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Military Audit: IBM

# IBM — V-MIL Audit

**Target Entity:** International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), including subsidiaries IBM Israel Ltd. and Red Hat Israel Ltd.
**Audit Phase:** V-MIL
**Research Date:** 28 June 2026

---

## Direct Defence Contracting & Procurement
IBM's working relationship with the Israeli Ministry of Defense (IMOD) and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) dates to the 1960s, documented across multiple independent investigative sources [^1][^5]. IBM Israel Ltd., IBM's wholly owned Israeli subsidiary, has been the primary contracting entity for these relationships [^1][^2].

**Historical and Pre-2020 IMOD Contracts:**

In approximately 2008, IBM was contracted by the Israeli military for a three-year provision of servers valued at approximately USD 60 million, alongside a separate contract worth approximately USD 6–7 million for virtual VMware servers [^1][^2]. In December 2011, Israeli business outlet Calcalist reported that IBM won an IMOD tender for the supply of storage and central servers to the Israeli military, described as worth "hundreds of millions of dollars," a finding confirmed by Who Profits [^1][^2]. IBM was contracted again by IMOD in 2017 for the operation and maintenance of Israeli military computing centres, at a value exceeding USD 20 million [^1][^2]. In the early 2000s, dozens of IBM Israel employees worked directly alongside the IDF's Computer and IT unit [^1].

**2020 Regional IDF Logistics Centre Contract (25-Year Term):**

In January 2020, IBM and Malam Team were jointly awarded a 25-year IT services contract by IMOD to serve as the primary IT providers for three new regional IDF logistics centres handling combat equipment [^1][^2][^5]. The Intercept placed IBM's share of the contract at approximately $275 million [^5]. Who Profits reported the total contract value at approximately NIS 1 billion shared between the two companies [^1][^2]. The contract covers robotics integration and private-sector technology embedded within active military logistics infrastructure [^1][^5].

**IDF Data Centre Tender — Consortium Involvement (2016–2017):**

Data Center Dynamics reported that for a major IDF data centre tender in 2016–2017, Rafael Advanced Defense Systems bid on behalf of a consortium that included EMC and IBM [^10]. No confirmed award of this contract to the Rafael–EMC–IBM consortium has been identified in publicly available records.

**IMOD Advisory and Exhibition Participation:**

IBM participates in iHLS INNOTECH, the International Conference and Exhibition on Cyber and Homeland Security organised in cooperation with IMOD and the Israeli Administration for the Development of Weapons and Technological Infrastructure [^1][^2]. IBM also holds a seat on the Israel Innovation Authority committee, which operates joint ventures with IMOD and the National Cyber Directorate under the Prime Minister's Office [^1][^2]. OpenIntel (UK) separately documents IBM's defence-relevant activities as part of its corporate monitoring database [^8].

**IBM Israel Be'er Sheva CyberSpark (2014–present):**

IBM has operated a Cyber Security Centre of Excellence in Be'er Sheva since approximately 2014, initially on the Ben-Gurion University campus [^9][^2]. In January 2018, IBM expanded this facility to the Gav Yam Negev High Tech Park — part of the Ministry of Defense's "Southern Relocation" plan designed to co-locate technology companies with elite military cyber units and facilitate post-service career transitions [^9]. IBM is a confirmed tenant at CyberSpark, whose co-tenants include Unit 8200 research facilities, Lockheed Martin, Oracle, and Deutsche Telekom [^9][^2].

**Board-Level Defence Nexus:**

IBM Chairman and CEO Arvind Krishna joined the Board of Directors of Northrop Grumman Corporation in November 2022, formalised via SEC Form 8-K [^16][^18]. As of April 2026, Krishna remains a current director of Northrop Grumman [^17]. Krishna received $182,500 in Northrop Grumman deferred stock units annually in both 2024 and 2025 [^42]. Northrop Grumman is a major US defence prime contractor [^16][^17]. Retired Admiral Michelle J. Howard — a four-star US Navy officer and former Vice Chief of Naval Operations (2014–2016) — has served on IBM's Board of Directors since February 2019 [^20]. Uri Hayik, CTO and Technical Division Leader at IBM Israel, served 26 years in the Israeli Air Force, culminating as CIO of the Air Force and Commander of OFEK (the IAF ICT unit), before serving as ICT Programme Manager at Lockheed Martin Israel prior to joining IBM Israel [^21].

---

## Dual-Use Products & Tactical Variants
IBM acquired Red Hat in 2019; Red Hat Israel Ltd. operates as an IBM subsidiary and is the principal contracting entity for the IDF technology relationships documented in this section [^1][^5].

**Red Hat OpenShift — IDF Operational Cloud (2017–present):**

Red Hat Israel is identified by Who Profits and corroborated by The Intercept as the Israeli military's "largest customer" for its OpenShift container orchestration platform [^1][^2][^5]. In 2017, the IDF established its first "Operational Cloud" — characterised internally as an "Operational Internet" — based on Red Hat infrastructure, developed in collaboration with Mamram (the IDF Center of Computing and Information Systems), serving the Air Force, Ground Forces, Intelligence Directorate, and Navy [^1][^2][^5][^7]. Red Hat executive Meital Haim stated in October 2020 in the Hebrew-language publication *People and Computers*: "We consider ourselves partners of the IDF," a statement confirmed and translated by The Intercept [^1][^5]. A US-based senior designer at Red Hat described Israel's Ministry of Defence as "the customer that everyone wanted," in comments reported as made in the weeks immediately before 7 October 2023 [^12].

**Red Hat Mamram Innovation Award (2022):**

Red Hat presented Mamram with a 2022 Red Hat Innovation Award and published an associated case study and video stating that Red Hat "enables critical defence and security advantages" for the IDF and provides "a stronger platform that incorporates the newest techniques in modern military operations" [^15]. This content was removed from Red Hat's website in October 2024 following civil society pressure [^11].

**Red Hat Edge Deployment for IDF Field Operations (2022):**

In May 2022, Edge Industry Review reported that Red Hat deployed OpenShift Single Node and Ansible Automation Platform for Mamram to extend IDF cloud services to field ("edge") locations, reducing deployment time from weeks to 3–6 hours [^7]. An IDF Lieutenant Colonel from Mamram was quoted on Red Hat's website — subsequently removed — stating that Red Hat's system helped "save our organisation time and money, all while better protecting the citizens of our country" [^7][^11][^12].

**Red Hat Device Edge — "Compress the Kill Cycle" Whitepaper (February 2024):**

In February 2024, Red Hat published a whitepaper titled "Compress the kill cycle with Red Hat Device Edge" [^13][^34][^35]. The document describes Red Hat Device Edge as enabling military kill-chain compression across the "find, fix, track, target, engage, assess (F2T2EA)" cycle, supporting "AI-based automated target recognition capabilities," near real-time transmission of sensor data to airmen, and delivery of "video and metadata directly to shooters" for targeting adversary vehicles, with reference to the Stalker UAS [^13][^34][^35]. The primary application context described in the document is US Air Force programmes; no confirmed sale or deployment of Red Hat Device Edge specifically to Israeli lethal platforms has been identified in open-source records. Red Hat removed the whitepaper from its official website (all official links return 404), but copies remain accessible via third-party US government technology distributors Carahsoft and DLT Solutions [^13][^34][^35].

**IBM Eitan System — PIBA Biometric Population Registry:**

IBM is identified by Who Profits as the operator of the Eitan system, Israel's biometric population and immigration registry administered by the Population and Immigration Authority (PIBA) [^1][^2]. Civil society sources characterise the Eitan system as a key infrastructure component of the discriminatory movement-control and permit regime applied to Palestinians [^29][^30]. The BDS Movement and UN Special Rapporteur Francesca Albanese both identify IBM's role in the PIBA biometric database as enabling military-administered population control [^24][^36].

**Project Nimbus — OpenShift as Platform Layer for Israeli Government and Defence (2024–present):**

In April 2024, Matrix IT announced a collaboration with Red Hat Israel to supply Red Hat OpenShift as the hybrid cloud platform layer for Project Nimbus, Israel's centralised government cloud infrastructure programme [^1][^2][^23]. Who Profits confirms that Project Nimbus contractually serves the IDF, IMOD, Israel Police, and Israel Prison Service, in addition to Israel Aerospace Industries and Rafael Advanced Defense Systems [^1][^2][^23]. The Intercept confirmed from a 63-page Israeli government procurement document that Nimbus vendors are explicitly required to sell cloud services to Rafael and IAI [^5]. This collaboration continued after the ICJ Advisory Opinion of 19 July 2024 [^1][^2][^23].

---

## Heavy Machinery, Construction & Infrastructure
No public evidence identified of IBM equipment, vehicles, or machinery being used in construction, maintenance, or demolition within Israeli settlements, the separation barrier, or military installations in the occupied Palestinian territories. IBM does not appear in secondary source compilations of the OHCHR database of companies operating in Israeli settlements (A/HRC/31/36 series), and available references to the 2025 update (A/HRC/60/19) do not identify IBM in its annex [^40][^41]. The OHCHR settlement database's scope is primarily oriented toward construction, infrastructure, banking, and agricultural companies rather than IT services providers.

IBM's joint IMOD logistics contract partner, Malam Team, separately operates an IT service and development centre in the West Bank settlement of Beitar Illit through its subsidiary Malam Systems [^22][^23]. The IBM–Malam Team joint venture for the three IMOD regional logistics centres does not itself appear to be located in or directly service settlement infrastructure, based on available public records [^22][^23].

---

## Supply Chain Integration with Defence Primes
**Red Hat / IBM → Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries (Project Nimbus, 2024–present):**

Through the Matrix IT–Red Hat collaboration initiated in April 2024, Red Hat OpenShift provides the hybrid cloud platform layer for Project Nimbus, which contractually serves Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries — Israel's two largest state-owned weapons manufacturers [^1][^2][^5][^23]. The Intercept confirmed from a 63-page Israeli government procurement document that the Nimbus contract explicitly requires vendors to supply cloud services to these defence firms [^5]. Who Profits further documents that Nimbus also serves the IDF, IMOD, and the Israel Prison Service [^1][^2][^23].

**IBM and Rafael — IDF Data Centre Consortium (2016–2017):**

Data Center Dynamics reported that Rafael Advanced Defense Systems bid on an IDF data centre tender on behalf of a consortium including EMC and IBM [^10]. No confirmed contract award to this consortium has been identified in publicly available records.

**IBM and Elbit Systems — E-VISA Project (December 2020):**

IBM and Elbit Systems were jointly awarded an NIS 18 million contract in December 2020 for the "E-VISA Project (Marom)," a digitisation platform for visa applications including a pre-passenger arrival data collection component developed by Elbit Systems [^1][^2].

**Component-Level Supply to Israeli Defence Primes:**

No public evidence identified of IBM or Red Hat supplying optical systems, electronic sub-assemblies, propulsion components, structural materials, guidance systems, or armour materials to Israeli defence prime contractors. The Red Hat–Project Nimbus–Rafael/IAI relationship is a cloud platform services relationship and does not constitute a hardware component supply chain integration.

---

## Logistical Sustainment & Base Services
**IT Services Contract to IDF Regional Logistics Centres (2020–2045):**

Under the 25-year IMOD contract awarded in January 2020, IBM and co-contractor Malam Team serve as the primary IT providers for three new IDF regional logistics centres handling combat equipment [^1][^2][^5]. IBM's role as a long-term IT services provider embedded within active military logistics infrastructure constitutes a direct logistical sustainment relationship with the IDF over the duration of the audit period and beyond [^1][^5].

**Israel Police Technology Supply (1975–present):**

IBM has supplied the Israel Police with computing and software equipment since 1975 [^1][^2]. In November 2025, IBM Israel was contracted as the sole supplier of IBM DataPower products for Israel Police until January 2031 [^1][^2]. IBM is also the sole supplier of IBM MQ software in active use by Israel Police, with prior sole-supplier maintenance contracts documented in 2014 (NIS 2.8 million, two-year term) and 2016 (NIS 3 million) [^1][^2]. These relationships are classified as civil law-enforcement supply for completeness; domain classification between V-MIL and V-DIG requires separate determination.

**Shipping, Freight, and Port Services:**

No public evidence identified of IBM holding shipping, freight forwarding, or port handling contracts servicing Israeli defence logistics or military cargo.

---

## Munitions, Weapons Systems & Strategic Platforms
**Prime Contractor and Manufacturer Status:**

No public evidence identified of IBM acting as prime contractor or licensed manufacturer of small arms, artillery, armoured vehicles, tactical drones, naval vessels, or other lethal platforms for Israeli forces or any other defence customer.

**Munitions and Precursor Materials:**

No public evidence identified of IBM supplying ammunition, explosive ordnance, chemical propellants, warhead components, or munitions precursor materials to Israeli defence end-users.

**US Missile Defense Agency — SHIELD Contract (February 2026):**

On 5 February 2026, IBM was selected as a contractor on the US Missile Defense Agency's Scalable Homeland Innovative Enterprise Layered Defense (SHIELD) programme — an IDIQ contract with a ceiling of $151 billion covering research, development, engineering, production, integration, and sustainment for US homeland missile defence [^19]. IBM's press announcement describes leveraging AI-enabled sensing, hybrid cloud, and cybersecurity capabilities for this programme [^19]. The SHIELD contract is a US Missile Defense Agency programme with no identified Israeli defence nexus and is not classified here as an Israeli defence supply relationship.

**Israeli Strategic Air Defence and Platform Programmes:**

No public evidence identified of IBM involvement in the manufacture, integration, maintenance, or component supply for Iron Dome, David's Sling, Arrow, F-35, Merkava, or Israeli naval platform programmes.

**AI Kill-Chain Technology — Weapons Integration Consideration:**

Red Hat's February 2024 "Compress the kill cycle" whitepaper describes Red Hat Device Edge as enabling AI-automated target recognition, sensor-to-shooter pipeline acceleration, and airborne targeting on platforms including the Stalker UAS [^13][^34][^35]. The document's stated application context is US Air Force programmes. No confirmed sale or deployment of Red Hat Device Edge specifically to Israeli weapons platforms has been identified in open-source records; however, other Red Hat products (OpenShift) are confirmed as deployed to IDF Mamram [^1][^2][^7].

---

## Export Licensing, Regulatory & Legal History
**Export Licence Decisions:**

No publicly known decisions by any government to grant, deny, suspend, or revoke export licences specifically for IBM or Red Hat products supplied to Israeli military or security end-users have been identified. No US Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) enforcement action against IBM relating to Israeli defence end-users has been identified in public records. No EU or UK export licence determination specifically referencing IBM–Israel defence supply has been identified.

**Arms Embargo and Sanctions Compliance:**

No investigations, citations, or enforcement actions related to IBM's compliance with arms embargoes, export control regimes, or economic sanctions affecting defence trade with Israel have been identified in US, EU, or UK regulatory records.

**Legal Challenges and Judicial Review:**

No public evidence identified of court proceedings, judicial reviews, or legal challenges brought against IBM — or against any government authority — regarding IBM's defence supply relationships with Israel.

**EU Horizon Funding and Ethics Oversight:**

IBM Israel has received approximately 130 EU Horizon research grants totalling approximately $93 million since 2007 [^28]. Electronic Intifada reported in April 2024 that in September 2023, the EU authorised IBM Israel's participation in the HumAIne AI project following an ethics review concluding the project had "exclusive focus on civil applications," notwithstanding IBM Israel's concurrent IDF supply relationships [^28]. IBM Research Haifa maintains a publicly accessible listing of EU-funded research programmes [^39]. Mondoweiss confirmed IBM Israel's receipt of approximately €7.75 million in Horizon Europe funding, including partnerships with the Technical University of Munich on cloud and AI systems [^27].

---

## Civil Society Scrutiny & Documented Investigations
**NGO and Investigative Reports:**

*Who Profits (February 2022):*
Who Profits published "IBM: A Major Facilitator of Israel's Surveillance and Security Apparatus" — the most comprehensive extant investigation of IBM's Israeli military and security supply chain [^1][^3]. The report documents IMOD contracts from 2008–2020, the Red Hat military cloud deployment for Mamram, IBM's operation of the Eitan population registry, Israel Police supply contracts, iHLS exhibition participation, the Nitzanim IDF recruitment programme, Ariel University engagement in the occupied West Bank, and IBM's presence at CyberSpark in Be'er Sheva [^1][^2][^3]. Who Profits maintains a live company profile updated through 2024 [^2].

*AFSC Investigate (ongoing):*
IBM is listed on the AFSC BDS Divestment Shortlist under grounds including "Weapons and Military Equipment" and "Discrimination" [^4]. AFSC documents Red Hat's characterisation of the IDF as its "leading customer" and records Red Hat executives expressing "great pride" in enhancing IDF military capabilities [^4].

*UN Special Rapporteur Report A/HRC/59/23 (2 July 2025):*
UN Special Rapporteur on the Occupied Palestinian Territories, Francesca Albanese, named IBM specifically in report A/HRC/59/23 ("From economy of occupation to economy of genocide") as training Israeli military-intelligence personnel including Unit 8200, and upgrading the PIBA biometric database used in the discriminatory permit regime [^24][^25][^26][^27]. IBM is grouped in the report with Alphabet, Amazon, Microsoft, HP, and Palantir as providers of "AI, cloud and surveillance technologies enabling Israel's genocide in Gaza" [^24][^25][^26][^27]. The report draws an explicit parallel to IBM's historical role under the Nazi regime [^26][^27]. Multiple independent secondary sources confirmed IBM's specific citation in the report [^24][^25][^26][^27].

*Electronic Intifada (April 2024):*
Electronic Intifada reported IBM Israel's receipt of approximately 130 EU Horizon grants totalling approximately $93 million since 2007, and detailed the EU ethics review approving IBM Israel's participation in the HumAIne AI research project despite its concurrent IDF supply relationships [^28].

*MintPress News / Scheerpost (June 2023):*
Investigative reports published in June 2023 documented how IBM, alongside Microsoft, Cisco, and Dell, enables surveillance and population control in Palestine, drawing on Who Profits research and primary reporting [^29][^30].

*Al Jazeera (May 2024):*
Al Jazeera published an opinion piece titled "How US Big Tech supports Israel's AI-powered genocide and apartheid," naming IBM among key providers of enabling technology [^43].

*PassBlue (August 2025):*
PassBlue reported that IBM is a regular supplier to UN agencies of servers, analytics, and other technology, and that IBM had not publicly responded to the concerns raised in the Albanese report; the outlet characterised IBM as failing to meet UN Supplier Code of Conduct requirements on human rights compliance [^31].

*Mondoweiss (July 2025):*
Mondoweiss confirmed IBM's citation in A/HRC/59/23 as one of six major US tech companies specifically named, and additionally reported that IBM Israel received approximately €7.75 million in Horizon Europe funding including cloud and AI partnerships with the Technical University of Munich while simultaneously operating the Israeli Population Registry [^27].

*OpenIntel (UK):*
OpenIntel maintains a dedicated IBM profile as part of its corporate defence and security activity monitoring database [^8].

**Boycott and Divestment Campaigns:**

The BDS Movement has launched a specific campaign titled "End UN Partnership with Genocide-Enabling Tech," naming IBM alongside Microsoft, Amazon, Google, Cisco, Oracle, and Palantir, and citing IBM's operation of the PIBA biometric database, alleged Unit 8200 personnel training, and IDF cloud services [^36][^37]. IBM appears on the AFSC BDS Divestment Shortlist [^4]. Al Jazeera and Mondoweiss reporting further amplified civil society framing of IBM's role [^43][^27].

**Red Hat Croke Park Event Cancellation (September 2024):**

A Red Hat summit planned for Croke Park, Dublin, and scheduled for 17 September 2024, was cancelled or postponed following sustained public pressure from prominent GAA athletes — including Jack McCaffrey, Philly McMahon, David Hickey, and Michael Darragh MacAuley — and the Ireland Palestine Solidarity Campaign, over Red Hat's IDF links [^32][^33]. The Irish Times reported that the GAA, not Red Hat, ultimately withdrew permission for the event [^32]. The IPSC press release characterised Red Hat as "genocide enablers" [^33]. Red Hat's official website subsequently updated the event listing to "POSTPONED" [^32].

**Irish Academic and Staff Actions (2024):**

Staff at South East Technological University (SETU), Ireland, formally called for severance of institutional ties with Red Hat over its IDF links [^38]. University management declined to sever ties [^38]. TheJournal.ie reported that a separate Irish college condemned the Gaza war but stopped short of cutting institutional ties with Red Hat [^12]. A Red Hat conference linked to SETU became a focal point for Irish civil society objections to IBM's broader IDF relationship [^38].

**IBM Employee Pressure (2023–2024):**

The Intercept reported that IBM workers "repeatedly pressed company leadership — including its chief executive — to divulge and limit its role in the Israeli offensive" [^5]. Anonymous employees characterised CEO Krishna's June 2024 response as "predictably shameful" and described the broader employee reaction as "overwhelmingly dissatisfied or outraged" [^5].

**Corporate Statements and Policy Response:**

IBM CEO Arvind Krishna issued a public statement on 11 October 2023 condemning the Hamas attacks alongside the Business Roundtable, US Chamber of Commerce, and Partnership for New York City, and committed IBM to matching employee donations 1:1 to Israeli organisations providing medical, food, or housing assistance [^6]. In a June 2024 internal Q&A reported by The Intercept, Krishna stated: "We try to operate with the principles that are encouraged by the governments of the countries we are in," and on the question of offensive weapons: "We will not work on offensive weapons programs... I am not taking any kind of moral or ethical judgment" [^5].

Red Hat CEO Matt Hicks issued a statement on 12 October 2023 characterising the 7 October attacks as "atrocities" and "a violent terrorist act," noting Israeli employees were being called back into IDF reserve service, and announcing employee donation matching to Magen David Adom up to USD 1,500 annually [^14]. In October 2024, Red Hat removed its Mamram IDF case study from its website [^11]. A Red Hat spokesperson confirmed to TheJournal.ie that Irish entities "do not work with the organization in question" but declined to comment on the removal or announce any contract termination [^11]. No policy changes, contract terminations, or end-use monitoring commitments have been identified from IBM or Red Hat in response to civil society or employee pressure regarding Israeli defence supply relationships.

---

## End Notes

[^1]: https://www.whoprofits.org/publications/report/158

[^2]: https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/7236

[^3]: https://www.whoprofits.org/writable/uploads/old/uploads/2022/02/IBM-company-feature-final-1.pdf

[^4]: https://investigate.afsc.org/company/ibm

[^5]: https://theintercept.com/2024/09/04/ibm-ceo-israel-saudi-arabia-ethics/

[^6]: https://newsroom.ibm.com/War-in-Israel-A-Message-From-Arvind-Krishna

[^7]: https://www.edgeir.com/red-hat-upgrades-idfs-field-applications-of-cloud-and-edge-computing-20220508

[^8]: https://openintel.uk/ibm/

[^9]: https://nocamels.com/2018/01/ibm-cyber-research-beersheva/

[^10]: https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/major-israeli-military-data-center-contract-up-for-grabs/

[^11]: https://www.thejournal.ie/red-hat-gaza-6518227-Oct2024/

[^12]: https://www.thejournal.ie/red-hat-israel-6393191-May2024/

[^13]: https://www.osnews.com/story/144776/the-disturbing-white-paper-red-hat-is-trying-to-erase-from-the-internet/

[^14]: https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/support-our-israel-associates

[^15]: https://www.redhat.com/en/about/videos/2022-red-hat-innovation-awards-center-of-computing-information-systems-mamram

[^16]: https://news.northropgrumman.com/personnel-announcements/arvind-krishna-joins-northrop-grumman-board-of-directors

[^17]: https://www.northropgrumman.com/who-we-are/leadership/arvind-krishna

[^18]: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001133421/000113342122000044/noc-form8xk111622xex991.htm

[^19]: https://newsroom.ibm.com/2026-02-05-ibm-to-support-missile-defense-agency-shield-contract

[^20]: https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/26/ibm-appoints-admiral-michelle-j-howard-to-its-board.html

[^21]: https://www.crunchbase.com/person/uri-hayik

[^22]: https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/4217

[^23]: https://whoprofits.org/companies/company/4009

[^24]: https://www.un.org/unispal/document/a-hrc-59-23-from-economy-of-occupation-to-economy-of-genocide-report-special-rapporteur-francesca-albanese-palestine-2025/

[^25]: https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/report-from-unsr-on-opt-from-economy-of-occupation-to-economy-of-genocide-3/

[^26]: https://aoav.org.uk/2025/an-economy-of-genocide-un-special-rapporteur-names-global-corporations-enabling-israels-assault-on-gaza/

[^27]: https://mondoweiss.net/2025/07/new-un-report-reveals-the-companies-getting-rich-off-israeli-occupation-and-genocide/

[^28]: https://electronicintifada.net/blogs/david-cronin/genocide-profiteer-ibm-wins-big-eu-funding

[^29]: https://www.mintpressnews.com/dell-microsoft-big-tech-role-israeli-occupation-report/285104/

[^30]: https://scheerpost.com/2023/06/25/israeli-occupation-how-microsoft-ibm-cisco-and-dell-enable-surveillance-and-control-in-palestine/

[^31]: https://passblue.com/2025/08/20/un-contracts-with-companies-doing-business-in-israel-may-violate-ethics/

[^32]: https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2024/09/13/croke-park-summit-by-us-software-firm-with-links-to-israeli-military-postponed/

[^33]: https://www.ipsc.ie/press-releases/genocide-enablers-red-hats-controversial-croke-park-gala-pulled-after-public-backlash

[^34]: https://www.carahsoft.com/learn/resource/20925-compress-the-kill-cycle-with-red-hat-device-edge

[^35]: https://www.dlt.com/sites/default/files/documents/2025-01/ve-compress-the-kill-cycle-detail-693397pr-202402-en_3.pdf

[^36]: https://bdsmovement.net/no-tech-oppression-apartheid-or-genocide

[^37]: https://bdsmovement.net/news/end-un-partnership-genocide-enabling-tech-ai-good-conference-and-regulate-ai-and-cloud-dual

[^38]: https://www.waterford-news.ie/news/setu-staff-call-to-sever-ties-with-red-hat-over-idf-links_arid-17270.html

[^39]: https://research.ibm.com/haifa/EUProjects.shtml

[^40]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_operating_in_West_Bank_settlements

[^41]: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session60/advance-version/a-hrc-60-19-aev.pdf

[^42]: https://fintool.com/app/research/companies/NOC/people/arvind-krishna

[^43]: https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/5/12/how-us-big-tech-supports-israels-ai-powered-genocide-and-apartheid ```