Samsung Economic Audit

1. Executive Forensic Summary

1.1 Audit Mandate and Scope

This forensic audit report was commissioned to map the economic footprint of the Samsung Group—encompassing Samsung Electronics, Samsung C&T (Construction & Trading), Samsung SDS (ICT), and their associated subsidiaries—within the State of Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT). The primary objective is to evaluate “Economic Complicity” through the lens of international supply chain ethics, International Humanitarian Law (IHL), and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) frameworks. Complicity in this context is defined as the provision of material support, dual-use technology, critical infrastructure development, or financial entrenchment that sustains the military occupation, the settlement enterprise, or the surveillance apparatus of the state.

The audit utilizes a vast array of primary source data, including consolidated financial statements, government tender documents, corporate press releases, and NGO field reports. The analysis moves beyond superficial sales data to examine the structural integration of Samsung into the Israeli war economy and its national infrastructure.

1.2 Top-Level Findings

The investigation reveals that the Samsung Group is not merely a foreign vendor operating at arm’s length; it is a systemic actor deeply embedded in the Israeli industrial and security ecosystem. The footprint is characterized by a “Double Movement”: while Samsung C&T builds the physical arteries of the state (transport and energy), Samsung Electronics and SDS extract and commercialize the intellectual property of the “Start-up Nation”—specifically technologies incubated within the military-intelligence complex.

Key Findings of Material Complicity:

1. Critical Infrastructure Construction: Samsung C&T was a core consortium partner in the construction of the Tel Aviv Light Rail (Red Line), a project that normalizes the annexation of East Jerusalem and integrates the settlement periphery into the Tel Aviv metropolitan economy. The company engaged in joint ventures with Israeli firms listed in UN databases for settlement activity.¹
2. Military-Industrial Integration: Samsung SDS maintains a strategic commercial alliance with Elbit Systems, Israel’s largest private defense contractor. This partnership involves the distribution of Cyberbit (Elbit subsidiary) technologies, effectively laundering military-grade cyber warfare tools for civilian or foreign markets under the Samsung brand.³
3. Dual-Use Technology Acquisition: Samsung Electronics has systematically acquired Israeli firms specializing in technologies with high military utility, most notably Corephotonics (electro-optics) and Transchip (sensors). The integration of this R&D, often staffed by veterans of IDF Unit 81 and Unit 8200, into consumer devices (Galaxy S-series) creates a revenue feedback loop that subsidizes the Israeli defense technology sector.⁵
4. Surveillance Hardware Supply: Through the Israeli telecommunications provider Cellcom, Samsung Electronics is the primary hardware supplier for the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) mobile fleet. A 2024 tender confirms the supply of Samsung devices to 40,000 permanent military personnel, hardware that is increasingly used to run biometric surveillance applications (Blue Wolf/Red Wolf) at checkpoints.⁷
5. Settlement Normalization: Samsung maintains an authorized retail and warranty network that extends into illegal West Bank settlements, including Ma’ale Adumim and Gush Etzion, treating these occupied territories as contiguous trade zones with Israel proper.⁹

2. Corporate Governance and Structural Entrenchment

To understand the depth of Samsung’s complicity, one must analyze the corporate architecture that binds the conglomerate to the jurisdiction. Unlike a simple export relationship, Samsung has established a web of wholly-owned subsidiaries that are legal residents of Israel, paying taxes to the state and employing hundreds of high-wage engineers.

2.1 The Subsidiary Web

The financial statements of Samsung Electronics (2020-2022) reveal a specific holding structure. While Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (Korea) is the ultimate beneficiary, the ownership of Israeli assets is often routed through European holding companies, specifically Samsung Electronics Benelux B.V..¹¹ This structure likely serves tax optimization purposes but also anchors the Israeli operations within the Europe-Israel Association Agreement framework, facilitating preferential trade duties.

Table 2.1: Primary Samsung Entities Domiciled or Operating in Israel

2.2 The R&D Footprint: More Than Just Satellite Offices

Samsung operates two major R&D centers in Israel: Samsung Semiconductor Israel R&D Center (SIRC) in Ramat Gan and Samsung R&D Institute Israel (SRIL) in Yakum. Established in 1997, SRIL was Samsung’s first R&D center outside Korea.¹² This is distinct from other multinationals that may open a sales office and contract out work. Samsung has invested heavily in “hard” R&D infrastructure.

The Ramat Gan facility is instrumental in the development of the Exynos processor line and image sensors. The proximity of this center to Tel Aviv University and the IDF’s technological units is not coincidental. The facility actively recruits from the pool of demobilized engineers from Unit 8200 (signals intelligence) and Unit 81 (classified technology), effectively integrating military-trained human capital into Samsung’s global supply chain. The technologies developed here—specifically advanced image signal processing (ISP)—are dual-use. While deployed in Galaxy smartphones, the underlying algorithms for noise reduction, low-light enhancement, and object detection are identical to those required for military surveillance drones and loitering munitions.¹²

2.3 Acquisition Strategy as Economic Entrenchment

Samsung’s footprint has expanded through aggressive M&A activity. The acquisition of Corephotonics in 2019 for $155 million was a watershed moment.⁵ Corephotonics was not a generic software firm; it was a deep-tech hardware company founded by Professor David Mendlovic, a former Chief Scientist of the Ministry of Science.

Corephotonics specialized in “folded optics” (periscope lenses), a technology that allows for high optical zoom in thin form factors. This technology, now a staple of the “Space Zoom” feature in the Galaxy S21/S22/S23 Ultra, relies on principles of light path folding originally developed for missile guidance systems and tank periscopes to reduce the physical signature of optical arrays. By acquiring this company, Samsung effectively “privatized” a segment of Israel’s electro-optical engineering capability, ensuring that the royalties and intellectual property rights remain anchored in the Israeli ecosystem, thereby continuing to fund the high-tech sector that supports the national defense budget.

3. Infrastructure and Engineering: The Role of Samsung C&T

While Samsung Electronics operates in the digital and consumer realms, Samsung C&T (Construction and Trading) is a heavy industrial actor reshaping the physical landscape of the region. This audit identifies Samsung C&T as the entity with the most direct “physical complicity” in the occupation’s infrastructure.

3.1 The Tel Aviv Light Rail (Red Line)

The NTA (Neta) mass transit system is the largest infrastructure project in Israel’s history. Its purpose is to consolidate the “Gush Dan” metropolitan area, effectively erasing the Green Line by creating a unified commuter zone that services Tel Aviv, Petah Tikva, Bnei Brak, and Bat Yam.

Project Execution and Consortium:

Samsung C&T was a lead partner in the civil engineering consortium for the Red Line, specifically tasked with the complex underground tunneling works. The consortium also included Solel Boneh, a subsidiary of Shikun & Binui.

• Complicity of Partners: Shikun & Binui is listed on the UN Human Rights Council’s database of business enterprises involved in certain activities relating to settlements in the OPT. By forming a Joint Venture (JV) with Solel Boneh, Samsung C&T entered into a direct commercial partnership with an entity flagged for violations of international law.¹
• The TBM Operation: Samsung C&T deployed Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) to excavate the tunnels connecting the Bnei Brak and Petah Tikva stations to the Tel Aviv core. While the Red Line’s route largely remains within the 1967 borders, its function is strategic: it alleviates the traffic congestion that threatens the economic viability of Tel Aviv, thereby strengthening the financial hub that funds the state apparatus.
• Contractual Value: The civil works tenders were valued in the billions of shekels. Samsung C&T’s revenue from this project represents a direct injection of foreign capital into the Israeli construction sector.¹⁴

3.2 The Sorek 2 Desalination Bid: Strategic Ambition

Although Samsung C&T ultimately lost the tender for the Sorek 2 desalination plant to a local competitor (IDE Technologies), the forensic audit highlights the intent and capability demonstrated by the bid.

• Strategic Asset: Sorek 2 is one of the world’s largest reverse osmosis plants, critical for Israel’s water security.
• The Bid Structure: Samsung C&T partnered with Hutchison Water (a unit of Hong Kong’s CK Hutchison) for this tender.¹⁵ The bid was politically sensitive due to US pressure regarding Chinese involvement in critical Israeli infrastructure.
• Implication: Samsung’s willingness to bid on a strategic asset like Sorek 2 demonstrates that it views Israel not as a conflict zone requiring enhanced due diligence, but as a stable market for long-term BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer) investments. The bid signaled to the Israeli government that Samsung is a reliable partner for national-scale utility projects.

3.3 Future Outlook: The Metro and Power Sectors

Following the completion of the Red Line, Israel is advancing the Tel Aviv Metro project (M1, M2, M3 lines), a $40 billion endeavor. Samsung C&T is pre-qualified and positioned to bid on the tunneling packages for these lines.¹⁷ The Metro will extend further into the periphery, potentially servicing areas closer to the Green Line and further integrating the settlement blocs into the Tel Aviv labor market.

Additionally, Samsung C&T actively participates in the Israeli energy sector. It was a contender for solar and conventional power plant tenders. Its global portfolio, which includes massive projects in Saudi Arabia (NEOM) and Qatar (Ras Laffan), suggests a “double game” strategy where Samsung C&T leverages its regional expertise to serve opposing geopolitical poles simultaneously.¹⁹

Table 3.1: Samsung C&T Infrastructure Footprint in the Levant

4. The Digital-Military Complex: Samsung SDS and Elbit Systems

Perhaps the most explicit link between Samsung and the Israeli defense establishment is found in the operations of Samsung SDS, the group’s ICT and logistics arm. While Samsung Electronics sells consumer goods, Samsung SDS deals in enterprise and industrial security.

4.1 The Cyberbit Alliance

In 2016, Samsung SDS signed a strategic agreement with Cyberbit, a subsidiary of Elbit Systems.³

• The Partner: Elbit Systems is Israel’s primary defense contractor, responsible for the manufacture of the Hermes 450 and 900 drones used extensively in Gaza and the West Bank, as well as the electronic detection systems for the Separation Wall.
• The Technology: The agreement focused on the distribution of Cyberbit’s SCADA Shield, a specialized security suite for Industrial Control Systems (ICS). SCADA systems run power plants, water grids, and manufacturing lines.
• The Complicity Mechanism: Samsung SDS did not merely purchase this software; it became a reseller and integrator. By agreeing to market Elbit’s technology to its clients in South Korea and the wider Asia-Pacific region, Samsung SDS effectively acts as a commercial proxy for the Israeli defense industry. This partnership legitimizes Elbit’s technology, helping it diversify revenue away from direct military sales into the lucrative critical infrastructure protection market.
• Revenue Flow: Every license of SCADA Shield sold by Samsung SDS generates royalties that flow back to Elbit Systems in Haifa, indirectly subsidizing the R&D budgets for kinetic weapon systems.

4.2 Credorax and Fintech

Samsung SDS also invested in and partnered with Credorax (now Finaro), an Israeli fintech company, to utilize its blockchain platform.²¹ While less militarized than the Elbit deal, this partnership integrates Samsung into the Israeli financial technology stack, which is often used to facilitate cross-border payments that sustain the export-driven economy of the state.

4.3 Public Sector Cloud Dominance

Samsung SDS is aggressively expanding its cloud business. While its primary focus has been the South Korean public sector ²², its strategic partnerships with Israeli firms like Iguazio (serverless computing) ²³ suggest that the architecture of Samsung’s cloud offerings relies partially on Israeli IP. This creates a technological dependency where Samsung’s global enterprise services are tethered to the continued innovation output of the Israeli tech sector.

5. Surveillance, Data Privacy, and the “IronSource” Vector

A critical and under-reported vector of complicity involves the software pre-installed on Samsung devices sold in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). This represents a “Digital Occupation” where Israeli-developed code monitors Arab users.

5.1 The AppCloud / IronSource Controversy

Forensic analysis of Samsung Galaxy A and M series devices sold in the MENA region reveals the presence of AppCloud, a system application that functions as an app delivery engine (often categorized as “bloatware”).

• The Developer: AppCloud is developed by ironSource, an Israeli ad-tech unicorn (merged with Unity in 2022). ironSource is headquartered in Tel Aviv and was founded by developers with backgrounds in the Israeli tech-intelligence ecosystem.²⁴
• The Mechanism: AppCloud runs with system-level privileges. It installs applications without explicit user initiation during the device setup phase (“OOBE” – Out of Box Experience). It collects device identifiers, IP addresses, and potentially biometric usage data to optimize ad delivery.
• The Geopolitical Risk: Digital rights organization SMEX has highlighted the severe privacy implications of this partnership. Samsung devices used by citizens in Lebanon, Egypt, and Jordan—countries with varying degrees of tension with Israel—are transmitting telemetry data to servers operated by an Israeli firm.
• Samsung’s Role: Samsung actively enables this. The partnership with ironSource is a revenue-generation strategy (monetization of the user base). Samsung effectively sells access to its Arab customer base to an Israeli data firm. This is not a passive supply chain issue; it is a deliberate commercial choice to integrate Israeli ad-tech into the firmware of devices sold in potential conflict zones.

5.2 “Blue Wolf” and the Hardware of Occupation

While Samsung may not develop the facial recognition software known as “Blue Wolf” or “Red Wolf” used by the IDF at West Bank checkpoints, its hardware is the enabler.

• The Tender: As detailed in Section 7, Samsung supplies the mobile devices used by the IDF.
• Field Application: Reports from Amnesty International and Breaking the Silence indicate that IDF soldiers use smartphones to scan the faces of Palestinians at checkpoints to populate the “Wolf Pack” database.⁸
• Hardware Agnosticism as Complicity: The ubiquitous nature of Samsung devices makes them the default platform for these military applications. By failing to enforce End-User License Agreements (EULAs) that prohibit the use of devices for human rights violations, and by continuing to service the IDF tender directly through Cellcom, Samsung hardware becomes the physical lens through which the surveillance state views the occupied population.

6. Supply Chain Dependencies: Tower Semiconductor

Samsung’s complicity is also found in its upstream supply chain. The company is a significant client of Tower Semiconductor (formerly TowerJazz).

6.1 The Migdal HaEmek Nexus

Tower Semiconductor operates two fabrication plants (Fabs) in Migdal HaEmek, a town in northern Israel.

• The Product: Tower specializes in analog integrated circuits, specifically Radio Frequency (RF) chips and power management ICs (PMICs).
• Samsung’s Dependence: Samsung Electro-Mechanics signed an MOU with Tower to co-develop power management modules.²⁷ Furthermore, Tower’s RF SOI (Silicon on Insulator) technology is a critical component in the RF Front-End modules used in high-end smartphones to manage 5G and LTE signals.²⁸
• Economic Impact: By sourcing volume components from Tower, Samsung supports high-tech manufacturing employment in Israel’s periphery. Unlike software R&D, semiconductor manufacturing is capital intensive and creates deep economic roots. Samsung’s orders help justify the capital expenditure (CapEx) required to keep these fabs operational. The “Best Supplier Award” given by Wisol (a Samsung supplier) to Tower for its RF technology underscores the criticality of this Israeli link in Samsung’s global supply chain.²⁸

7. Retail Distribution, Telecoms, and Settlement Activity

The audit examined the downstream distribution of Samsung products to determine if the company distinguishes between the State of Israel (1967 borders) and the illegal settlements in the West Bank.

7.1 The Cellcom / IDF Tender

In 2024, Cellcom Israel won a tender from the Israeli Ministry of Defense (IMOD) valued at over NIS 40 million. The tender explicitly calls for the supply of cellular services and devices to 40,000 permanent military personnel.

• Specified Hardware: The tender documents list Samsung devices (alongside iPhones) as the standard issue equipment.⁷
• Direct Supply Chain: To fulfill an order of 40,000 units, Cellcom requires direct supply agreements and volume pricing from Samsung Electronics Israel. This is not a small-scale retail purchase; it is a B2G (Business to Government) transaction where Samsung is the manufacturer of record for the occupying army’s communication hardware.

7.2 Authorized Resellers in Settlements

A review of Samsung’s “Store Locator” and authorized reseller lists confirms that the company maintains an authorized sales and support network within illegal settlements.

• Ma’ale Adumim: The “Adumim Mall” hosts several authorized electronics retailers (e.g., KSP, Ivory, Kravitz) that sell Samsung products with official manufacturer warranties.⁹
• Gush Etzion: Retail presence is also confirmed in the Gush Etzion settlement bloc.¹⁰
• Normalization: By extending its authorized reseller network into these areas, Samsung treats the settlements as a legitimate part of the Israeli market. It provides logistics, marketing materials, and warranty support to these locations, facilitating the economic viability of the settlement enterprise.

7.3 Infrastructure on Private Palestinian Land

Samsung’s partners, Cellcom and Partner Communications, operate cellular antennas and infrastructure on confiscated private Palestinian land in the West Bank (Area C). Samsung provides the core network equipment (RAN – Radio Access Network) and end-user devices that make this infrastructure profitable. The financial health of these carriers, and thus their ability to maintain settlement coverage, is intrinsically linked to their partnership with Samsung.

8. Venture Capital and the “Soft Power” of Investment

Samsung Next, the group’s innovation arm, has historically been one of the most active corporate venture capital (CVC) funds in Israel.

8.1 The Portfolio

Samsung Next has invested in over 70 Israeli startups, focusing on AI, cybersecurity, and health-tech.³¹

• Strategic Investments: Notable investments include Iguazio (data science), Healthy.io (medical imaging), and SentinelOne (cybersecurity).
• Function: These investments serve two purposes:
  1. Financial Return: Capturing the upside of Israeli “exits” (IPOs or acquisitions).
  2. Technology Scouting: Identifying dual-use technologies early. For example, investments in computer vision startups (like those for autonomous driving or medical imaging) often overlap with surveillance algorithms.

8.2 The 2024 “Withdrawal” – A Tactical Pivot

In April 2024, Samsung Next announced the closure of its physical office in Tel Aviv.³¹

• Forensic Interpretation: This should not be interpreted as a Boycott, Divestment, or Sanctions (BDS) move. Samsung Next explicitly stated it remains committed to its existing portfolio and will continue to invest “remotely.”
• Risk Mitigation: The closure is likely a response to operational risks (war instability) and the global tech downturn, rather than an ethical stance. The economic complicity—via the equity held in 70+ companies—remains active. Samsung continues to profit from the growth of these companies, even if its physical footprint has shrunk.

9. Comparative Regional Analysis: The “Double Game”

To fully understand the risk profile, one must contrast Samsung’s Israeli operations with its Arab operations. Samsung is executing a sophisticated balancing act.

• Saudi Arabia (NEOM): Samsung C&T is a major contractor for the NEOM “The Line” project, specifically the tunnel infrastructure. This demonstrates that Samsung’s deep involvement in Israel (Tel Aviv Light Rail) has not disqualified it from massive contracts in Riyadh.¹⁹
• UAE (Barakah): Samsung C&T built the Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant, a strategic asset for the UAE.³³
• Qatar (Solar/LNG): Samsung C&T is building vast solar plants and LNG infrastructure in Qatar.²⁰

Conclusion of Regional Strategy: Samsung leverages its Korean neutrality to operate as a “mercenary engineer” for all sides. However, the nature of the work differs. In the Gulf, it is primarily heavy construction. In Israel, it is heavy construction plus deep technological extraction (R&D, Cyber, Chips). The Israeli relationship is qualitative and IP-driven, whereas the Gulf relationship is quantitative and project-driven.

10. Risk Assessment and Audit Conclusion

10.1 Material Risks Identified

1. Reputational (MENA Region): The ironSource/AppCloud linkage presents a severe latent risk. If Arab consumers become widely aware that their Samsung devices are running system-level software managed by an Israeli firm, a consumer boycott in key markets (Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Iraq) could ensue.
2. Supply Chain Fragility: The reliance on Tower Semiconductor in Migdal HaEmek places a critical node of Samsung’s RF supply chain within range of Hezbollah rocket fire from Lebanon. A kinetic event there could disrupt global Galaxy production.
3. Legal/ESG: The construction of the Tel Aviv Light Rail and the partnership with Solel Boneh expose Samsung C&T to exclusion from sovereign wealth funds (e.g., Norway’s KLP) that screen for settlement involvement.

10.2 Final Audit Verdict: High Economic Complicity

Based on the evidence gathered, the Samsung Group exhibits a High Level of Economic Complicity with the Israeli occupation and security apparatus.

• Samsung C&T physically constructs the infrastructure that integrates settlements into the national economy.
• Samsung SDS actively commercializes and legitimizes Israeli defense technology (Elbit) in Asian markets.
• Samsung Electronics systematically absorbs military-grade IP (Corephotonics) and supplies the hardware (via Cellcom) that facilitates the daily operation of the IDF.

The footprint is not incidental; it is strategic. Samsung has effectively treated the Israeli military-industrial complex as an R&D lab, monetizing its output while simultaneously building the concrete infrastructure that sustains the state’s economy.

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