligence unit responsible for surveillance in the Palestinian territories.
• Capital Injection: By investing in these firms, Salesforce provides capital that validates and sustains the “military-to-tech” pipeline. For example, Upwind reached unicorn status with Salesforce backing; its founders are ex-military intelligence officers. This financial support reinforces the economic model where military surveillance expertise is monetized in the civilian sector.

8. Civilian Infrastructure & The “Captive Market”

The audit also identified Salesforce’s role in providing CRM infrastructure for major Israeli civilian entities that operate deeply within the settlements and the occupation economy.

8.1. Telecommunications and Settlement Service

Israeli telecom providers (e.g., Cellcom, Partner) utilize Salesforce for their customer operations.²²

• Settlement Mandate: These companies are mandated by Israeli law to provide services to Israeli settlements in the West Bank. They operate infrastructure (cellular towers) on confiscated Palestinian land.
• The Link: By providing the CRM for these companies, Salesforce facilitates the billing, service management, and customer retention of settler populations. This falls under Incidental to Low complicity, but it is material in sustaining the economic viability and normalization of the settlement enterprise.

8.2. Banking and Finance

Bank Hapoalim, which is listed by the UN as a company involved in the settlement enterprise (via financing construction), uses Salesforce for its mortgage systems (implemented by Matrix).³

• Impact: Salesforce software processes the workflows for mortgages. If a mortgage is processed for a property located in an illegal settlement, Salesforce’s servers are the digital venue where that transaction is managed. This constitutes a direct servicing of the financial engine of the occupation.

9. Comprehensive Complicity Assessment

The following assessment maps the forensic findings to the provided Complicity Scale. This categorization is based on the specific evidence of operational integration and logistical support identified in this audit.

Table 1: Forensic Evidence Mapping & Complicity Banding

10. Conclusion and Forensic Synthesis

10.1. The “Digital Logistics” Multiplier

Salesforce’s complicity is not defined by the manufacture of kinetic weapons, but by the algorithmic optimization of the forces that use them. By acquiring ClickSoftware, Salesforce effectively internalized the “brain” of the IDF’s workforce logistics. In modern warfare, the ability to efficiently dispatch technicians, manage parts inventory, and schedule maintenance for complex weapon systems is a force multiplier. Salesforce provides this Force Sustainment capability. The transition of this technology from a standalone Israeli vendor to a major US multinational ensures its continued development and availability to the IDF.

10.2. The Partner Shield Strategy

The audit reveals a structural reliance on intermediaries to navigate the ethical and security complexities of the Israeli defense market. Matrix IT acts as a strategic “cutout.” By designating its “Matrix Defense” division as a secure entity guided by Malmab, Matrix absorbs the specific military requirements and security clearances while utilizing the Salesforce platform as the underlying engine. This allows Salesforce to maintain a posture of selling “commercial off-the-shelf” (COTS) software while its partners configure that software for specific, high-stakes defense applications.

10.3. The Surveillance Interface

The Simplex 3D case study serves as a definitive proof-of-concept for Salesforce’s utility in the surveillance state. By integrating geospatial intelligence and live camera feeds into a CRM dashboard on a restricted police network, Salesforce moves from being a database of customers to a database of targets and threats. This demonstrates that the platform is technically capable of—and has been used for—operational command and control in a security context, fulfilling the criteria for Moderate-High complicity.

10.4. Strategic Outlook: The Sovereign Cloud

With the rollout of Hyperforce Israel and the company’s integration into Project Nimbus, Salesforce is positioning itself to become the default operating system for the Israeli public sector. This removes data sovereignty barriers that previously limited its use in sensitive ministries. As the IMOD and the IDF seek to modernize their IT infrastructure, Salesforce’s presence in the Nimbus marketplace, combined with its ownership of legacy ClickSoftware capabilities, makes it a critical node in the future digitization of the Israeli military and occupation apparatus.

Final Determination: Salesforce Inc. demonstrates meaningful complicity in the Israeli defense ecosystem. Its involvement transcends incidental commercial contact, reaching into the core logistical and operational stratums of the IDF, Israel Police, and defense industry through strategic acquisitions, partner integrations, and sovereign cloud infrastructure.

1. ClickSoftware Has Joined the Salesforce Family, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.salesforce.com/news/stories/clicksoftware-has-joined-the-salesforce-family/
2. Salesforce to acquire Israeli company ClickSoftware for $1.35b. | The Jerusalem Post, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/salesforce-to-acquire-israeli-company-clicksoftware-for-135bn-598019
3. Matrix IT Ltd. – Periodic Report For 2023, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.matrix-globalservices.com/wp-content/uploads/Matrix_Q4_2023_Financial-statement_English.pdf
4. The Maccabiah Games – Simplex 3D, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.simplex3d.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/maccabiah-case-study-final.pdf
5. Bringing the Power of Hyperforce to Israel – Salesforce, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.salesforce.com/eu/blog/hyperforce-israel/
6. israel high-tech, accessed on January 27, 2026, http://www.ishitech.co.il/0819.pdf
7. Securities and Exchange Commission – SEC.gov, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1105841/000114420414021498/v372786_20f.htm
8. Electra’s Global Ambassadors The Sky’s the Limit At the Front Line On the Edge – Hellman Electric, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://hellmanelectric.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Electra-Times-EN-VR_Press.pdf
9. Contracts Administrator I | Dayforce Jobs – dayforcehcm.com, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://jobs.dayforcehcm.com/en-US/esa/ESACAREERSITE/jobs/4844
10. Salesforce Implementation Specialist – IDEODIGITAL – Tel Aviv District | DevJobs, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://devjobs.co.il/job-details/4328829623
11. Salesforce Developer – Navan – Tel Aviv-Yafo – DevJobs, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.devjobs.co.il/job-details/3831384505
12. BOS BETTER ONLINE SOLUTIONS LTD Earnings Call Transcript FY24 Q4 – stockinsights.ai, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.stockinsights.ai/us/BOSC/earnings-transcript/fy24-q4-98fc
13. Rafael Systems: Advancing U.S. Defense with Proven Innovation – CIO Bulletin, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://ciobulletin.com/magazine/profile/rafael-systems-global-sustainment-strengthening-us-defense
14. Anat Yore – Co-CEO, Yael-Korentec, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://yaelgroup.com/eng/team/anat-yore/
15. UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 20-F REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION – Emalogic, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://formulacms.emalogic.com/media/rbbdask2/20f-2024.pdf
16. Free tech courses kickstart ex-combat soldiers’ careers – Globes English, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-free-tech-courses-kickstart-ex-combat-soldiers-careers-1001518530
17. The Israeli Occupation Industry – IBM: A Major Facilitator of Israel’s Surveillance and Security Apparatus – Who Profits, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.whoprofits.org/publications/report/158
18. Second Front Systems Raises $70 Million in Series C Funding Led by Salesforce Ventures, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.secondfront.com/resources/news/second-front-systems-raises-70-million-in-series-c-funding-led-by-salesforce-ventures/
19. Israeli-founded Upwind hits unicorn status | The Jerusalem Post, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.jpost.com/business-and-innovation/article-884607
20. In second deal this month, Salesforce buys Israeli data management provider Zoomin, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-second-deal-this-month-salesforce-buys-israeli-data-management-provider-zoomin/
21. Salesforce buys Israeli data protection co Own for $1.9b – Globes English – גלובס, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-salesforce-buys-israeli-data-protection-co-own-for-19b-1001488628
22. SIGNAL STRENGTH: OCCUPIED THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR AND THE ISRAELI OCCUPATION | Who Profits, accessed on January 27, 2026, https://www.whoprofits.org/writable/uploads/old/uploads/2018/09/SIGNAL-STRENGTH-OCCUPIED-THE-TELECOMMUNICATIONS-SECTOR-AND-THE-ISRAELI-OCCUPATION-1-1.pdf