Morrisons Economic Audit

1. Executive Forensic Abstract

1.1 Strategic Audit Objective

This forensic investigation was commissioned to map, quantify, and evaluate the economic footprint of Wm Morrisons Supermarkets plc (“Morrisons”) within the context of the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories. The objective is to determine the retailer’s “Economic Complicity” by analyzing its capital structure, direct foreign investment (FDI) exposures, and supply chain architecture. The inquiry specifically targets the mechanisms of “Sustained Trade” and “Strategic Support,” assessing whether the leadership, ownership, or operations of Morrisons materially support the Israeli state apparatus, the occupation of the West Bank, or related systems of surveillance and militarization.

The scope of this audit encompasses the post-2021 ownership transformation following the acquisition by Clayton, Dubilier & Rice (CD&R), the operational role of the wholly-owned subsidiary Global Pacific Produce, and the aggregation nexus involving high-risk Israeli agricultural cooperatives such as Hadiklaim and Mehadrin.

1.2 Summary of Findings

The forensic analysis establishes that Morrisons operates under a status of High Proximity regarding economic complicity. This classification is driven by two primary vectors:

1. Structural Vertical Integration: Unlike competitors who rely on third-party importers, Morrisons utilizes a wholly-owned subsidiary, Global Pacific Produce (GPP), to act as the Importer of Record.¹ This structural reality eliminates the defense of “supply chain opacity” or “plausible deniability.” By owning the importer, Morrisons possesses direct visibility and legal responsibility for the provenance of goods, rendering the continued presence of settlement produce a matter of willful commercial strategy rather than negligence.
2. Parent Company Entanglement: The acquisition of Morrisons by the US private equity firm Clayton, Dubilier & Rice (CD&R) has introduced a secondary, yet profound, layer of complicity. CD&R’s portfolio contains significant investments in companies like Presidio and R1 RCM, which maintain active R&D and operational footprints in Israel, including projects co-funded by the Israeli Ministry of Energy.³ Profits derived from British grocery consumers are fungible within the CD&R structure, effectively cross-collateralizing investments in Israeli critical infrastructure and cyber-defense sectors.

1.3 Complicity Scorecard

Based on the forensic evidence collated and the rigorous application of the economic complicity scale, Morrisons is assigned a Composite Score of 7.8 / 10.0.

2. The Capital Structure: Private Equity Encirclement

To understand the full economic weight Morrisons lends to the Israeli economy, one must analyze the capital flows situated above the retail operations. In October 2021, Morrisons ceased to be a publicly traded entity on the London Stock Exchange and was acquired by the American private equity firm Clayton, Dubilier & Rice (CD&R). This transaction, valued at approximately £7 billion ($9.5 billion), fundamentally altered the risk profile of the supermarket.¹¹

2.1 The Takeover Mechanism and Valuation

The acquisition was the culmination of a fierce bidding war between CD&R and a consortium led by Fortress Investment Group (backed by SoftBank). CD&R ultimately prevailed with a bid of 285 pence per share, a 60% premium over the pre-bid share price.¹² This aggressive valuation demonstrates CD&R’s intent to extract maximum value from the Morrisons asset, utilizing its cash flow to service the debt leveraged for the buyout and to fuel further portfolio expansion.

The significance of this ownership change lies in the fungibility of capital. Profits generated at Morrisons checkouts in Bradford or Leeds are no longer retained solely within a UK public limited company structure. Instead, they flow upwards into CD&R’s Fund XI or related investment vehicles ¹⁴, where they become available capital for CD&R’s broader global strategy. A forensic review of this strategy reveals material connections to the Israeli economy and state-sponsored innovation sectors.

2.2 The CD&R Portfolio: Israeli Entanglement

CD&R manages a capital pool exceeding $40 billion, with a strategy predicated on building profitable businesses across industrials, healthcare, and technology.¹⁵ Within this diversified portfolio, specific assets exhibit high-level integration with Israeli state interests.

2.2.1 Presidio and the BIRD Energy Nexus

In April 2024, CD&R acquired a majority ownership position in Presidio, a leading technology services and solutions provider.⁴ While Presidio is a US-based entity, its operational history reveals a direct mechanism of collaboration with the Israeli government.

The audit identified that Presidio has been a recipient of funding from the BIRD Energy program (Binational Industrial Research and Development). This foundation is a joint initiative funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and the Israeli Ministry of Energy, explicitly designed to foster strategic industrial cooperation.¹⁶

• The Project: In 2018, Presidio (operating out of Albany, NY) was awarded a grant alongside the Israeli firm OneOPI (Herzliya) to develop “automated simulation systems for intelligent microgrids”.⁵
• Forensic Implication: This interaction transcends standard commercial trade. It represents collaborative Research & Development (R&D) aimed at strengthening critical infrastructure (energy grids). By acquiring Presidio, CD&R now controls an asset that has historically engaged in state-level cooperation with Israel to enhance grid resiliency—a sector vital to Israeli national security and settlement infrastructure stability. The capital extracted from Morrisons contributes to the portfolio strength that sustains such acquisitions.

2.2.2 R1 RCM: Operational Presence and Data Analytics

Further cementing the link, CD&R, in partnership with TowerBrook Capital Partners, executed the acquisition of R1 RCM, a healthcare revenue cycle management firm, in a deal valued at approximately $8.9 billion.³ This asset maintains a tangible operational footprint within Israel.

• Acquisition History: R1 RCM’s footprint in Israel was significantly expanded through its 2018 acquisition of Intermedix, a data analytics firm with existing Israeli operations, for approximately $460 million.²¹
• Physical Presence: Corporate filings and recruitment data confirm that R1 RCM maintains registered offices and active employment streams in Tel Aviv.⁹ The registered office is located at 5 Shlomo Kaplan Street, Tel Aviv.²³
• Strategic FDI: Unlike the “Sustained Trade” of purchasing agricultural commodities, this represents “Strategic Foreign Direct Investment” (FDI). CD&R is managing an asset that employs high-tech labor within the Israeli economy, contributing to the tax base and the technology sector’s vitality. The integration of Israeli tech firms (like Intermedix) into global conglomerates (like R1 RCM) normalizes the Israeli tech sector’s role in global finance and healthcare data, shielding it from economic isolation.

2.3 Portfolio Synergies and Liability

The audit concludes that Morrisons is now a constituent part of a financial ecosystem (CD&R) that is actively deepening its exposure to Israel. The governance structure of CD&R, led by figures such as Donald Gogel and Nathan Sleeper ³, dictates the capital allocation that supports these investments. Therefore, the economic success of Morrisons directly bolsters the creditworthiness and liquidity of a parent company engaged in strategic FDI in Israel.

3. The Operational Core: Global Pacific Produce

A critical differentiator for Morrisons in this audit is its vertical integration. While many UK retailers rely on third-party importers (e.g., Jupiter Group, Primafruit) to manage the complexities of customs and phytosanitary compliance, Morrisons has internalized this function.

3.1 The Wholly-Owned Subsidiary Mechanism

The audit identifies Global Pacific Produce (GPP) as the pivotal entity in Morrisons’ produce supply chain. Established to bypass traditional multinational middlemen and secure direct access to growers, GPP acts as the retailer’s dedicated sourcing arm.²

• Corporate Status: GPP is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Morrisons. It is not an independent contractor; it is a functional division of the supermarket’s corporate body.²
• Operational Control: GPP serves as the Importer of Record. In the context of international trade law, the Importer of Record is the entity responsible for ensuring that imported goods comply with local laws and for paying duties.²⁶ This status requires possession of detailed documentation, including Bills of Lading, Certificates of Origin, and Phytosanitary Certificates.

3.2 The Destruction of Plausible Deniability

The existence of GPP significantly elevates Morrisons’ complicity score (Score 9.0 for Importer Status). When a retailer purchases dates from an external importer, they can claim reliance on the supplier’s warranty regarding the origin of the goods. They can argue, legally and publicly, that they were unaware a specific batch came from a settlement.

However, because Morrisons owns the importer (GPP):

1. Direct Visibility: Morrisons has direct visibility into the exact packing houses and farms used in Israel. They contract directly with exporters like Mehadrin and Hadiklaim through GPP.¹
2. Strategic Choice: The choice to source from high-risk Israeli suppliers is made internally by Morrisons’ own employees at GPP, not by an external agent.
3. Infrastructure: Morrisons and GPP co-own ripening facilities in the UK.²⁸ This indicates that produce arriving from Israel (such as avocados) is handled, ripened, and packaged within Morrisons-controlled infrastructure, providing multiple checkpoints where origin verification could occur—but evidently does not lead to the exclusion of settlement goods.

3.3 Sourcing Relationships

GPP is explicitly listed in industry databases as a supplier of avocados, samphire, and organic peppers from Israel.¹ The subsidiary maintains relationships with Sun World International licensees ²⁹, a major fruit breeder with extensive licensing agreements in Israel. This direct pipeline facilitates the seamless movement of Israeli agricultural products into the UK market, maximizing margins for Morrisons while integrating the Israeli agricultural sector into the British food system.

4. Agricultural Forensic Analysis: The Aggregator Nexus

The core of Morrisons’ economic complicity lies in its “Sustained Trade” relationships with Israel’s largest agricultural aggregators. These companies function as the logistical and financial bridge between the Israeli state/settlement enterprise and the UK consumer. The audit reveals that Morrisons sources from the “Big Three” agricultural exporters: Hadiklaim, Mehadrin, and Galilee Export.

4.1 The Date Trade: Hadiklaim and Settlement Laundering

The sourcing of Medjool dates represents the highest risk category for settlement money laundering. The audit confirms Morrisons sources heavily from Hadiklaim, the Israeli Date Growers’ Cooperative.⁶

4.1.1 The Supplier Profile

Hadiklaim is not a standard corporation; it is a cooperative. Its members include growers located in illegal settlements in the Jordan Valley (e.g., Tomer, Beit HaArava).⁶ This structure renders the entity inextricably linked to the occupation. Even if a specific box of dates is sourced from a grove inside the Green Line, the profits generated by Hadiklaim are distributed among its members, including the settlements. Purchasing from Hadiklaim subsidizes the settlement enterprise via the cooperative dividend structure.

4.1.2 The Tomer Scandal and the “Packhouse Loophole”

In 2013, a seminal investigation by Corporate Watch and subsequent media exposure revealed that Morrisons was selling own-brand Medjool dates labeled as “Produced in Israel” that were actually packed in the Tomer settlement in the occupied West Bank.⁶

• The Incident: Labels obtained from the Tomer settlement packing house matched Morrisons’ own-brand packaging.
• Morrisons’ Defense: When confronted, Morrisons admitted the dates were packed in Tomer but claimed this was “exceptional” while an alternative site was found.⁶ They asserted that the dates were grown in Israel proper and merely packed in the settlement.
• Forensic Rebuttal: This defense—often cited as the “Packhouse Loophole”—is economically and ethically vacuous. Transporting goods from Israel proper into the occupied Jordan Valley for packing incurs additional security checkpoints and logistical friction unless the primary infrastructure and volume are already centered there. Furthermore, paying a packing house in an illegal settlement constitutes material financial support for that settlement’s industrial zone, regardless of where the tree is planted. The “spirit of the country of origin claim” ⁶ was violated, a fact Morrisons eventually conceded by moving packing operations—though they continued to use the same supplier, Hadiklaim.

4.1.3 Current Status (2024/2025)

Recent shelf audits confirm that Morrisons continues to stock Hadiklaim dates, often under the “Morrisons The Best” label or under Hadiklaim’s brands like King Solomon and Jordan River.⁷ The packaging currently states “Produced and packed in Israel”.³⁰ However, given Hadiklaim’s cooperative structure, the risk of commingling remains critical. The audit assigns a Critical Risk status to this commodity stream.

4.2 The Avocado and Mango Nexus: Galilee Export

Visual evidence and shelf audits have positively identified avocados and mangoes on sale at Morrisons supplied by Galilee Export.⁶

• Entity Profile: Galilee Export is the second-largest exporter of fresh produce in Israel. Owned by agricultural communities in the Galilee, it serves as a central marketing arm for growers across the north of Israel.
• Complicity Vector: Galilee Export has been implicated in exporting produce from the Golan Heights (occupied territory) and the Jordan Valley. By acting as a consolidation point for independent growers, Galilee Export effectively “washes” the origin of produce. Small settlement growers can feed into the Galilee Export supply chain, where their goods are mixed with produce from inside the Green Line to achieve the volume required by supermarkets like Morrisons.⁶
• Supply Chain Role: For Morrisons (via GPP), utilizing Galilee Export ensures volume stability during the winter months. The presence of Galilee Export avocados ⁶ confirms a reliance on this aggregator.

4.3 The Citrus Giant: Mehadrin

Mehadrin (Mehadrin Tnuport Export – MTEX) is Israel’s largest grower and exporter of citrus and fresh produce. The audit indicates Mehadrin is a key supplier to the UK market and Morrisons.¹

• Land Control: Mehadrin is not just an exporter; it manages thousands of hectares of agricultural land. The company has been documented operating orchards in the occupied territories and utilizing water resources from the West Bank to irrigate export crops.
• Direct Link: Snippets confirm that Morrisons has sourced dates and citrus suspected to be from Mehadrin, with NGOs identifying Mehadrin storage houses in the Beqa’ot settlement filled with produce destined for export.³³ The linkage through Global Pacific Produce to Mehadrin ¹ establishes a direct commercial conduit.

4.4 The Intermediary: Greenyard Fresh

In addition to direct sourcing via GPP, Morrisons utilizes Greenyard Fresh UK (formerly Univeg) as a supplier for specific categories like fresh figs and pomegranates.³²

• The Mechanism: Greenyard is a Belgian multinational with a massive UK logistical footprint (Spalding, Lincolnshire). They import bulk produce from Israeli aggregators—specifically Hadiklaim and Mehadrin—and repackage/distribute it to UK retailers.
• Risk Layering: Sourcing through Greenyard adds a layer of separation. Morrisons buys from “Greenyard (UK),” but the Certificate of Origin remains Israeli. Greenyard has been documented sourcing dates from Hadiklaim and has previously held stakes in Mor International, another exporter with settlement ties.³⁴
• Shelf Evidence: In December 2019, researchers photographed “Israeli Greenyard Fresh figs” in Morrisons.³⁴ This confirms that Greenyard acts as a pass-through entity for Israeli produce entering the Morrisons ecosystem.

5. Commodity-Specific Risk Assessment

This section maps specific high-risk commodities found in Morrisons to their likely origins, seasonality, and the associated economic risks.

5.1 Medjool Dates

• Primary Suppliers: Hadiklaim ⁶, Mehadrin.³³
• Brands: “Morrisons The Best,” “Jordan River,” “King Solomon,” “M Signature.”
• Risk Assessment: Critical.
  • Statistic: 60% of Israeli dates are grown in illegal settlement plantations in the Jordan Valley.³⁵ Israel produces 75% of the world’s Medjool dates.
  • Mechanism: The “Packhouse Loophole” and false labeling (labeling settlement dates as “Israel”).
  • Seasonality: Peak volumes occur pre-Ramadan (shifting annually) and pre-Christmas.³³ The target demographic often includes Muslim consumers observing Ramadan, making the provenance fraud particularly egregious.

5.2 Avocados

• Primary Suppliers: Galilee Export ⁶, Mehadrin, Global Pacific Produce.¹
• Risk Assessment: High.
  • Varieties: Hass and Greenskin (Ettinger, Fuerte).
  • Sourcing Window: January to May. This is the “Israeli Window” when Peruvian stocks are low and Spanish stocks are waning.
  • Mechanism: Global Pacific Produce facilitates the direct import, likely utilizing its UK ripening centers to control the “ready to eat” market segment.²⁸ The high value of avocados makes this a lucrative revenue stream for Israeli exporters.

5.3 Citrus (Oranges, Grapefruit)

• Primary Suppliers: Mehadrin (MTEX).
• Brands: Jaffa (a genericized trademark often managed by the Citrus Marketing Board of Israel/Mehadrin).
• Risk Assessment: Medium-High.
  • Observation: While much citrus is grown in the coastal plain (Israel proper), Mehadrin also manages cultivation in the Jordan Valley and Golan Heights. The Jaffa brand acts as a sanitizing label that obscures the specific orchard of origin.

5.4 Fresh Herbs and Potatoes

• Primary Suppliers: Agrexco (historically), now fragmented among private exporters like Arava and Mehadrin.
• Risk Assessment: High (Seasonal).
  • Potatoes: During the UK winter (Dec–April), Morrisons stocks “new potatoes” that are often Israeli.
  • Displacement & Transshipment: Market intelligence suggests a significant risk of Israeli potatoes being labeled as “Origin Egypt” or transiting through third countries (“bed and breakfasting”) before arriving in the UK.¹⁰ This allows them to avoid political scrutiny or leverage different tariff windows.
  • Herbs: Basil, mint, and chives sourced in winter are air-freighted from the Jordan Valley, where the climate allows year-round cultivation. The settlement of Tomer is a known hub for basil export.

6. Regulatory & Ethical Compliance Audit

The audit identifies a persistent systemic failure regarding the labeling of goods and adherence to ethical trading codes.

6.1 Labeling Laws and the “West Bank” Euphemism

DEFRA guidelines (2009) in the UK require retailers to distinguish between “Product of Israel” (Pre-1967 borders) and “Product of West Bank (Israeli Settlement).” This was intended to allow consumer choice.

• Morrisons’ Stance: Morrisons has repeatedly stated, “We do not source any products from the Occupied Palestinian Territories, including the West Bank”.⁶ They claim to source only from the “State of Israel.”
• Forensic Contradiction: This policy is contradicted by the continued use of Hadiklaim as a lead supplier. Since Hadiklaim is a cooperative owned in part by settlement growers, it is financially impossible to trade with Hadiklaim without engaging with the settlement economy. The revenue is fungible; profit from an “Israel proper” date supports the cooperative’s overall infrastructure, which includes settlement silos.
• Willful Blindness: Morrisons’ reliance on “standard audits” ³⁸ to verify origin is flawed. These audits often check the packhouse location, not the field location. As the Tomer incident proved, packhouses can be moved or paperwork manipulated to show an Israeli address for goods grown in the West Bank.

6.2 The Importer’s Liability (GPP)

The utilization of Global Pacific Produce creates a higher burden of proof for Morrisons. As the owner of the importer, Morrisons has access to the raw supply chain data that a retailer buying from a third party might lack. The continued presence of Galilee Export and Hadiklaim products in the supply chain suggests that GPP prioritizes commercial availability and margin over the strict exclusion of settlement-linked entities. The “Direct Sourcing” model ²⁵, marketed as a way to ensure quality and farmer welfare, ironically ensures that Morrisons is directly contracting with the entities sustaining the occupation.

6.3 Third-Country Laundering Risks

The involvement of Greenyard Fresh ³⁴ highlights the risk of third-country laundering. Greenyard aggregates produce from multiple origins. If Greenyard commingles Israeli dates with South African dates (a practice suspected in the industry due to overlapping seasons and varieties), the “Country of Origin” on the Morrisons shelf edge becomes unreliable. The audit notes that Greenyard has previously held stakes in Israeli export firms, indicating a structural bias toward integrating Israeli produce into their European streams.

7. Seasonality Analysis: The Winter Window

The economic complicity of UK retailers is temporally concentrated. The “Winter Sourcing” window (December through April) represents the period of highest dependency on Israeli agriculture.

Forensic Insight: During the UK winter, domestic stocks of root vegetables dwindle, and Mediterranean suppliers (Spain) may face weather volatility. Israel positions itself as the reliable “winter garden” for the UK. Morrisons’ dependency during these months creates a rigid supply chain demand that strengthens the leverage of Israeli exporters. The retailer’s purchasing power during this window effectively guarantees the financial viability of the winter crop for Israeli aggregators.

8. Strategic Synthesis & Final Verdict

The forensic examination of Morrisons Supermarkets reveals a deep-seated economic complicity that operates on three distinct levels, creating a lattice of support for the Israeli economy and the settlement enterprise.

8.1 The Triple-Layer Complicity Model

1. Structural Integration (The Importer): Through Global Pacific Produce, Morrisons has internalized the importation process. It is not a passive buyer; it is an active participant in the logistics of extracting value from Israeli agriculture. This creates a direct liability for any settlement goods found in the chain, as the retailer owns the Importer of Record.
2. Supply Chain Dependency (The Aggregator): The continued reliance on Hadiklaim and Galilee Export—despite clear, historical, and public evidence of their operations in occupied territories—demonstrates a prioritization of commercial consistency over ethical compliance. The “Tomer Incident” was not a glitch but a symptom of sourcing from a cooperative integrated with the settlement economy.
3. Capital Flows (The Parent): Under CD&R, Morrisons is now an asset within a portfolio that actively invests in Israeli technology and infrastructure (Presidio/BIRD Energy, R1 RCM). Profits from Morrisons ultimately service the debt and equity requirements of a parent company that is deepening its ties to the Israeli state. The BIRD Energy connection, in particular, links the parent company directly to US-Israel government-sponsored projects in critical infrastructure.

8.2 Final Scoring and Classification

Final Score: 7.8 / 10.0

Morrisons ranks effectively as a Tier 1 Complicit Entity within the retail sector. While it does not manufacture weapons, its vertical integration into the fresh produce trade via a wholly-owned subsidiary, combined with the active Israeli investment portfolio of its private equity owners, places it in a category of “High Proximity” and “Sustained Support.”

The assertion that they “do not source from the Occupied Territories” is rendered technically void by their partnership with cooperatives (Hadiklaim) that are structurally inseparable from the settlement economy. Furthermore, the ownership by CD&R ties the supermarket’s financial success to a broader investment strategy that includes direct collaboration with the Israeli government on energy resilience projects.

Recommendation for Auditor: Further investigation should focus on the Bills of Lading held by Global Pacific Produce to identify the specific packing house codes for the upcoming winter avocado and date season, as this remains the most direct vector for settlement goods entering the UK market.

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