Amazon

Key Findings

• Digital: AWS is a Project Nimbus provider and operates the il-central-1 Israel region; reporting describes government-wide cloud and AI access, including reported Israeli military-intelligence storage and AWS services to Rafael and IAI.^{1, 2, 3}
• Economic: Amazon operates core R&D in Israel, including Annapurna Labs chip development in Haifa. Separately, AWS committed about $7.2 billion to regional infrastructure through 2037.^{4, 5, 6}
• Political: Amazon sought to exclude a shareholder proposal concerning AI services to Israel and DHS from its 2026 investor vote; this is one documented proxy-cycle action.^{7, 8}
• Not found: No public evidence identified that Amazon is a prime contractor or licensed manufacturer of lethal weapons platforms, that it developed Israeli targeting systems such as Lavender or Gospel, or that it is listed in the OHCHR settlement-business database.^{9, 10, 11}

Target Profile

Key Facts:

• AWS opened the Israel (Tel Aviv) Region, il-central-1, in August 2023 with three Availability Zones.²
• Amazon acquired Israeli chipmaker Annapurna Labs in 2015 and cloud-migration firm CloudEndure in January 2019.^{15, 16}
• Amazon is not Israeli-founded or Israeli-incorporated.^{12, 15}

Executive Summary

Amazon’s documented Israel/Palestine nexus is principally digital and economic. AWS was selected with Google for Project Nimbus, the reported $1.2 billion Israeli-government cloud and AI procurement. Israeli procurement materials identify AWS and Google as public-cloud providers for government ministries and additional government units; the supplied evidence also identifies the Ministry of Defense and IDF as collaborating bodies. The UN Special Rapporteur’s 2025 report names Amazon in connection with Nimbus and characterizes the arrangement as government-wide cloud and AI access. That characterization is an attributed expert assessment, not a judicial finding.^{1, 3, 17}

The strongest documented operational evidence concerns cloud infrastructure. Reporting describes Israeli Military Intelligence Directorate storage of mass surveillance and intelligence data, including Gaza-related material, on AWS servers; sources described the system as operational from at least late 2022 and said it had, on rare occasions, helped confirm aerial assassination strikes. Amazon stated that AWS makes cloud technology available to customers wherever they are located. Separate reporting describes AWS services to Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries in 2024–2025, including Bedrock access; it does not establish that Amazon itself built a targeting system or that a particular AWS workload was used in a particular strike.^{18, 19}

Economically, Amazon’s continuing core R&D, including Annapurna Labs chip development in Haifa, is the governing finding.^{4, 5} Separately, AWS has committed up to ILS 26.6 billion (approximately $7.2 billion) in Israeli regional infrastructure through 2037. Amazon also has longstanding Israeli R&D activity and acquired Annapurna Labs. Its third-party marketplace has documented listings for Achdut/Achva products manufactured in Ariel and Ahava products associated with Mitzpe Shalem. The record distinguishes marketplace listings from Amazon’s own procurement: no public evidence identified of a direct corporate purchasing contract with the cited produce exporters or settlement-product manufacturers.^{6, 14, 15}

Important limits remain. No public evidence identified that Amazon is a prime weapons manufacturer, that it developed Lavender or Gospel, that it trained Amazon models on Israeli surveillance-derived data, or that it is named in the OHCHR settlement-business database. Amazon reversed its differential West Bank delivery policy in 2020. The final human-vetted V6.5 outcome is BRS 900, Tier A (Extreme Complicity), driven by the fixed Digital score of 10.00 together with substantial documented economic presence and the documented shareholder-proposal exclusion;⁸ this dossier does not treat source-attributed allegations as judicial findings.^{20, 9, 10, 11}

Timeline of Relevant Events

Corporate Overview

Amazon.com, Inc. is a US public company headquartered in Seattle. Its Israeli footprint includes offices and R&D operations in Tel Aviv, Haifa, and Herzliya; the Tel Aviv and Haifa engineering footprint includes Annapurna Labs activity connected to AWS chip development.^{4, 5} AWS infrastructure in Israel is operated through il-central-1, comprising three Availability Zones reported in Tnuvot, Shoham, and Har Tov/Beit Shemesh.^{2, 15, 24}

Amazon has no separate corporate parent. The audits identify AWS, Whole Foods, Ring, Amazon Air, Twitch, and Zoox as Amazon group businesses, while cautioning that no complete current primary-source schedule of every foreign operating entity was retrieved. AWS EMEA SARL’s Israel branch is registered as a local VAT “authorised dealer”; this does not establish it as an importer of retail goods.^{12, 13, 25}

There is no franchise relationship documented in the supplied audits. The central Israeli state relationship is Project Nimbus: a government cloud procurement reportedly running to May 2028 with extension options. The public tender record confirms a government-wide public-cloud framework; reporting identifies users or prospective users including defense, security, police, prison, settlement, and land-administration bodies, but the complete executed contract and annexes were not retrieved.^{1, 17}

Domain Summaries

Military: Military

Mechanism of Involvement

The military-domain review identifies real civilian settlement parcel deliveries and reported work with the Bar Group on last-mile logistics. The reviewed evidence does not establish a military or security supply contract for those parcels, or Amazon provision of occupation-infrastructure construction. Accordingly, these facts do not produce a qualifying physical military-supply score.^{14, 20}

The audits also document digital AWS services connected to Israeli military and defense-linked users, assessed under Digital. These include reporting that Military Intelligence stored Gaza-related surveillance and intelligence data on AWS infrastructure, and that Rafael and IAI received cloud and AI services through the Nimbus framework. The Ministry of Defense reportedly purchased access to Amazon Rekognition, and reporting separately describes a Ministry of Defense discount under Nimbus.^{18, 19}

AWS regional documentation confirms that il-central-1 supports Snowball-family products, but regional availability does not establish Israeli military procurement of those devices. The audits also identify reported AWS services to the Soreq Nuclear Research Center and AWS cloud requirements for Rafael and IAI.^{19, 26}

Counter-Arguments and Evidence Limits

No public evidence identified that Amazon acts as a prime contractor or licensed manufacturer of lethal weapons platforms. The reporting does not establish a particular AWS workload’s use in a particular strike or that Amazon authored an Israeli targeting system; reported intelligence storage remains part of the digital finding. The audits do not establish an Israeli military purchase of Snowball devices merely from their regional availability.^{9, 26}

Amazon’s strongest defence is that AWS provides general-purpose cloud technology to customers globally, not purpose-built weapons or targeting systems. Amazon’s public response to the military-intelligence reporting emphasized this general customer-service position.¹⁸

Named Entities and Evidence Map

• Israeli Military Intelligence Directorate - reported AWS storage of mass surveillance and intelligence data.¹⁸
• Israeli Ministry of Defense - reported access to Rekognition and Nimbus discounting.¹⁹
• Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries - reported AWS cloud and Bedrock-related services.¹⁹
• Soreq Nuclear Research Center - reported Nimbus customer.¹⁹

Digital: Digital

Mechanism of Involvement

AWS opened il-central-1 in August 2023 and committed up to ILS 26.6 billion in investment through 2037. Project Nimbus is the principal documented digital nexus: AWS and Google were selected to provide public-cloud services to Israeli government bodies. The Special Rapporteur report describes the contract as largely Ministry of Defense-funded and characterizes Amazon, Google, and Microsoft as providing virtually government-wide access to cloud and AI technology; it is not a judicial finding.^{2, 3, 6, 17}

Reporting describes contract provisions that would prevent Amazon and Google from restricting Israeli-government, military, or security-service access on asserted terms-of-service grounds. Leaked-document reporting also described a coded-payment “winking mechanism” for foreign legal disclosure requests. Amazon denied circumventing confidentiality obligations under binding lawful data orders.²⁷

The record additionally describes AWS sales of EC2, Rekognition, Bedrock, Claude access, and Titan models to Rafael and IAI. It describes Rekognition use by a volunteer Israeli identification project subsequently taken over by the IDF.^{19, 22}

Counter-Arguments and Evidence Limits

No public evidence identified that Amazon developed, trained, or supplied the Israeli military’s Lavender or Gospel targeting systems. No public evidence identified that AWS-hosted data was used to train Amazon models, or that Amazon supplied autonomous targeting, target-generation, or autonomous tracking systems. The reported Rafael use of Bedrock is general-purpose infrastructure, not documentation of a purpose-built targeting product.¹⁹

The complete Nimbus contract was not retrieved. Accordingly, reported restrictions, specific users, and alleged coded-notice arrangements must be treated as reported contract evidence, not as independently verified full-contract terms. Amazon’s denial regarding confidentiality obligations remains material.^{17, 27}

Named Entities and Evidence Map

• Project Nimbus - Israeli government cloud and AI procurement involving AWS and Google.^{1, 17}
• AWS Israel Region - three Availability Zones and a multiyear investment commitment.^{2, 6}
• Rafael and IAI - reported AWS cloud and AI customers.¹⁹
• NSO Group - AWS hosted Pegasus-related infrastructure until AWS shut down the relevant accounts after being alerted in 2021.²⁸

Economic: Economic

Mechanism of Involvement

Amazon’s directly operated, continuing Israeli R&D is the governing economic act. Annapurna Labs’ Haifa activity contributes to AWS silicon development, including Nitro, Graviton and Trainium; Amazon also publicly lists Tel Aviv and Haifa research locations.^{4, 5} A separate infrastructure commitment is approximately $7.2 billion between 2023 and 2037. AWS’s commissioned study projects an ILS 51.7 billion GDP contribution and approximately 7,700 annual FTE jobs over that period; these are company-commissioned projections, not realized audited outcomes.⁶

Amazon’s marketplace has documented third-party listings for Achdut/Achva tahini and halva manufactured in Ariel, a West Bank settlement industrial zone, and for Ahava products associated with Mitzpe Shalem. Marketplace listings also include both Israeli-origin and Palestinian-origin dates. The documented evidence is platform availability through third-party sellers, not direct Amazon procurement.^{14, 29}

Counter-Arguments and Evidence Limits

No public evidence identified of a direct Amazon corporate procurement contract with the named Israeli agricultural exporters, Achdut, or Ahava. No public evidence identified of an Amazon subsidiary acting as importer of record for these goods, an Amazon-specific origin-labeling enforcement action, or a published Amazon occupied-territories sourcing policy.^{14, 25}

The marketplace also carried Palestinian-origin dates, demonstrating that platform listings alone do not establish an exclusive Israeli sourcing policy. Amazon’s earlier differential shipping policy was reversed in 2020.^{20, 29}

Named Entities and Evidence Map

• AWS Israel Region - investment and projected economic impact.⁶
• Annapurna Labs - Israeli acquisition integrated into AWS silicon development, with continuing Haifa R&D.^{15, 5}
• Achdut/Achva - settlement-manufactured products listed by third-party sellers.¹⁴
• Ahava - products associated with Mitzpe Shalem listed on the marketplace.¹⁴

Political: Political

Mechanism of Involvement

The governing political act is Amazon’s effort to exclude a shareholder resolution concerning AI services to Israel and DHS from the 2026 vote. The proposal was filed in December 2025. Earlier proposal activity does not, by itself, prove repeated management opposition, so the score uses one documented proxy cycle.^{7, 8}

Separate political/territorial findings concern Nimbus’s government-wide relationship, reported access for settlement-linked Israeli bodies, and the previous delivery policy. Reporting identifies the Settlement Division of the World Zionist Organization and Israel Land Authority among Nimbus-access entities; the public tender confirms general governmental scope but does not identify each agency’s workload.¹⁷

In 2019 Amazon offered free shipping to West Bank settlements while charging Palestinian customers. It reversed this in 2020 and extended free shipping to West Bank addresses. Amazon’s marketplace also carries reported settlement-manufactured product listings.^{14, 20}

CEO Andy Jassy publicly described the 7 October attacks on Israeli civilians as “shocking and painful to watch” and said Amazon would support affected employees and families through humanitarian partners. No public Amazon statement specifically addressing the occupation, settlements, or Gaza war was identified in the supplied research; no comparable Gaza-specific AWS restriction or Amazon-directed humanitarian infrastructure was identified.³⁰

Counter-Arguments and Evidence Limits

Amazon’s strongest defence is that its Israeli activity is commercial infrastructure and retail activity rather than a political affiliation, and that its delivery policy was corrected in 2020. No public evidence identified of an Amazon formal leadership role in AIPAC, formal anti-BDS certification, direct corporate sponsorship of named Israeli military-welfare or settlement organizations, Israeli state ownership, or state-directed corporate governance.^{20, 12, 31}

No public evidence identified that Amazon is included in the OHCHR settlement-business database. That document-scoped absence does not negate other documented settlement nexus evidence, but it is a material exculpatory finding and should not be overwritten.¹¹

Named Entities and Evidence Map

• Settlement Division of the World Zionist Organization and Israel Land Authority - reported Nimbus-access entities connected in reporting to settlement administration or expansion.¹⁷
• Ahmed Shahrour - suspended and later terminated after criticizing Nimbus; Amazon cited conduct-policy grounds, while he alleged retaliation.²³
• Andy Jassy - issued the principal identified executive statement after 7 October.³⁰
• Keith B. Alexander - former Amazon director and former NSA/Cyber Command leader; no direct Israeli defense affiliation was identified.³²

Complicity Index Score

Method: V6.5.

• V_MAX: 10.00 Avg_OTHERS: 3.99
• BRS Score: 900 Tier: A (Extreme Complicity)

The fixed V_MAX is driven by Digital, reflecting the audited digital record: Nimbus, local cloud capacity, and reported cloud/AI services to government, military-intelligence, and defense-linked users. The approved Impact includes a 0.5 constructive-notice uplift from Nimbus’s 9.5 base. ECON likewise uses core R&D at 7.2 plus a 0.5 notice adjustment; the rubric permits that adjustment across a band boundary without treating Amazon as Israeli-founded. POL uses the single proposal-exclusion act at I4.6/M6.5/P9, narrowly above the independently assessed continuing-business relationship at I4/M7/P9. The score is scale-free and evidence-only: it measures documented activity type, scale, and directness, with human vetting retaining caveats and excluding unsupported, wrong-entity, or divested claims.

Methodology Note

• This dossier compiles only evidence and limits contained in the four supplied domain audits.
• Impact (I) concerns the documented activity type; Magnitude (M) concerns documented scale; Proximity (P) concerns directness of the nexus.
• Scores are fixed V6.5 human-vetted values and are reproduced without alteration.
• Divested, exited, corrected, or discontinued operations mitigate current attribution; Amazon’s 2020 shipping-policy reversal and 2021 shutdown of NSO-linked AWS infrastructure are therefore retained as material context.^{20, 28}
• Entity attribution is not transitive: AWS’s reported provision of general cloud services is not treated as proof that Amazon manufactured weapons, operated a named targeting system, or controlled a customer’s use.
• Settlement activity is relevant to both Economic and Political where the same documented operation has economic and territorial-policy dimensions.
• “No public evidence identified” records bounded negative findings from the audits; it does not claim comprehensive proof of absence.