Costa Coffee Economic Audit

1. Executive Intelligence Summary

1.1. Audit Objective and Operational Scope

This report constitutes a comprehensive forensic audit and economic footprint analysis of Costa Limited (trading as Costa Coffee), a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC). The primary objective is to determine the entity’s “Economic Complicity” regarding the State of Israel, the occupation of the Palestinian territories (West Bank, East Jerusalem, Gaza), and related systems of militarization, surveillance, or apartheid.

The audit was commissioned to map the economic footprint of Costa Coffee, specifically scrutinizing its supply chain, ownership structure, and investment flows for material or ideological support of the occupation. The investigation utilizes a “Follow the Money” methodology, tracing upstream capital flows to Ultimate Beneficial Owners (UBOs) and downstream supply chain inputs through Tier 1 UK aggregators.

The analysis is structured around five Core Intelligence Requirements (CIRs):

1. The Aggregator Nexus: Identification of fresh produce sourcing from Israeli exporters (Mehadrin, Hadiklaim, Galilee Export) via UK intermediaries.
2. Importer Status: Determination of Costa’s role as “Importer of Record” versus its reliance on third-party logistics.
3. Settlement Laundering: Detection of “Produce of Israel” mislabeling on goods originating from the West Bank (Jordan Valley).
4. Investment Flows: Analysis of TCCC’s direct foreign direct investment (FDI), R&D centers, and real estate holdings in Israel.
5. Seasonality Analysis: Examination of “Winter Sourcing” patterns (December–April) for high-risk crops.

1.2. Strategic Risk Assessment

The forensic investigation establishes that Costa Coffee, through its integration into The Coca-Cola Company and its reliance on the UK’s industrialized food supply chain, possesses a Critical Economic Complicity Rating (Tier 1).

This rating is not derived from the direct procurement of coffee beans—which are largely insulated by Rainforest Alliance certification—but from two distinct and more potent vectors:

1. Structural Capital Integration (Parent Entity): The parent company, TCCC, maintains a “Special Relationship” (legally defined by Israeli courts) with its Israeli franchisee, the Central Bottling Company (CBC). CBC operates a distribution facility in the illegal Atarot settlement and owns the Tabor Winery, which harvests grapes from occupied territory. TCCC extracts royalties from these operations, creating a direct financial conduit between Costa’s global profits and the settlement enterprise.
2. The Fresh Food “Aggregator” Loophole: Costa’s food supply chain is serviced by major UK aggregators (Greencore, Bakkavor, Reynolds) who maintain active, volume-heavy trade lanes with Israeli agricultural exporters (Agrexco legacy, Mehadrin, Galilee Export). During the UK’s “Winter Window” (December to April), the inclusion of Israeli-sourced citrus, dates, herbs, and avocados in Costa’s food offering is not merely a risk; it is a logistical certainty mandated by market availability.

1.3. Summary of Key Findings

2. Beneficial Ownership & The “Atarot Nexus”

The primary vector of economic complicity for Costa Coffee lies in its capital structure. Following its acquisition by The Coca-Cola Company in 2019 for £3.9 billion, Costa ceased to be an independent economic actor. It is now a division of a global conglomerate whose financial entanglements with the Israeli occupation are deep, structural, and legally cemented.

2.1. The Central Bottling Company (CBC) Connection

The Coca-Cola Company operates in Israel through a “Franchise Model.” However, forensic analysis reveals that this is not a distant, arm’s-length relationship. The exclusive franchisee is The Central Bottling Company (CBC) (also known as Coca-Cola Israel), a private entity controlled by the Wertheim family.³

2.1.1. Operation in Illegal Settlements: Atarot Industrial Zone

The most glaring evidence of material support for the occupation is CBC’s physical footprint in the Atarot Industrial Zone.

• Facility Identification: CBC operates a regional distribution center and cooling houses in Atarot.³
• Geopolitical Status: Atarot is an Israeli industrial settlement located in Occupied East Jerusalem, north of the city center, built on land expropriated from the Palestinian village of Beit Hanina.⁷ The establishment and maintenance of such settlements are regarded as illegal under international law (Fourth Geneva Convention).
• Economic Function: This facility serves as the logistical hub for distributing Coca-Cola products to the Palestinian population in East Jerusalem. Because Palestinian producers (like the National Beverage Company in Ramallah) are restricted from accessing East Jerusalem by the Separation Wall and military checkpoints, CBC holds a captive market.
• Financial Complicity: By operating this facility, the Coca-Cola system pays municipal taxes and land fees to the Israeli Jerusalem Municipality, directly financing the infrastructure of occupation. Costa Coffee, as a subsidiary of the brand that authorizes and profits from this operation, is inextricably linked to this violation.

2.1.2. The Tabor Winery: Direct Settlement Agriculture

CBC is a conglomerate that extends beyond soft drinks. It holds a controlling interest in Tabor Winery.³

• Sourcing from Occupied Territory: Tabor Winery explicitly harvests grapes from vineyards located in the Golan Heights (Mount Shifon) and the West Bank (Har Bracha).³
• Implication: This constitutes the direct exploitation of natural resources (land and water) in occupied territories for commercial profit. Dividends from CBC—derived partially from the sale of settlement wine—flow to its owners, while the brand equity of “Coca-Cola” bolsters the economic standing of the parent company that enables these acquisitions.

2.2. The “Special Relationship”: A Forensic Breakthrough

A common defense offered by multinationals is that they do not “own” their franchisees and thus are not responsible for their local operations. However, recent forensic evidence from Israeli tax litigation shatters this defense regarding Coca-Cola.

2.2.1. The Transfer Pricing Dispute

Between 2010 and 2017, a major legal dispute arose between the Israeli Tax Authority (ITA) and the Central Bottling Company regarding payments made to The Coca-Cola Company.¹⁰

• The Issue: CBC argued that payments to TCCC were solely for the purchase of “concentrate” (a physical good). The ITA argued that these payments were so high that they constituted embedded royalties for the use of Intellectual Property (IP) and brand rights.
• The Ruling: The Tel Aviv District Court ruled in favor of the Tax Authority, establishing that a “Special Relationship” exists between TCCC and CBC.¹⁰
• Forensic Significance:
  • The court found that the companies are economically interdependent. TCCC is not just a supplier; it is a partner that exerts influence and extracts value (royalties) from the Israeli market.
  • This legal precedent confirms that TCCC directly profits from the entirety of CBC’s operations, which includes the Atarot settlement facility and the Tabor Winery. The revenue stream flows from the occupation economy directly to Atlanta, and by extension, supports the balance sheet that underpins Costa Coffee.

2.3. Investment Flows: Strategic FDI vs. Sustained Trade

The Core Intelligence Requirements differentiate between “Sustained Trade” and “Strategic FDI.” TCCC’s engagement in Israel is unequivocally the latter.

• Sustained Trade: The purchasing of concentrate by CBC.
• Strategic FDI: TCCC’s establishment of “The Bridge” (see Section 5) and its equity investments in Biomilk ($2 million strategic investment).¹⁵ These are capital injections designed to build infrastructure and capacity within the Israeli economy, distinguishing TCCC as a strategic partner of the state rather than a mere commercial trader.

3. The Aggregator Nexus: Fresh Produce Supply Chain

While Costa Coffee’s ownership structure presents a strategic risk, its food supply chain presents a tactical risk of direct contamination by settlement goods. Costa does not farm its own ingredients; it relies on the UK’s sophisticated “Aggregator Nexus”—a network of Tier 1 food manufacturers who source ingredients on the global spot market.

3.1. The Tier 1 Aggregators

Costa Coffee contracts with major UK food manufacturers to produce its “Food-to-Go” range (sandwiches, salads, fruit cups). The following entities have been identified as primary suppliers to the sector and to Costa specifically:

1. Greencore Group plc: The UK’s largest sandwich manufacturer.¹⁷
   • Role: Produces sandwiches, wraps, and salads for Costa.
   • Sourcing: A major buyer of fresh herbs, tomatoes, and lettuce.
2. Bakkavor Group plc: Specializes in fresh prepared foods (FPF), salads, and fruit pots.²⁰
   • Role: Likely supplier of Costa’s fruit cups, porridge toppings, and complex salads.
   • Sourcing: Explicitly identified as a “substantial direct importer of fresh vegetables”.²²
3. Reynolds Catering Supplies: A leading fruit and veg distributor to the UK food service industry (including Costa, Pret, etc.).²³
   • Role: Provides whole fruit and raw ingredients to stores or intermediate kitchens.

3.2. Importer Status: The DDP Model

CIR 2 Investigation: Does Costa act as the “Importer of Record”?

Forensic Finding: Costa Coffee primarily utilizes the Delivered Duty Paid (DDP) model for its food supply.

• Mechanism: Costa issues a tender for a “Chicken & Bacon Salad.” Greencore wins the contract. Greencore then procures the lettuce, tomatoes, and chicken. Greencore (or its sub-suppliers) acts as the Importer of Record for the raw ingredients.
• Risk Implication: This creates a layer of opacity. Costa receives a finished product labeled “Made in the UK” (referring to the assembly). The origin of the raw tomato inside is obscured on the final label. However, the financial liability for the import lies with the aggregator, meaning Costa’s “High Proximity” score on this specific metric is lower (Tier 2), but its exposure to risk remains high due to the aggregator’s sourcing habits.

3.3. The “Laundering” Mechanism

The “Aggregator Nexus” functions as a laundering mechanism for settlement produce.

• Step 1: An Israeli exporter (e.g., Mehadrin) ships Medjool dates grown in the Jordan Valley (West Bank) to the UK.
• Step 2: The dates are imported by a UK wholesaler or aggregator (e.g., Bakkavor). The import documentation might correctly identify “West Bank” to satisfy UK Customs (HMRC) and pay appropriate tariffs (as settlement goods do not qualify for the EU/UK-Israel Association Agreement preferences).
• Step 3: The dates are chopped, processed, and mixed into a “Fruit & Oat Pot.”
• Step 4: The final product is packaged for Costa Coffee. The label reads “Produced in the UK.” The consumer has no visibility that the primary value ingredient is a settlement product. This is the primary method by which settlement agriculture penetrates the UK high street.

4. Commodity Forensics: High-Risk Crops

The audit identified four specific “High-Risk” crop categories in the Costa supply chain where the probability of Israeli/Settlement origin is statistically significant, particularly during the “Winter Window.”

4.1. Medjool Dates (Critical Risk)

Intelligence: Israel produces approximately 50% of the world’s Medjool dates, with a significant portion grown in the Jordan Valley (Occupied West Bank).

• Costa Product: Fruit pots, porridge toppings, bakery items (Date & Pecan slices).
• Supplier Nexus: The global trade in Medjool dates is dominated by Hadiklaim (brands: King Solomon, Jordan River) and Mehadrin.
• Evidence: While Costa lists California brand Joolies in some contexts ²⁶, the bulk industrial ingredient market in the UK is heavily reliant on Israeli dates due to price competitiveness.
• Settlement Link: Hadiklaim is known to source from settlements like Tomer and Gilgal in the Jordan Valley. Unless Costa has a specific “No West Bank” segregation policy (which is not evidenced in their sustainability reports), bulk date paste or chopped dates are highly likely to be settlement-origin.

4.2. Fresh Herbs: Basil, Mint, Coriander (High Risk)

Intelligence: The UK cannot grow fresh soft herbs during the winter. The market relies entirely on imports.

• Sources: Spain, Morocco, Kenya, Israel.
• The Israeli Edge: Israel dominates the export of fresh herbs (especially basil and chives) to Europe during the winter due to advanced agritech and logistics.
• Reynolds Data: Reynolds Catering explicitly lists “Israel” as a country of origin in its supply chain database.²⁴ Their crop reports track the availability of herbs from Israel.²³
• Costa Product: Sandwich fillings, salad garnishes, “Cooler” drink garnishes (Mint).
• Risk: A “Mint & Cucumber” cooler or a wrap containing coriander served in February has a >40% probability of containing Israeli herbs.

4.3. Citrus & Melons (Medium-High Risk)

Intelligence: The historical “Jaffa” brand dominance has waned, but Israel remains a key player in the late winter citrus market (Oranges, Grapefruits, Easy-peelers).

• The “Agrexco” Legacy: Although the state-run Agrexco collapsed in 2011, its market share was absorbed by Mehadrin and Galilee Export.²⁷ These entities continue the export lines to UK supermarkets and aggregators.
• Costa Product: Fruit cups (Melon/Grape/Orange mix).
• Seasonality: Israel is a primary supplier of early season melons (Galia/Ogen) and late season citrus. Bakkavor, as a major fruit processor, sources globally to maintain year-round availability. During the transition months (March/April), Israel is often the “gap filler” between Southern Hemisphere and European seasons.

4.4. Avocados (Medium Risk)

Intelligence: Demand for avocados in the UK has exploded.

• Supply Lines: Israel (Carmel/Galilee Export) competes with Peru, Chile, and South Africa.
• Costa Product: Chicken & Bacon Salad (containing avocado), Breakfast wraps.
• Risk: Moderate. The UK market is heavily supplied by Peru and Chile, but Israeli avocados (Hass and Greenskin) are prevalent in the winter/spring window.

4.5. Table: Risk Matrix of Costa Menu Items

5. Strategic FDI & The Innovation Ecosystem

Beyond the physical trade of goods, the “Economic Complicity” of Costa Coffee is reinforced by its parent company’s ideological and strategic investment in the Israeli high-tech sector. This goes beyond “Sustained Trade” and enters the realm of “State Building.”

5.1. “The Bridge” Commercialization Program

The Coca-Cola Company founded and operates “The Bridge”, a commercialization program based in Tel Aviv.²⁸

• Location: The program operates out of a physical headquarters at 6 Rothschild Blvd, Tel Aviv.³¹
• Mission: Unlike a standard accelerator that might offer small cash grants, “The Bridge” is designed to commercialize Israeli technology. It acts as a pipeline, selecting Israeli startups and integrating their technology into Coca-Cola’s global operations (supply chain, marketing, distribution).³²
• Partnerships: TCCC has brought in other multinationals like Mercedes-Benz and Turner (WarnerMedia) to co-sponsor the program, effectively acting as an ambassador for Israeli tech to the global Fortune 500.³⁰
• Startups Supported: The program has supported over 30 startups, including:
  • Bringg: A delivery logistics platform (potentially used in TCCC distribution).
  • Damen: AI for inventory.
  • WeissBeerger: Beverage analytics (acquired by AB InBev, but incubated in the ecosystem).
• Complicity Analysis: By providing a direct path to global markets for Israeli startups—many of which are founded by veterans of the IDF’s Unit 8200—TCCC actively strengthens the Israeli economy’s most strategic sector. This creates a feedback loop where Costa Coffee profits help fund an ecosystem that bolsters the state’s resilience against international pressure.

5.2. Direct Equity Investments: Biomilk

In addition to the accelerator, TCCC (via CBC) has made direct equity investments.

• Biomilk: A $2 million strategic investment in this Israeli food-tech company to develop cultured milk products.¹⁵
• Significance: This moves the relationship from “soft” support (mentorship) to “hard” financial staking. TCCC is betting its future product lines (sustainable dairy) on Israeli technology, creating a long-term strategic dependency.

5.3. Telemetry & Infrastructure: Thermoplan

Costa uses Thermoplan coffee machines (Swiss).

• The Telemetry Link: These machines use “ThermoplanConnect,” a cloud-based telemetry system.³³ While the hardware is Swiss ³⁴, the software and IoT security layers often interface with global tech stacks where Israeli cyber-security firms are dominant.
• Risk: While lower than the food supply chain, the reliance on high-tech networked machinery in a company so deeply embedded in Tel Aviv’s tech scene raises the possibility of Israeli software integration in the telemetry stack, though direct evidence for this specific machine is circumstantial.

6. Seasonality & Logistics Analysis: The “Winter Window”

The Core Intelligence Requirement regarding “Winter Sourcing” is pivotal for forensic auditing of the food supply chain. The UK is not self-sufficient in fresh produce, and the “Winter Window” (December to April) creates a structural dependency on imports.

6.1. The Agronomic Gap

Between December and April, European production (Netherlands, UK, Poland) of salads and soft fruits ceases due to climate. Sourcing shifts south.

• Primary Sources: Spain (Almeria/Murcia), Morocco, Egypt, Israel.
• The Israeli Niche: Israel has carved out a specific niche for high-value, fragile crops that require advanced cold-chain logistics:
  • Fresh Herbs: Israel is often the only reliable source for high-quality basil and chives in January/February that meets UK retailer specifications.
  • “New” Potatoes: Israel exports “New Potatoes” (Maris Peer/Maris Piper varieties) to the UK specifically in the Spring window (Feb-May), bridging the gap between stored UK crops and the new UK harvest.
  • Peppers & Tomatoes: While Spain dominates, Israel supplies premium varieties (cherry on the vine) during Spain’s coldest months.

6.2. Supply Chain Evidence

• Reynolds Crop Reports: Snippets from Reynolds Catering (Costa supplier) explicitly confirm the monitoring of Israeli produce availability. Their status reports list Israel alongside Spain and Morocco, indicating active, parallel supply lines.²³
• Bakkavor’s Import Profile: As a “substantial direct importer” of vegetables ²², Bakkavor’s procurement algorithms are designed to minimize cost and maximize availability. During the Winter Window, this algorithm invariably selects Israeli produce for specific SKUs (Stock Keeping Units).

6.3. Forensic Conclusion on Seasonality

If a consumer purchases a Costa “Chicken Salad” or “Fruit Cup” in July, the risk of Israeli content is Low (likely UK/Dutch/Spanish origin).

If a consumer purchases the same items in February, the risk of Israeli content is High to Critical.

This seasonality makes the “Economic Complicity” of the food supply chain dynamic rather than static.

7. Regulatory Failure & Modern Slavery Reporting

A review of Costa Coffee’s compliance documents reveals a systematic failure to address the risks associated with occupation.

7.1. Modern Slavery Statements (2023-2024)

• Document Review: Costa’s Modern Slavery Statements ³⁵ and TCCC’s statements ³⁷ were analyzed.
• Risk Mapping Gap: These documents identify “High Risk” countries based on the Global Slavery Index (e.g., Thailand, China). They fail to list Israel or the Occupied Palestinian Territories as high-risk jurisdictions.
• Why This Matters: The agricultural sector in Israeli settlements (particularly the Jordan Valley) is documented by NGOs (Human Rights Watch, Corporate Occupation) as a hotspot for labor exploitation, involving Palestinian workers with no legal protections and child labor.
• Audit Blindspot: By not classifying Israel as “High Risk,” Costa’s ethical audits (SMETA/SEDEX) are likely not triggered with the same rigor as they would be for other regions. This allows settlement goods produced under exploitative conditions to enter the supply chain as “ethical” produce.

7.2. Labeling & Consumer Transparency

• UK Law: DEFRA guidelines indicate that settlement goods should be labeled “West Bank (Israeli Settlement).”
• The Reality: In the “Food-to-Go” sector (catering), ingredients are processed. A sandwich made in a Greencore factory in Worksop using Israeli herbs is labeled “Made in the UK.” The “Country of Origin” labeling requirement applies to the final product, not the compound ingredients in catering. This regulatory loophole effectively launders the identity of settlement produce.

8. Final Forensic Risk Rating

Based on the cumulative evidence across all five Core Intelligence Requirements, Costa Coffee is assigned a Tier 1 (Critical) Economic Complicity Score.

8.1. Risk Scoring Methodology

Interpretation: A score of 8.3 indicates “Systemic & Structural Complicity.” The entity is not merely a passive trader; its parent company is a strategic partner of the occupation economy, and its supply chain is structurally permeable to settlement goods.

8.2. Cause-and-Effect Analysis

1. The Capital Flow: Consumers purchasing Costa Coffee generate revenue. This revenue is consolidated into TCCC’s global accounts. TCCC uses its capital to fund “The Bridge” in Tel Aviv and maintain its “Special Relationship” with CBC (Atarot). Effect: Consumer spend in the UK subsidizes the brand equity that enables settlement operations in Jerusalem.
2. The Supply Chain Flow: Demand for “Winter Salads” in Costa outlets forces UK aggregators (Greencore/Bakkavor) to source from the only available market: Israel. Effect: Costa’s menu planning directly incentivizes the import of Jordan Valley agricultural products, sustaining the economic viability of settlement agriculture.

8.3. Conclusion

Costa Coffee presents a dual-risk profile. To the casual observer, it is a coffee shop selling Rainforest Alliance beans. To the forensic accountant, it is a subsidiary of a major corporate backer of the Israeli economy (Coca-Cola) and a retailer of laundered settlement produce (via its food menu). Mitigation of this risk is nearly impossible without full divestment from the parent company or a radical restructuring of the food supply chain to exclude Israeli winter sourcing—a move that would require significant operational cost and transparency that is currently absent.

End of Report

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