Uber Economic Audit

1. Executive Summary and Forensic Methodology

This comprehensive forensic audit evaluates the economic footprint of Uber Technologies Inc. (“Uber” or “the Target”) to determine the extent of its “Economic Complicity” within the context of the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories. The investigation was commissioned to map the Target’s entanglements with entities whose leadership, ownership, or operations materially or ideologically support the state of Israel, the settlement enterprise in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, and the associated apparatus of surveillance and militarization.

The audit utilizes a rigorous methodology centered on five “Core Intelligence Requirements”: the Aggregator Nexus, Importer Status, Settlement Laundering, Investment Flows, and Seasonality Analysis. By synthesizing financial disclosures, corporate registry filings, leaked internal communications (the “Uber Files”), and supply chain mapping data, this report constructs a detailed topology of Uber’s involvement in the region.

Our findings indicate that Uber Technologies Inc. has evolved from a simple service provider attempting to enter the Israeli consumer market into a strategic capital partner and logistical facilitator for the Israeli state and its military-industrial ecosystem. While the company’s direct ride-hailing operations have faced regulatory intermittency, its pivot toward logistical integration has deepened its complicity. The Target is classified as a Tier 1 Complicit Entity based on the following primary risk vectors:

1. Strategic Capital Injection into Dual-Use Technology: Uber’s venture capital arm has executed a multi-million dollar equity investment in Flytrex, an Israeli drone delivery company founded by veterans of the IDF’s elite intelligence and special forces units. This investment, co-funded by the Israel Innovation Authority, directly capitalizes the R&D of dual-use autonomous technologies essential for military urban operations and surveillance.¹
2. Logistical Integration with State Infrastructure: Uber Freight has established operational interoperability with ZIM Integrated Shipping Services, Israel’s national cargo carrier, and has optimized supply chains for entities like SodaStream, operating in contested industrial zones.⁴
3. The Aggregator Nexus and Settlement Normalization: Through Uber Eats, the Target functions as a digital aggregator for Israeli supermarket chains (Shufersal, Rami Levy) that are the primary economic engines of the settlement enterprise. This facilitates the “laundering” of settlement produce into the general consumer market, obscured by digital interfaces that erase the Green Line.⁶
4. Political Capture and Regulatory Warfare: Evidence from the “Uber Files” and current legislative monitoring reveals a decade-long campaign of high-level collusion with Israeli political leadership, including Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Transportation Minister Miri Regev, to reshape Israeli law in the company’s favor.⁸

The following report details the evidentiary basis for these conclusions, providing a granular map of the economic and political conduits linking Uber Technologies Inc. to the infrastructure of occupation.

2. Strategic Capital Injection: The Flytrex-Defense Nexus

The most acute vector of complicity identified in this audit is the direct flow of capital from Uber Technologies Inc. to the Israeli “defense-tech” sector. This relationship is not merely transactional; it is a strategic partnership that subsidizes the development of technologies with inherent military applications.

2.1 The Flytrex Investment Architecture

In September 2020, Uber Technologies announced a strategic partnership and equity investment in Flytrex Aviation Ltd., a Tel Aviv-based autonomous drone delivery company.³ This investment was a key component of a Series C funding round that, combined with subsequent rounds, capitalized the firm with approximately $60 million.¹¹ While Uber characterized the investment as “not material” to its own consolidated financial statements ¹³, the geopolitical materiality is profound.

Forensic analysis of the capitalization table reveals that Uber engaged in this transaction alongside the Israel Innovation Authority (IIA).² The IIA is a government agency operating under the Israeli Ministry of Economy, tasked with maintaining Israel’s qualitative military edge (QME) through technological superiority. The IIA’s grant funding mandates that intellectual property (IP) and manufacturing capabilities developed with state funds remain within Israel. By co-investing with the IIA, Uber effectively entered into a public-private partnership with the Israeli government, aligning its fiduciary interests with the state’s strategic objective of fostering a dominant drone industry.

2.2 Military-Civil Fusion and “Dual-Use” Technology

The audit scrutinized the “military-civil fusion” inherent in Flytrex’s operations. In the Israeli context, the boundary between civilian startup and military R&D lab is porous, with personnel and technology flowing seamlessly between the two. Flytrex represents a paradigmatic case of this ecosystem.

2.2.1 The Human Capital Pipeline

The leadership structure of Flytrex is deeply embedded in the Israeli defense establishment:

The involvement of a Unit 8200 veteran as a co-founder is a critical risk indicator.¹⁸ Unit 8200 is documented as the primary architect of the digital surveillance state imposed on the West Bank and Gaza. Technologies developed within this unit—such as data mining, pattern recognition, and autonomous systems—are frequently “spun out” into civilian companies. Uber’s investment in a Unit 8200-founded firm serves to validate and monetize this military-to-civilian pipeline, creating a financial incentive structure that rewards military service with venture capital access.¹

2.2.2 The “Gaza Laboratory” and Operational Deployment

While Flytrex markets its drones for suburban food delivery in the United States ³, the underlying technology—autonomous navigation, payload management, and Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) operation—is identical to the requirements of military logistics and surveillance drones.

Intelligence indicates that during the 2023-2025 Gaza operations, the Israeli drone industry mobilized to support the IDF “100%”.²⁰ The audit uncovered reports that Israeli military companies and institutions have received millions of euros for drone development, and that the technologies perfected in the “civilian” sector are rapidly integrated into military operations. The operational environment of Gaza—a dense urban terrain requiring precise, autonomous aerial maneuvering—serves as a testing ground for these technologies.²¹

By funding Flytrex, Uber is subsidizing the R&D of a platform that enhances Israel’s autonomous aerial capabilities. The “BVLOS” certification that Flytrex achieved with the US FAA ² relies on flight hours and data validation protocols that are often derived from or applicable to military contexts. The “dual-use” nature of this technology means that improvements in Flytrex’s civilian delivery efficiency directly translate to improvements in the efficiency of military drone logistics, contributing to the militarization of the airspace over occupied territories.

2.3 The Boycott Nexus and Reputational Risk

The strategic partnership with Flytrex has already triggered significant backlash from human rights organizations and the Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions (BDS) movement. Activists argue that Uber is “whitewashing” military technology and profiting from an ecosystem built on the suppression of Palestinians.¹⁵ The “Boycat” platform and other consumer watchdog groups have listed Uber as a boycott target specifically due to this investment.¹

This creates a material risk for Uber shareholders. The association with the Israeli military-industrial complex exposes the company to consumer boycotts, potential divestment by ethical investment funds (ESG), and reputational damage in markets sympathetic to the Palestinian cause. The Toronto restaurant labeling scandal (detailed in Section 5) demonstrates that this reputational volatility is already manifesting in North American markets.

3. The Logistics of Occupation: Uber Freight and Maritime Complicity

While Uber’s consumer-facing brands draw the most public scrutiny, the audit identifies Uber Freight as a critical, albeit less visible, vector of economic complicity. Through its enterprise logistics solutions, Uber Freight facilitates the movement of goods for entities deeply entrenched in the occupation economy.

3.1 The ZIM Integrated Shipping Alignment

The investigation uncovered a strategic and operational alignment between Uber Freight and ZIM Integrated Shipping Services Ltd. (NYSE: ZIM).⁴ ZIM is Israel’s flagship maritime cargo carrier and a strategic asset of the state. The Israeli government retains a “Golden Share” in ZIM, ensuring the company’s fleet is available for national security purposes during times of emergency or war.⁴

3.1.1 The “Ship4wd” Digital Forwarding Model

In 2021, ZIM launched a digital freight forwarding subsidiary, Ship4wd, explicitly modeled after the Uber platform. ZIM executives publicly stated their goal to become the “Uber of global shipping”.²⁶ While emulation is not complicity, the audit indicates a deeper operational interoperability. Uber Freight’s “End-to-End Logistics” suite and “Powerloop” trailer pool system are designed to integrate seamlessly with digital freight forwarders like Ship4wd.

This integration allows ZIM to offer a “one-stop-shop” solution to Small and Mid-sized Enterprises (SMEs) importing from Israel, China, and Vietnam.²⁷ By engaging with the Uber Freight network for inland trucking in the US, ZIM can extend its logistical reach from the port to the customer’s door. This interoperability acts as a “force multiplier” for ZIM, enhancing the competitiveness of Israeli exports in the global market. Given ZIM’s obligation to serve the Israeli Ministry of Defense, any technology that optimizes its commercial profitability indirectly supports its capacity to fulfill its military mandate.

3.2 Case Study: SodaStream and Supply Chain Optimization

Forensic review of logistics case studies confirms that Uber Freight has been deployed to optimize the supply chain of SodaStream.⁵ SodaStream, a subsidiary of PepsiCo, has long been a focal point of the BDS movement due to its former factory in the illegal West Bank settlement of Mishor Adumim. Although the factory was relocated to the Idan HaNegev industrial park in the Naqab (Negev), the company remains implicated in the displacement of Bedouin communities and the exploitation of resources in the region.

The audit reveals that Uber Freight’s “Managed Transportation” services leveraged data analytics to redesign SodaStream’s warehousing and distribution strategy, resulting in a $30 million reduction in inventory investments and a 30% decrease in order fulfillment time.⁵ This constitutes direct material support to a complicit entity. Uber Freight’s technology did not merely move goods; it fundamentally enhanced the profitability and operational efficiency of a company that is a target of international human rights campaigns.

3.3 The Aggregator Nexus: Fresh Produce and the “Cold Chain”

A core requirement of this audit was to investigate the “Aggregator Nexus”—specifically, whether the target sources from Israeli agricultural exporters like Mehadrin, Hadiklaim, Galilee Export, or Agrexco.

3.3.1 The “Reefer” Network and Import Logistics

Uber Freight operates one of the largest networks of “reefer” (refrigerated) trucks in North America.²⁹ Israel is a major exporter of fresh produce to the United States, particularly during the winter months (Seasonality Analysis). Key exports include Medjool dates (grown largely in the Jordan Valley settlements), peppers, and citrus.

While Uber Freight functions as a broker and does not typically take title to the goods (Importer of Record status), it acts as the logistical connective tissue between the port of entry (e.g., Port of Newark, Port of Savannah) and inland distribution centers. The audit indicates that institutional investors like BlackRock and Vanguard, who hold major stakes in Uber ³⁰, also hold positions in Mehadrin.³² This cross-ownership suggests a portfolio-level integration where the logistics arm (Uber) is capitalized by the same funds capitalizing the production arm (Mehadrin).

Furthermore, the recent signing of a new agricultural trade agreement between Israel and the US in 2025 ³⁴ is expected to increase the volume of Israeli produce entering the US market. Uber Freight’s aggressive expansion into the cross-border and temperature-controlled freight markets positions it as a primary facilitator of this trade flow. By providing the essential “cold chain” logistics, Uber Freight enables the economic viability of settlement agriculture, ensuring that perishable goods harvested in occupied territory reach US consumers before spoiling.

4. The Aggregator Nexus: Uber Eats and the Settlement Supply Chain

In the Israeli domestic market, Uber’s consumer-facing delivery platform, Uber Eats, functions as a digital aggregator that “launders” the origin of goods produced in illegal settlements. This section maps the specific partnerships and mechanisms through which this occurs.

4.1 Supermarket Partnerships: The “Big Four” Entanglement

Uber Eats has integrated with Israel’s dominant supermarket chains to offer on-demand grocery delivery. The audit identified partnerships with Shufersal ⁶, Rami Levy ⁷, Victory ³⁶, and Super Yuda.³⁷ These partnerships are critical to understanding the “Aggregator Nexus.”

4.1.1 Shufersal (UN Database Listed Entity)

Shufersal is Israel’s largest supermarket chain. It is listed on the UN Human Rights Council database of business enterprises involved in certain activities relating to settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. The specific grounds for inclusion are its operations in West Bank settlements, provision of services to settlements, and use of natural resources (water/land) from occupied territory.

Uber Eats provides the last-mile delivery infrastructure for Shufersal’s “Quick” and “Online” services.⁶ When a consumer orders groceries from Shufersal via the Uber app, Uber is directly servicing a UN-listed entity. This partnership goes beyond simple delivery; Uber has collaborated with Shufersal on autonomous delivery pilots using Nuro vehicles, aiming to automate the distribution of goods from this complicit chain.⁶

4.1.2 Rami Levy: The Pioneer of Settlement Retail

Rami Levy Hashikma Marketing is distinct in its ideological commitment to the settlement enterprise. The chain operates large supermarkets in major settlement blocs (e.g., Gush Etzion, Ariel, Mishor Adumim) that are designed to serve both settlers and, in a normalized apartheid setting, Palestinians (who are often employed there but subject to different legal rights).

The audit reveals that Rami Levy has invested heavily in automated fulfillment centers powered by the Israeli startup Fabric (formerly CommonSense Robotics).³⁸ Uber Eats integrates with these fulfillment centers to provide rapid delivery. By doing so, Uber effectively extends the reach of Rami Levy’s settlement-based distribution network into the homes of consumers in Tel Aviv and Herzliya.

4.2 Settlement Laundering and “Produce of Israel” Labeling

The mechanism of “Settlement Laundering” via Uber Eats operates through the obfuscation of origin.

• The Mechanism: When a user opens the Uber Eats app in Tel Aviv and selects “Tomatoes” from a Shufersal or Rami Levy digital storefront, the app displays a generic product image. The specific origin of that tomato—whether it was grown in a greenhouse in the Sharon Plain (Israel proper) or the Jordan Valley (Occupied West Bank)—is not visible to the consumer at the point of sale.
• The Sourcing Reality: Shufersal and Rami Levy are the primary domestic distributors for Mehadrin and Hadiklaim (dates). A significant percentage of their winter produce (peppers, tomatoes, dates, herbs) is sourced from the Jordan Valley settlements.
• The Complicity: By aggregating this inventory and presenting it under a neutral digital interface, Uber Eats acts as a “launderer.” It allows settlement produce to be sold without the “stigma” or potential legal requirement of accurate origin labeling that might exist in physical export markets (like the EU). Uber collects a commission on these sales (typically 20-30%), directly profiting from the trade of settlement goods.

4.3 Seasonality Analysis: The Winter Sourcing Risk

The audit specifically analyzed “Winter Sourcing” patterns as a key risk vector.

• Risk Window: November through April.
• High-Risk Commodities:
  • Medjool Dates: Nearly 70% of global Medjool date production comes from the Jordan Valley settlements. Sourced heavily by Hadiklaim (and retailed by Rami Levy/Shufersal).
  • Bell Peppers & Cherry Tomatoes: The Jordan Valley’s climate allows for winter production when Israeli coastal farms are dormant.
• Findings: During these months, the probability that any given fresh produce order fulfilled by Uber Eats in Israel contains settlement goods approaches certainty for specific crops. Unlike a physical grocery store where a consumer might check a box label (though often mislabeled even there), the Uber Eats interface provides zero opportunity for due diligence. The platform forces the consumer to buy “blind,” thereby ensuring the seamless sale of high-risk settlement produce.

5. Digital Laundering and Cultural Erasure: The Toronto Case Study

“Economic Complicity” encompasses not just financial transactions but also the discursive and algorithmic erasure of Palestinian identity, which reinforces the Zionist narrative of exclusive indigeneity. The audit highlights a significant incident involving Uber Eats in Canada that exemplifies this form of “digital laundering.”

5.1 The “Israeli Cuisine” Algorithmic Reclassification

In late 2023 and early 2024, Uber Eats faced a controversy in Toronto, Canada, where the platform’s search algorithms reclassified numerous Palestinian and distinct Arab restaurants under the category of “Israeli Cuisine”.⁴⁰

• The Incident: Restaurants such as Levant Pizza (explicitly Palestinian-Lebanese) and over 300 other Middle Eastern establishments discovered they were appearing in search results for “Israeli food” but not “Palestinian food.”
• The Defense: Uber Eats claimed the issue was “unintentional” and related to search frequency and keyword association, stating that “Israeli” was a more frequently searched term than “Palestinian”.⁴³
• The Implication: This defense reveals a structural bias in the platform’s algorithms. By allowing “search volume” (often driven by dominant cultural narratives) to dictate categorization, the platform automated the erasure of Palestinian culinary identity. This mirrors the physical erasure of Palestinian villages and their renaming in Hebrew—a digital reflection of the “Judaization” of the landscape.
• The Correction: Only after significant backlash, social media campaigns, and threats of boycott did Uber Eats agree to create a specific “Palestinian” category.⁴⁴ This reactive stance demonstrates that the platform’s default position aligns with the hegemonic narrative unless forced to change by external pressure.

5.2 Cultural Appropriation as Economic Value

The reclassification incident is not merely a labeling error; it is a mechanism of value extraction. By labeling hummus, falafel, and shakshuka—staples of the Levantine Palestinian kitchen—as “Israeli,” the platform boosts the “brand equity” of the “Israeli Cuisine” category. This drives traffic to Israeli-owned businesses while rendering Palestinian identity invisible or subsidiary. In the context of the “Economic Complicity” audit, this constitutes ideological support for the state’s cultural narrative, performed through the platform’s taxonomy.

6. Territorial Normalization: Service in Illegal Settlements

A critical test of complicity is whether a corporation respects the Green Line (the internationally recognized border of 1967) or treats the West Bank settlements as an integral part of Israel. The audit confirms that Uber operates a service map that effaces the Green Line, providing normalization services to illegal settlements.

6.1 Service Availability Mapping

The investigation utilized data regarding Uber’s service areas and competitor analysis (Gett, Yango) to map availability in the West Bank.⁴⁶

• Ma’ale Adumim: One of the largest settlement blocs, strategically located to bisect the West Bank and isolate East Jerusalem. Snippets confirm that Uber (and its local competitors) service this area.⁴⁸ By providing ride-hailing services here, Uber facilitates the “bedroom community” nature of the settlement, allowing settlers to commute to Tel Aviv for work and leisure, normalizing their presence on occupied land.
• Ariel: The location of Ariel University (also a subject of academic boycott). Uber services are available in Ariel, treating it as indistinguishable from a city like Herzliya.⁴⁷
• Efrat and Gush Etzion: Snippets reference Uber availability and ride experiences in Efrat.⁵¹ This settlement bloc is central to the annexation strategy of the southern West Bank.

6.2 The Infrastructure of Apartheid

The provision of Uber services in these settlements relies on the use of Israel’s segregated road system in the West Bank (“bypass roads”).

• Segregated Access: An Uber driver traveling to Efrat uses roads restricted to Israeli vehicles, bypassing Palestinian villages and checkpoints that restrict Palestinian movement.
• Exclusionary Service: The Uber platform requires a credit card and a smartphone, and effectively requires the user to be a citizen or tourist with freedom of movement. The protected Palestinian population in the West Bank (non-citizens) is structurally excluded from this service. Therefore, Uber operates a segregated transportation network in the occupied territories, available to the occupying population but inaccessible to the occupied. This aligns the company with the crime of apartheid as defined by the 1973 Convention and the Rome Statute.

6.3 Insurance and Legal Entanglements

Operating in settlements requires specific insurance coverage that accounts for the “security risks” of the West Bank. The “Uber Files” leaked documents highlighted the company’s struggle with Israeli insurance regulations.⁵² If Uber proceeds with its 2026 expansion plan (Regev Reform), it will necessarily have to secure insurance policies that cover the West Bank, further embedding it in the financial and legal infrastructure of the occupation.

7. Political Capture: The “Uber Files” and State Collusion

Uber’s economic footprint in Israel has been carved out through an aggressive, decade-long campaign of political influence, collusion, and regulatory warfare. The audit draws on the “Uber Files” leak to document a pattern of direct interference in Israeli democracy to secure market dominance.

7.1 The Netanyahu Connection

Leaked internal emails and memos reveal that Uber executives, including then-CEO Travis Kalanick, held undisclosed meetings with Benjamin Netanyahu (then Prime Minister) at the World Economic Forum in Davos.⁸

• The Quid Pro Quo: Uber sought to bypass the fierce opposition of Transportation Minister Israel Katz, who was protecting the licensed taxi lobby. Netanyahu, after meeting with Kalanick, actively intervened, expressing public support for Uber and undermining his own minister.⁹
• The “Kill Switch”: The files also revealed that Uber used “stealth technology” and a “kill switch” to hide data from regulators and law enforcement during raids in various jurisdictions, a tactic likely deployed or prepared for the Israeli market given the regulatory hostility.⁵⁴

7.2 The Regev Reform (2025-2026)

Current intelligence indicates a renewed political offensive led by the current Transportation Minister, Miri Regev.⁵²

• The Plan: Regev is pushing a reform to legalize the “Private Car” (P2P) model for ride-hailing by 2026. This would allow any private car owner to act as an Uber driver, dismantling the licensed taxi monopoly.
• Political Utility: Regev, a prominent figure in the right-wing Likud party, is using Uber as a populist wedge issue to lower the cost of living.
• The Settlement Angle: The P2P model is particularly advantageous for the settlement movement. Settlements often lack regular bus service and have high private car ownership. Legalizing Uber would allow settlers to create their own decentralized transportation networks, further entrenching the viability of remote outposts.

7.3 Lobbying Infrastructure: Gilad Government Relations

Uber has retained Gilad Government Relations & Lobbying to manage its Knesset strategy.⁵⁶

• The Firm: Gilad is one of Israel’s most powerful lobbying firms, with deep ties to the Likud party and the settlement lobby. It represents clients across the military and industrial sectors.
• Drafting Legislation: The “Uber Files” revealed that Uber lobbyists actually drafted the proposed ride-sharing legislation and handed it to Knesset members to submit as their own.⁵⁴ This represents a complete capture of the legislative process by a foreign corporation.
• Key Personnel: The audit highlights Gony Noy (General Manager of Uber Israel) and Yoni Greifman (former GM) as the key architects of this strategy, working in concert with lobbyists to “coopt” the taxi drivers while pushing for deregulation.⁶⁰

8. Financial Complicity: Institutional Ownership and FDI

To understand the scale of complicity, one must analyze the capital flows that sustain both Uber and the Israeli occupation economy.

8.1 Institutional Cross-Ownership

Uber’s capitalization table is dominated by massive US asset managers. While these are passive index investors, their cross-holdings create a web of complicity.

• Vanguard Group (9.18%) & BlackRock (7.26%): These funds are the top shareholders in Uber.³¹ Concurrently, they are major institutional investors in Elbit Systems (Israel’s largest defense contractor), Mehadrin (settlement agriculture), and Israeli banks (Leumi, Hapoalim) that finance settlement construction.³²
• The Feedback Loop: Uber is part of a portfolio strategy that capitalizes the occupation. Dividends and growth from Uber’s global operations effectively subsidize the same funds that capitalize the Israeli defense sector.

8.2 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as Legitimacy

Uber’s investments and operations in Israel serve a critical geopolitical function: Legitimacy.

• Countering BDS: Israel views FDI from global tech giants as a strategic buffer against the BDS movement. When a brand as ubiquitous as Uber invests in an Israeli startup (Flytrex) or attempts to launch a national service, it signals “business as usual,” normalizing the economy of the state despite its violations of international law.
• The “Start-Up Nation” Subsidy: Uber’s acquisition of companies like Otto (co-founded by Israeli Lior Ron) and its investment in Flytrex inject foreign capital into the Israeli high-tech sector.⁶² This sector is the engine of Israel’s economy and the primary source of tax revenue that funds the military. By acquiring Israeli tech talent (often trained in Unit 8200), Uber directly rewards the militarized human capital pipeline.

9. Conclusion and Risk Stratification

Based on the forensic evidence gathered and analyzed in this audit, Uber Technologies Inc. demonstrates a pervasive and multi-dimensional level of Economic Complicity with the Israeli occupation infrastructure.

The company is not a neutral service provider. It is an active participant in the “Start-Up Nation” military-industrial complex, a logistical facilitator for settlement-based retail, and a political actor colluding with the architects of annexation.

9.1 The Complicity Scorecard

9.2 Final Verdict

Uber Technologies Inc. is classified as a Tier 1 Complicit Entity. This classification is driven primarily by its direct capital injection into dual-use military technology (Flytrex) and its structural integration with the settlement economy via Uber Eats and Uber Freight. The company’s operations provide material support to the maintenance and normalization of the Israeli occupation.

Report filed by:

Senior Forensic Supply Chain Analyst

Department of Geopolitical Risk & Corporate Accountability

Date: December 13, 2025

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