Sodastream Digital Audit

Audit Phase: V-DIG (Digital Forensics — Cyber-Intelligence & Technology Supply Chain)
Target: SodaStream International Ltd. (wholly owned subsidiary of PepsiCo Inc. since August 2018)
Research Date: 2026-05-01

Enterprise Technology Stack & Vendor Relationships

Corporate Structure & IT Governance

SodaStream International Ltd. has operated as a wholly owned subsidiary of PepsiCo Inc. since the acquisition was completed on 29 August 2018 for approximately USD 3.2 billion ¹⁸. As a consequence of full acquisition, SodaStream does not operate an independent IT procurement function or publish standalone technology vendor disclosures. Its enterprise IT infrastructure falls within PepsiCo’s consolidated global technology estate ²³. All technology vendor relationships attributed to SodaStream must therefore be assessed against PepsiCo’s group-level procurement, which is not itemised at the subsidiary level in any publicly accessible filing ³²².

Parent-Level Technology Relationships

At the PepsiCo group level, two major enterprise technology relationships are publicly documented and would in principle extend to SodaStream as a business unit:

• SAP S/4HANA: PepsiCo has a documented enterprise relationship with SAP for ERP deployment across its beverage and food divisions, including migration to SAP S/4HANA ¹⁴. Whether SodaStream’s Israeli operations are encompassed within this global ERP rollout is not confirmed in any public source.
• Microsoft Azure: PepsiCo announced a preferred cloud platform partnership with Microsoft Azure in January 2020 ¹³. The arrangement is described as a global cloud transformation programme. No Israel-specific data residency arrangement or Azure region designation for SodaStream’s operations has been publicly disclosed ¹³.

Israeli-Origin Cybersecurity & Software Vendors

No public evidence has been identified of SodaStream or PepsiCo holding verified, named licensing or subscription relationships — specifically in the context of SodaStream’s operations — with any of the following Israeli-origin or Israeli-founded vendors: Check Point Software, Wiz, SentinelOne, CyberArk, NICE Systems, Verint, Claroty, or Palo Alto Networks. PepsiCo’s security vendor stack is not publicly itemised at the subsidiary level in SEC filings, investor relations publications, or trade press coverage reviewed ³²².

One contextual note from additional research: Check Point Software Technologies is Israel’s largest publicly listed cybersecurity company and holds a substantial global enterprise market share in network security, endpoint protection, and cloud security. PepsiCo operates a large global enterprise IT estate. While it would be statistically common for a company of PepsiCo’s scale to use Check Point products — Check Point reports hundreds of Fortune 500 clients — no named contract, case study, vendor announcement, or procurement disclosure linking PepsiCo or SodaStream to Check Point has been identified in any public source. The same applies to all other named Israeli-origin vendors. Statistical likelihood of commercial relationship does not constitute verified evidence and is not treated as such here ²⁴.

Geographic Co-location Note

SodaStream’s Israeli R&D and manufacturing operations are headquartered in Be’er Sheva, Israel, following the closure of its Mishor Adumim (West Bank) facility in September 2015 ⁷¹². Be’er Sheva is Israel’s designated “Cyber Capital” and hosts a dense cluster of Israeli cybersecurity companies and the Israeli National Cyber Directorate. Geographic co-location in the same city does not, however, constitute a verified vendor relationship, and no such relationship has been documented in any source class reviewed ²¹.

Procurement & Integrator Relationships

No public evidence has been identified of named systems integrators or digital transformation consultancies engaged specifically by SodaStream for major technology programmes separate from PepsiCo’s global IT governance. PepsiCo at the group level has used large-scale IT partners including Accenture and IBM (widely reported in trade press), but no SodaStream-specific IT integrator engagements are documented in corporate filings, trade press, or civil society investigations ³. IBM has a significant Israel presence — the IBM Research Lab in Haifa is one of the company’s oldest research centres — but no SodaStream-specific IBM engagement through the Israeli entity has been identified in any source class reviewed ²⁴.

Controlling Principals

Daniel Birnbaum (CEO, SodaStream 2007–2020): Birnbaum served as CEO from approximately 2007 through 2020, including through the PepsiCo acquisition ⁸¹⁸. Following his departure from SodaStream/PepsiCo in 2020, his activity has been documented in Israeli business press in connection with entrepreneurial and advisory roles. No verified equity stake, board role, or personal investment in Israeli surveillance, cyber, AI, SIGINT, or military-technology firms — including but not limited to NSO Group, Cellebrite, Carbyne, AnyVision/Oosto, Wiz, Palantir, Check Point, SentinelOne, or Verint — has been identified in any public source, including corporate filings, Israeli press, or civil society databases ³². Birnbaum was not a ≥10% shareholder in SodaStream at the time of the PepsiCo acquisition; the company was publicly traded on NASDAQ with no single controlling non-institutional shareholder identified in 20-F filings ².

PepsiCo executive leadership and board: PepsiCo’s executive leadership and board composition are disclosed in annual DEF 14A proxy filings ²⁹. No member of PepsiCo’s board or executive leadership team has been identified in public sources as holding verified personal investments or board roles in Israeli surveillance, cyber, or military-technology firms. PepsiCo’s largest institutional shareholders — Vanguard, BlackRock, State Street — are diversified index fund managers whose portfolios include Israeli technology companies; this represents passive index exposure, not directed investment in Israeli tech or military firms, and does not constitute a “controlling principal” relationship under the audit rubric ²²²⁹.

Surveillance, Biometrics & Retail Technology

Facial Recognition & Biometric Identification

No public evidence has been identified of SodaStream deploying facial recognition, biometric identification, behavioural analytics, or gait analysis technologies at any of its facilities — including its Be’er Sheva manufacturing and R&D campus. No verified relationships with Israeli-origin vendors in this category — including Trigo, BriefCam, AnyVision/Oosto, or Trax — have been identified in any source class reviewed, including corporate filings, NGO reports, trade press, or civil society investigations ⁵¹¹.

Additional source checks confirm this finding: Amnesty International’s “Outsourcing Occupation” (2023) report ³⁴, which addresses Israeli state use of private technology companies for surveillance in the occupied territories, does not name SodaStream or PepsiCo. Access Now’s telecommunications and surveillance reporting (2024) ³⁵ similarly does not identify SodaStream or PepsiCo in connection with surveillance technology deployment or procurement. BriefCam (acquired by Canon) and AnyVision/Oosto’s documented client bases do not include consumer appliance manufacturers in any source reviewed.

Workforce & Predictive Surveillance

No public evidence has been identified of SodaStream deploying Israeli-origin predictive analytics, social media monitoring, sentiment analysis, or workforce surveillance tools at its Israeli or international facilities. The Business & Human Rights Resource Centre and Who Profits Research Center corporate profiles for SodaStream do not reference any digital surveillance technology deployment ⁵¹¹.

Third-Party & Managed Service Routes

No public evidence has been identified of Israeli-origin surveillance technologies reaching SodaStream’s operations indirectly through managed security services or bundled enterprise software suites. No vendor case studies, NGO supply-chain audits, or procurement disclosures referencing such arrangements have been identified. SOMO’s 2023 investigations into Israeli tech companies and settlement economy digital infrastructure ³³ focus on telecommunications companies, cloud providers, and enterprise software vendors with documented Israeli government or settlement contracts; SodaStream and PepsiCo are not named in any SOMO investigation accessible through available sources.

Cloud Infrastructure, Data Residency & Sovereign Cloud Participation

Data Centre Operations in Israel

SodaStream operates manufacturing and R&D infrastructure at its Be’er Sheva facility in Israel ¹². No public evidence has been identified that SodaStream operates, leases, or co-locates dedicated data centre infrastructure within Israel distinct from general office and manufacturing IT systems. SodaStream’s corporate website describes its operations in terms of physical manufacturing and consumer product delivery, not technology hosting or data processing services ¹⁷.

PepsiCo’s globally documented Azure partnership (2020) does not include publicly disclosed Israel-specific data residency clauses or in-country sovereign cloud commitments for SodaStream’s operations ¹³. The specific cloud infrastructure serving SodaStream’s Israeli entity — whether Microsoft Azure, AWS, Google Cloud, or an Israeli sovereign cloud provider — has not been publicly documented in any source class reviewed.

One contextual note from additional research: Microsoft Azure opened its Israel Central data centre region in 2023 ³⁰. PepsiCo’s preferred cloud partner is Microsoft Azure ¹³. If SodaStream’s Israeli operations use Azure for cloud workloads, they would — under Microsoft’s standard data residency model — have the option to specify the Israel Central region for data localisation. However, no public evidence of SodaStream or PepsiCo selecting the Azure Israel Central region, entering a data residency arrangement for Israeli operations, or routing SodaStream data through Israeli-domiciled cloud infrastructure has been identified in any source. This remains an evidence gap requiring direct investigation of PepsiCo/SodaStream Azure subscription configurations, which are not publicly disclosed ³⁰.

Connected Appliance & Consumer App Data

SodaStream’s consumer-facing digital assets include its website (sodastream.com), a mobile application (SodaStream+ / sparkling water tracker app), and connected appliance features on certain product lines (e.g., the SodaStream Art and Duo series include some connectivity features). Consumer app and connected appliance features collect limited user data: beverage carbonation tracking, product usage metrics, and CO₂ cylinder level monitoring. This is low-sensitivity consumer product telemetry, not location, biometric, communications, or financial data. The data controller for SodaStream’s consumer digital products is PepsiCo / SodaStream International Ltd.; privacy policy disclosures on the SodaStream website reference compliance with GDPR for EU users and applicable data protection laws. No public evidence has been identified that SodaStream’s consumer app data, product telemetry, or user account data is stored, processed, or routed through Israeli-domiciled infrastructure or that it is subject to Israeli law enforcement access mechanisms ¹⁷.

Project Nimbus

No public evidence has been identified that SodaStream or its parent PepsiCo participates in Project Nimbus, the Israeli government’s national cloud infrastructure programme for which contracts were awarded to Google Cloud and Amazon Web Services in 2021. PepsiCo and SodaStream are not identified as participants, sub-contractors, or tier-two suppliers in any publicly available Project Nimbus documentation. Consumer goods manufacturers are not among the programme’s named commercial participants.

Data Sovereignty & State Infrastructure Services

No public evidence has been identified that SodaStream provides services marketed or contracted to ensure digital sovereignty or infrastructure resilience for Israeli state institutions or military bodies. SodaStream’s commercial identity is that of a consumer goods manufacturer of home carbonation appliances and consumables, not a technology services provider ¹¹⁷.

Defence, Intelligence & Security Sector Technology Relationships

Military & Intelligence Contracts

No public evidence has been identified of SodaStream holding contracts, partnerships, or service agreements with the Israeli Ministry of Defence, the Israel Defence Forces, Mossad, Shin Bet, or any Israeli military or intelligence agency. SodaStream’s business is the manufacture and sale of home carbonation systems, beverage appliances, and CO₂ cylinders ¹⁷². No defence procurement record, contract tender, or corporate disclosure in any jurisdiction references SodaStream as a defence or intelligence technology supplier. This finding is confirmed against the UN A/HRC/59/23 Special Rapporteur report (Albanese, 2025) ²³, which names technology companies with Israeli defence and intelligence relationships — SodaStream and PepsiCo are not among them — and against the AFSC Investigate PepsiCo profile ²⁶, which references the SodaStream acquisition in its historical settlement manufacturing context but does not identify PepsiCo or SodaStream as technology vendors to Israeli state or military bodies.

Dual-Use Technology

No public evidence has been identified, in any NGO, academic, or official source, of SodaStream’s commercial technology being deployed or adapted for military, intelligence, or law enforcement surveillance purposes. Who Profits Research Center, the principal Israeli civil society organisation documenting settlement economy corporate relationships, does not attribute dual-use technology provision to SodaStream ⁵. SodaStream’s product domain (consumer beverage carbonation) places it outside the scope of dual-use technology provision as documented in any source reviewed.

Offensive Cyber & Weapons Technology

No public evidence has been identified. SodaStream does not operate in the cybersecurity, defence technology, or weapons manufacturing sectors. Its technology assets consist of patents in carbonation mechanics and appliance engineering rather than any dual-use or cyber-offensive domain ².

AI, Algorithmic & Autonomous Systems

AI/ML Provision to State or Security Bodies

No public evidence has been identified of SodaStream providing artificial intelligence, machine learning, computer vision, natural language processing, or autonomous decision-support systems to Israeli state, military, or security bodies. No AI product or platform developed by SodaStream has been identified in any source class reviewed. The UN A/HRC/59/23 report (Albanese, 2025) ²³, which specifically addresses AI, cloud infrastructure, and surveillance systems in the context of Israeli occupation and military operations in §§36–43, does not name SodaStream or PepsiCo.

AI at Parent Level

PepsiCo at the parent level has made publicly documented investments in AI and data analytics for supply chain optimisation, demand forecasting, and consumer behaviour analytics, widely reported in trade press from 2021 through 2024 ²⁴. These are general consumer goods applications. No AI capability deployed by PepsiCo at the group level has been identified as provided to or used by Israeli state, military, or security bodies. SodaStream’s contribution to PepsiCo’s AI and data estate — if any — is not independently documented.

Training Data & Model Development

No public evidence has been identified of SodaStream’s operations involving AI model development, training pipelines, or datasets derived from surveillance or operational monitoring contexts. SodaStream’s documented R&D activity is centred on physical product engineering — carbonation technology, appliance design, and CO₂ delivery systems ¹².

Autonomous Systems & Lethal Applications

No public evidence has been identified. SodaStream’s product domain — home and professional beverage carbonation — does not intersect with autonomous weapons systems, drone technology, or any application falling within the scope of lethal autonomous systems assessment.

Technology Ecosystem & R&D Footprint

Israeli R&D Infrastructure

SodaStream operates an R&D and manufacturing facility in Be’er Sheva (Omer Industrial Zone), which became its global headquarters and primary innovation centre following the closure of the Mishor Adumim West Bank factory in September 2015 ⁷¹². Israeli business press reported the Be’er Sheva R&D relocation at the time, framing it as part of the company’s operational consolidation in southern Israel ¹². The facility’s documented focus is on physical product engineering: carbonation technology, appliance design, CO₂ cylinder and exchange systems, and sustainable packaging — not software, digital platforms, or cybersecurity products ¹⁷.

Be’er Sheva hosts Ben-Gurion University of the Negev’s cybersecurity research programmes, the Israeli National Cyber Directorate’s headquarters, and a concentration of Israeli cyber companies. SodaStream’s location in this ecosystem is geographic. No verified R&D collaboration, joint venture, or technology transfer arrangement between SodaStream and any of these proximate institutions has been identified ²¹.

Acquisitions & Investments in Technology

No public evidence has been identified of SodaStream acquiring Israeli-origin technology companies or making strategic investments in Israeli technology startups or venture capital funds, either before or after the PepsiCo acquisition in 2018. PepsiCo’s broader corporate development activity — reviewed through SEC 10-K filings for 2019 through 2024 — includes food and beverage portfolio acquisitions but no identified Israeli tech investments attributable to the SodaStream business unit ³²²²⁹.

Intellectual Property Profile

SodaStream holds patents primarily in carbonation technology, beverage dispensing mechanisms, and CO₂ cylinder design — consumer product patents filed across multiple jurisdictions, consistent with its manufacturing identity as disclosed in SEC Form 20-F filings ². No significant software, AI, machine learning, or cybersecurity-related patent portfolio has been identified through review of USPTO filings or trade press.

No public evidence has been identified of licensing agreements or co-development arrangements between SodaStream and Israeli academic institutions — including the Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, or the Weizmann Institute of Science — in any technology domain covered by this audit ².

Civil Society Scrutiny & Regulatory History

NGO & Academic Investigations

SodaStream has attracted sustained NGO and civil society scrutiny, concentrated in the period 2012–2018, with the primary focus on its settlement manufacturing operations at Mishor Adumim in the occupied West Bank. The following organisations have published findings referencing SodaStream:

• Who Profits Research Center: Maintains a corporate profile documenting SodaStream’s operations at Mishor Adumim industrial zone, alleging operation on settlement-designated land, discriminatory employment conditions for Palestinian and Bedouin workers, and economic benefit to the Israeli settlement enterprise. The profile’s technology-specific findings are limited to general manufacturing infrastructure and do not address digital technology vendor relationships ⁵. The updated 2022 profile ⁵ does not introduce any new digital technology findings.
• Human Rights Watch (January 2016, Occupation, Inc.): Named SodaStream among businesses whose settlement operations contributed to violations of Palestinian rights under international law. The SodaStream section concerns labour conditions and land use at Mishor Adumim — not digital technology, cybersecurity, or IT supply chain matters ⁴.
• Al-Haq: Referenced SodaStream in settlement economy reporting focused on labour rights and territorial violations, not digital supply chain matters ¹⁵.
• UN OHCHR Database (A/HRC/43/71, February 2020): The UN’s database of businesses involved in settlement-related activities included SodaStream in earlier iterations of the listing process, based on its pre-2015 operations at Mishor Adumim under Category (b) — providing goods and services facilitating the maintenance and development of settlements. By the time the formal 2020 database was published, SodaStream had already relocated its West Bank facility (September 2015) and been acquired by PepsiCo (August 2018). The UN database’s stated scope is physical settlement operations, not digital technology relationships ¹⁰. Under the updated database mandate (HRC resolution 53/25, 2023 iteration) ²⁴, PepsiCo is not identified in the 2023 iteration based on available evidence; the database’s methodology does not currently extend to digital supply chain or IT vendor relationships.
• UN A/HRC/59/23 — Albanese Special Rapporteur Report (2 July 2025): This report addresses, in §§36–43, the role of cloud infrastructure, AI, surveillance, and data systems in enabling the occupation and military operations in Gaza, naming Google, Amazon, Microsoft, and Palantir in connection with their Israeli government relationships ²³. SodaStream and PepsiCo are not named in A/HRC/59/23 or in its predecessor Special Rapporteur reports in any technology context. The report is relevant as the authoritative legal and factual framework for technology company relationships with Israeli state and military bodies but does not generate a positive finding for SodaStream.
• Don’t Buy Into Occupation (DBIO) 2024/2025: These reports ²⁵ identify companies with financial relationships to Israeli settlement banks and settlement-linked entities, focusing primarily on financial institutions, construction material suppliers, and technology companies with direct Israeli state or settlement contracts. SodaStream and PepsiCo are not identified in the DBIO 2024 or 2025 company lists in any technology-related capacity.
• AFSC Investigate: The AFSC Investigate database ²⁶ maintains profiles on corporations with documented relationships to Israeli military, settlement, or surveillance infrastructure. PepsiCo’s profile references the SodaStream acquisition and its historical settlement manufacturing context, but does not identify PepsiCo or SodaStream as technology vendors to Israeli state or military bodies and does not attribute digital supply chain relationships covered by this audit.
• SOMO (Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations, 2023): SOMO’s investigations into Israeli tech companies and settlement economy digital infrastructure ³³ focus on telecommunications companies, cloud providers, and enterprise software vendors with documented Israeli government or settlement contracts. SodaStream and PepsiCo are not named in any SOMO investigation accessible through available sources.
• Amnesty International “Outsourcing Occupation” (2023): This report ³⁴ addresses Israeli state use of private technology companies for surveillance in the occupied territories. It does not name SodaStream or PepsiCo. Its scope is technology vendors providing surveillance infrastructure — a category that does not include consumer goods manufacturers.
• Oxfam / Behind the Brands: PepsiCo (as SodaStream’s parent company) has been assessed in Oxfam’s “Behind the Brands” supply chain labour scorecard. No technology-specific findings relating to SodaStream are identified in the published scorecard ²⁰.
• Electronic Intifada: Published reporting in 2015 attributing SodaStream’s factory relocation to the cumulative pressure of the BDS campaign, citing disruption to European retail relationships and the Johansson/Oxfam controversy ⁹.
• Stop the Wall: Palestinian civil society coalition published campaign materials (from 2013) setting out grounds for the SodaStream boycott, focused on the Mishor Adumim factory and its role in the settlement economy ¹⁶.

No published NGO investigation, academic study, or UN report has been identified that specifically addresses SodaStream’s digital technology vendor relationships, IT supply chain, or cybersecurity procurement in connection with the Israeli state.

BDS Campaign

SodaStream has been one of the most prominent targets of the BDS (Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions) movement, with organised campaigns running from approximately 2012 through 2018 and continuing in residual form thereafter ³⁹¹⁶.

The publicly documented grounds for BDS targeting were:

• Operation of manufacturing facilities in the Mishor Adumim settlement industrial zone in the occupied West Bank ³⁵.
• Employment practices toward Palestinian and Bedouin workers alleged to be discriminatory and to operate under conditions incompatible with international labour standards ⁵⁴.
• Economic contribution to the Israeli settlement enterprise through production and export of goods manufactured in occupied territory ³¹⁶.

The campaign gained widespread international attention through the Scarlett Johansson/Oxfam controversy of January–February 2014, in which Johansson resigned as an Oxfam ambassador after declining to withdraw from SodaStream’s Super Bowl advertising campaign, generating sustained media coverage of the settlement manufacturing debate ².

SodaStream announced the closure of its Mishor Adumim factory in October 2014 ⁶ and completed the relocation to Be’er Sheva in September 2015 ⁷. BDS campaigners characterised this as a partial outcome while maintaining that relocation to Israel proper did not end the basis for the boycott, given continued operations within Israel and the subsequent PepsiCo acquisition ³.

SodaStream’s documented responses included: CEO Daniel Birnbaum’s repeated public statements defending the West Bank factory as a source of employment for Palestinian workers; framing of the factory closure as a business-driven decision rather than a concession to BDS; and post-acquisition integration into PepsiCo’s global ESG and sustainability framework ⁶⁸¹⁸.

The BDS campaign against SodaStream is based entirely on its settlement manufacturing history and associated labour practices. No BDS or civil society campaign has been identified that specifically targets SodaStream’s digital technology vendor relationships, IT procurement, or cybersecurity supply chain.

Constructive Notice — Post-19 July 2024 (ICJ Advisory Opinion) and Post-21 November 2024 (ICC Arrest Warrants)

The ICJ Advisory Opinion of 19 July 2024 ²⁷ held that Israel’s continued presence in the Occupied Palestinian Territory is unlawful under international law and that all states and international organisations have obligations not to render aid or assistance that maintains that presence. The ICC Pre-Trial Chamber issued arrest warrants for Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant on 21 November 2024 ²⁸.

For constructive notice purposes:

• SodaStream’s primary documented connection to the occupation — manufacturing at Mishor Adumim — ended in September 2015, predating both the ICJ Advisory Opinion and the ICC warrants by approximately nine years.
• SodaStream’s Be’er Sheva operations are located within Israel’s internationally recognised 1948 territory and are not located within the occupied West Bank or Gaza.
• No activity by SodaStream or PepsiCo has been identified that commenced or continued after 19 July 2024 in circumstances where the ICJ Advisory Opinion would create constructive notice of a new legal obligation not previously existing. The post-ICJ constructive notice flag is therefore not triggered by any identified ongoing SodaStream activity; the principal documented settlement-nexus activity (Mishor Adumim) pre-dates the ICJ Advisory Opinion by nine years and was discontinued.

Settlement Nexus — Post-2015 Status

The settlement nexus for SodaStream is historical (Mishor Adumim, pre-September 2015). No evidence has been identified of any post-2015 SodaStream digital product, service, or platform being provided in or to Israeli settlements, whether directly or via licensees or franchisees. SodaStream markets and sells consumer carbonation appliances and CO₂ cylinder exchange services in Israeli retail markets, including through Israeli retail chains that may operate in settlements; however, no evidence has been identified of SodaStream operating digital infrastructure, platforms, or services specifically deployed within settlement territories, or of SodaStream’s e-commerce or digital consumer platforms being specifically targeted at or operated for settlement consumers as a distinct category ³⁵.

Regulatory & Legal Actions

• EU product labelling: The Court of Justice of the European Union ruled in November 2019 (Psagot case) that settlement-produced goods must be labelled as originating from Israeli settlements rather than from “Israel.” SodaStream’s Mishor Adumim production (pre-September 2015) was directly relevant to this labelling debate in European markets ². This is a trade labelling and consumer information regulatory matter; it does not constitute a technology export control, sanctions, or digital regulatory action.
• No public evidence has been identified of regulatory inquiries, legal challenges, export control proceedings, or sanctions-related investigations specifically involving SodaStream’s technology sales, software licensing, or services to Israeli state entities.
• No public evidence has been identified of formal OECD National Contact Point complaints or OECD Watch proceedings specifically addressing SodaStream’s digital technology relationships or IT supply chain ¹⁹.
• The Business & Human Rights Resource Centre’s parent-level PepsiCo profile ³¹ does not identify any regulatory or legal proceedings addressing SodaStream’s digital technology relationships.

End Notes