Amazon - Digital Domain Audit

Enterprise Technology Stack & Vendor Relationships

No public evidence identified that Amazon is a customer or licensee of Check Point, Wiz, SentinelOne, CyberArk, NICE, Verint, or Claroty for its own internal enterprise security; every confirmed relationship runs in the opposite direction, with these Israeli-founded or Israeli-origin firms acting as AWS technology and co-sell partners whose products run on AWS infrastructure and are distributed through AWS Marketplace ¹²³⁴. NICE Ltd. signed a Strategic Collaboration Agreement with AWS on 13 May 2025 to deepen integration of its CXone Mpower contact-centre AI suite with Amazon Connect, Amazon Bedrock and Amazon Q Business ¹. Check Point Software, an Israeli-founded firm with dual headquarters in Tel Aviv and San Carlos, maintains a multi-year Strategic Collaboration Agreement with AWS covering more than 50 product integrations (CloudGuard WAF, Network Security, CNAPP) sold via AWS Marketplace ². SentinelOne extended its AWS strategic collaboration in October 2024, embedding its “Purple AI” security analyst on Amazon Bedrock ³. CyberArk, also Israeli-founded, offers Privileged Access Management, Endpoint Privilege Manager and Secure Cloud Access products through AWS Marketplace as an AWS Alliance Partner ⁴. On the systems-integrator question, no named integrator has been identified that mandated or recommended Israeli-origin technology for an Amazon-internal programme; the only documented integrators tied to Amazon and Israel are those that physically constructed AWS’s own Israeli data-center region - the Israeli developer Azrieli and the US-based Compass Data Centers ⁵⁶.

Surveillance, Biometrics & Retail Technology

Amazon Rekognition - Amazon’s own facial-recognition product, not a third-party Israeli technology - was used from October 2023 by a volunteer Israeli team led by Refael Franco, former deputy director of Israel’s National Cyber Directorate, to identify approximately 60 missing or dead individuals following the 7 October 2023 Hamas attack, scraping images from Telegram, Twitter, TikTok and Facebook and matching them against government- and family-supplied photo databases; the Israeli military subsequently took over the project, and Amazon did not respond to a request for comment ⁷⁸. Corsight AI, an Israeli facial-recognition firm named in the same reporting as a comparator, is described as operating a “cloud-based platform,” but No public evidence identified confirms AWS as its specific hosting provider. No public evidence identified of a direct commercial or technical partnership between Amazon/AWS and AnyVision/Oosto or BriefCam, Israeli biometric and video-analytics vendors; both appear only as market competitors or adjacent vendors in available reporting. Trigo, an Israeli frictionless-checkout AI firm, is positioned explicitly in trade press as a competitor helping other retailers “fend off” Amazon’s Just Walk Out/Amazon Go technology, not as a partner ⁹. No public evidence identified of Amazon providing Israeli-origin predictive-policing or workforce-surveillance tools; the Rekognition case above involves Amazon’s own product being used by an Israeli entity, not the reverse. General reporting confirms extensive Amazon Ring–police partnerships in the United States (roughly 1,400 police departments), but No public evidence identified of a specific Ring–Israel police partnership; a secondary campaign source alleges Ring products are used in Palestinian-monitoring contexts, but without an identified primary citation ¹⁰.

Cloud Infrastructure, Data Residency & Sovereign Cloud Participation

AWS opened its Israel (Tel Aviv) Region, API name il-central-1, in August 2023, comprising three Availability Zones across data centers in Tnuvot, Shoham and Har Tov/Beit Shemesh, built partly by Israeli developer Azrieli and US-based Compass Data Centers ⁵⁶. Amazon committed to invest up to ILS 26.6 billion (approximately $7.2 billion) in the Israel Region between 2023 and 2037, projected to add ILS 51.7 billion to Israel’s GDP ¹¹. Project Nimbus is a $1.2 billion cloud-computing and AI contract awarded in April 2021 to a Google–Amazon consortium by the Israeli government, running through May 2028 with extension options and largely funded through Ministry of Defense-linked budget lines ¹²¹³¹⁴. Who Profits states that AWS is “a main provider of comprehensive cloud infrastructure and services to the Israeli government, including to the Israeli Ministry of Defense, the Israeli military, the Israel Police, and Israel Prison Service” ¹³. Amazon Bedrock, Amazon’s generative-AI platform, became available in the AWS Israel (Tel Aviv) Region in September 2025 ¹⁵. The Settlement Division of the World Zionist Organization - an Israeli government-linked body tasked with expanding West Bank and Golan settlements - is reported to be among the entities with access to the Nimbus cloud platform ¹⁶¹⁷. Reporting relayed via the Business & Human Rights Resource Centre in October 2025, citing Guardian reporting, describes contractual terms in Project Nimbus that prevent Amazon and Google from restricting Israeli government, military or security-service use of their cloud services or suspending access “even if it’s found to have violated their terms of service,” including a “winking mechanism” - a coded payment signal, denominated in a shekel amount keyed to the requesting country’s telephone dialing code, sent to Israel within 24 hours whenever either company is compelled by a foreign legal order to disclose Israel-held data; Google denied evading legal obligations, and no Amazon-specific denial was captured in this reporting ¹⁸. No public evidence identified of Amazon explicitly marketing “resilience” or “sovereignty” cloud services specifically to Israeli military bodies beyond the general Nimbus/regional-cloud framing described above.

Defence, Intelligence & Security Sector Technology Relationships

Israel’s Military Intelligence Directorate reportedly stores mass surveillance and intelligence data, including material relating to Gaza, on AWS servers, with the system in operational use “since at least the end of 2022” according to three security sources; officers described “endless storage” for information on “almost everyone” in Gaza, and sources said this intelligence “even helped on rare occasions to confirm aerial assassination strikes in Gaza” ¹⁹²⁰. Amazon’s on-the-record response to this investigation stated: “AWS is focused on making the benefits of our world-leading cloud technology available to all our customers, wherever they are located” ²⁰. Amazon sold cloud-computing services - including Elastic Compute Cloud, Amazon Rekognition, AWS Bedrock, and access to the Claude and Titan G1 large language models - to Israeli weapons manufacturers Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries under Project Nimbus’s requirement that Amazon and Google sell to these firms; Rafael’s unclassified information environment migrated to AWS in June 2023 at a disclosed but unquantified discount, and internal materials show Amazon “consistently provided software” to Rafael and IAI through 2024–2025 ²¹. Rafael sought in 2024 to test generative-AI services via AWS Bedrock, including Anthropic’s Claude model; reporting notes that Anthropic’s usage policy bars use “to Produce, modify, design, or illegally acquire weapons” and to “Design or develop weaponization and delivery processes,” states it is “unclear how the use of Claude by Rafael… could be in compliance” with that policy, and notes Anthropic did not respond to questions ²¹. AWS provided services to the Israeli Ministry of Defense’s Digital and Information Technologies Division ¹³. Amazon hosted Israeli military-linked events at its Tel Aviv offices, including a March 2025 lecture for students of a MAMARAM-unit preparatory course and a January 2026 conference attended by the commander of a military intelligence Staff Division unit, on integrating civilian tech expertise into defense work ¹³. On the offensive-cyber side, AWS hosted infrastructure used by NSO Group for its Pegasus spyware operations from at least 2018 through 2021; NSO’s R&D department housed Pegasus-related code on AWS servers at certain times prior to January 2021, and NSO used Amazon CloudFront in 2021 to deliver early-stage attack payloads against targeted devices; after Amnesty International and Pegasus Project researchers alerted Amazon in May 2021, AWS “acted quickly to shut down the relevant infrastructure and accounts,” confirmed in July 2021 ²²²³²⁴.

AI, Algorithmic & Autonomous Systems

AWS’s general-purpose Bedrock generative-AI service, including Titan models and third-party models such as Claude, was made contractually available to Israeli weapons manufacturers Rafael and IAI in 2024; this is characterized as general-purpose infrastructure repurposed by a military-linked customer rather than a purpose-built targeting system ²¹. No public evidence identified that Amazon itself developed, trained, or provided the “Lavender” or “Habsora/Gospel” AI targeting systems; independent reporting attributes development of these systems to internal Israeli military units, and while secondary campaign sources assert that these systems are “processed through Nimbus infrastructure,” they do not cite primary technical documentation establishing Amazon-specific hosting of Lavender or Gospel outputs as distinct from the broader AWS Military Intelligence Directorate storage relationship ¹⁰²⁵. No public evidence identified of Amazon AI models being trained on intercepted communications or surveillance-derived datasets originating from Israel/OPT; the documented relationship is Israeli military storing and processing its own surveillance data on AWS infrastructure, not Amazon training its own models on that data ¹⁹²⁰. No public evidence identified of Amazon providing autonomous target-generation, automated threat-detection, or autonomous-tracking systems to Israeli forces, as distinct from the general cloud, compute, storage and generative-AI-platform provision documented above.

Technology Ecosystem & R&D Footprint

Amazon operates R&D and engineering centers in Tel Aviv (Azrieli Sarona Tower, roughly ten floors and 25,000 square meters) and Haifa (Matam Park), originally opened in 2017 to develop Alexa Voice Shopping and later expanded, with the Annapurna Labs unit driving chip development for Nitro, Graviton, Trainium and Inferentia ²⁶²⁷. Amazon acquired Israeli chipmaker Annapurna Labs in January 2015 for a reported $350–370 million, its first Israeli acquisition ²⁸. Amazon Web Services acquired Israeli disaster-recovery and cloud-migration firm CloudEndure, based in Ramat Gan, in January 2019 for a reported $200–250 million, and the product line continues as AWS Elastic Disaster Recovery ²⁹. No public evidence identified of an Amazon Alexa Fund investment in a named Israeli startup, beyond general Alexa Fund international-expansion announcements. No public evidence identified of a patent, licensing, or co-development arrangement between Amazon and Technion, Hebrew University, or the Weizmann Institute.

Civil Society Scrutiny & Regulatory History

In October 2021, an anonymous letter published via The Guardian and signed by more than 90 Google employees and 300 Amazon employees called for withdrawal from Project Nimbus ³⁰¹⁷. Amazon suspended Palestinian software engineer Ahmed Shahrour, who worked in Amazon’s Whole Foods business, on 11 September 2025, then fired him on 13 October 2025, after he published an open letter and internal Slack messages criticizing Amazon’s Project Nimbus contract on 8 September 2025; Amazon locked him out of his account within two hours, and spokesperson Brad Glasser stated: “We don’t tolerate discrimination, harassment, or threatening behavior or language of any kind in our workplace, and when any conduct of that nature is reported, we investigate it and take appropriate action based on our findings” ³¹³²³³. A “Customer Due Diligence” shareholder proposal, led by American Baptist Home Mission Societies and filed via Investor Advocates for Social Justice with more than 30 co-filers, was voted on at Amazon’s 22 May 2024 annual general meeting and received over 41% support, per aggregate secondary reporting; the underlying SEC Form PX14A6G filing could not be directly retrieved in this research pass ³⁴³⁵³⁶. In the 2025/2026 cycle, Amazon excluded a “Responsible AI” human-rights shareholder proposal following a November 2025 SEC regulatory change eliminating SEC review of Rule 14a-8 exclusions, offering only a “listen-only” meeting; investors responded with a “Vote No” campaign and a floor proposal for an independent AI/Automation Advisory Council, while a comparable Microsoft proposal received over 25% support ³⁴. Access Now’s May 2023 shareholder campaign cited Amazon’s AWS/Project Nimbus role and quoted Investor Advocates for Social Justice’s Courtney Wicks stating that “inadequate due diligence presents material privacy and data security risks, as well as legal, regulatory, and reputational risks” ³⁷. The Abolitionist Law Center submitted evidence to the UN Special Rapporteur on the OPT on 2 December 2024 alleging that AWS’s Nimbus-linked infrastructure facilitated storage of surveillance data used to target civilians and civilian property in Gaza and facilitated “illegal confiscation of Palestinian land and resources,” citing Amazon’s roughly $90 billion 2023 AWS-segment-adjacent revenue ³⁸. The Electronic Frontier Foundation sent detailed letters to Amazon and Google leadership in late September 2024, with a 1 November 2024 deadline, requesting human-rights risk-assessment transparency on Project Nimbus; EFF states “Amazon has completely ignored our original and follow-up letters,” and as of its April 2026 follow-up, no internal Amazon assessments, risk acknowledgments, or human-rights impact documents specific to Project Nimbus had been produced ³⁹²⁵. Amazon began offering free shipping to Israeli settlement residents in the occupied West Bank in November 2019 while charging Palestinian residents delivery fees; after a Financial Times investigation and subsequent backlash, Amazon extended free shipping to Palestinian West Bank addresses in March 2020, with a spokesperson citing having overcome “multiple technical, legal and logistical challenges” ⁴⁰⁴¹. Who Profits and The Nation report that Amazon’s platform sells products originating from West Bank settlement-based manufacturers, including tahini and food products from Achdut-Achva in the Ariel settlement industrial zone, while AFSC additionally lists Ahava Dead Sea cosmetics and Barkan mounting systems as settlement-origin product lines available via Amazon’s marketplace ¹³⁴²¹⁶. Ethical Consumer has run an Amazon boycott campaign since 2012, originally tax-focused and now including Gaza/Palestine grounds, and No Tech for Apartheid is an active international campaign targeting both Amazon and Google specifically over Project Nimbus ¹⁰¹⁷. The OHCHR settlement-business (paragraph-96) database, most recently updated via A/HRC/60/19 in September 2025 and listing 158 enterprises, was checked via OpenSanctions’ structured dataset description and did not surface Amazon or any Amazon subsidiary as a listed entity in this research pass ⁴³⁴⁴⁴⁵. Don’t Buy Into Occupation’s 2024 report landing page was checked directly and did not surface an Amazon-specific mention, though the full PDF annex was not independently opened ⁴⁶. No public evidence identified of a formal OECD National Contact Point “specific instance” complaint filed against Amazon regarding Project Nimbus, per a review of OECD Watch’s Israel NCP page ⁴⁷. No public evidence identified of a BIS export-control investigation, sanctions action, or other formal US regulatory enforcement action targeting Amazon’s technology sales to Israeli state or defense entities. Keith Alexander, former director of the NSA and US Cyber Command, joined Amazon’s board in September 2020 and stepped down in 2026 ⁴⁸⁴⁹. Amazon CEO Andy Jassy issued a public statement three days after 7 October 2023 calling attacks on Israeli civilians “shocking and painful to watch” and later publicly commented on the release of an AWS employee held hostage by Hamas; by contrast, in the Russia/Ukraine context Amazon’s documented posture is procedural - no AWS data centers or offices in Russia and a policy against new Russia/Belarus-based AWS customers - rather than values-based personal commentary, and no comparably prominent Jassy personal statement specifically addressing Gaza/Palestinian civilian harm was identified ⁵⁰⁵¹. The UN Special Rapporteur on the OPT’s report “From economy of occupation to economy of genocide” (A/HRC/59/23, 2 July 2025) is reported by Progressive International to “call out” Amazon and Google for abetting the situation in Gaza, though direct PDF text-extraction of the OHCHR-hosted report did not surface an “Amazon” string in this research pass, which may reflect an extraction limitation rather than the term’s true absence ⁵²⁵³.

End Notes