Table of Contents
Nestlé S.A. is a Swiss multinational food and beverage conglomerate whose relationship with Israel is defined almost entirely by one structural fact: it has been the majority controlling shareholder of Osem Group, Israel’s largest domestically-headquartered food manufacturer, since acquiring an initial stake in 1995 and consolidating majority control through the 2000s and 2010s. That relationship — three decades of continuous operational investment, approximately 53–55% ownership, active parent governance, and profit repatriation from Israel to Switzerland — is the foundation of Nestlé’s BDS-1000 score of 372 (Tier D).
No military dimension has been identified. Across all V-MIL sub-categories — direct defence contracting, dual-use product supply, construction machinery, defence prime supply chain integration, base services, and munitions — multiple independent source classes converge on a nil finding. The score in V-MIL is zero with high confidence.
The digital footprint (V-DIG, score 1.14) is narrow. Nestlé is a confirmed commercial customer of Trax, an Israeli-founded retail shelf-analytics platform, though Trax subsequently relocated its headquarters outside Israel and the current status of the relationship is unverified beyond approximately 2020. No Israeli-origin cybersecurity, cloud sovereignty, or surveillance vendor relationship has been confirmed.
The political dimension (V-POL, score 1.14) rests principally on a documented asymmetry: Nestlé issued explicit public statements and committed to operational adjustments regarding Russia-Ukraine in March 2022, while issuing no comparable standalone communication on the Israel-Palestine conflict during October 2023 through 2024. No financial contributions to Israeli advocacy organisations, no lobbying directed at Israel-Palestine policy, and no blocked shareholder resolutions have been identified.
The dominant driver — Osem Group’s scale, employment, settlement-adjacent manufacturing, and Nestlé’s active majority control — is a commercial rather than military relationship. The score reflects a company deeply embedded in the Israeli economy through a legacy subsidiary acquisition, without documented military supply, without identified digital surveillance provision, and with limited but asymmetric political engagement.
| Date | Event |
|---|---|
| 1942 | Osem Group founded in British Mandate Palestine as an independent food manufacturer 1 |
| 1866 | Nestlé S.A. founded in Vevey, Switzerland; no Israeli or military origin 2 |
| 1983 | Tivall brand founded in Israel as an Osem subsidiary 3 |
| 1995 | Nestlé acquires initial significant stake in Osem Group; begins three-decade investment relationship 4 |
| 2000s–2010s | Nestlé progressively consolidates majority ownership of Osem; stake reaches approximately 53–55% 45 |
| 2019 | EU Court of Justice (Case C-363/18) rules settlement-origin produce must be labelled as such in EU markets 6 |
| 2019–2020 | Nestlé’s Trax retail shelf-analytics relationship confirmed in trade press 78 |
| February 2020 | OHCHR publishes its database of businesses with settlement-linked activities; Osem Group is documented by civil society but does not appear by name in the February 2020 OHCHR release 9 |
| 2021 | Nestlé divests international Waters brands; historical Nestlé Waters relationship with Israeli spring sources assessed as discontinued 10 |
| March 2022 | Nestlé issues explicit public statements on Russia-Ukraine, announcing advertising suspension and investment adjustments 11 |
| March 2022 | Nestlé data exposure incident attributed to Anonymous hacktivist group; no Israeli security vendor implicated 12 |
| 2022 | Who Profits confirms Osem facility at Mishor Adumim Industrial Zone (West Bank) and Atarot Industrial Zone (East Jerusalem) 10 |
| 2022–2023 | Osem Group revenues approximately NIS 4.8–5.2 billion (~USD 1.3–1.4 billion); ~3,000–3,500 employees 513 |
| October 2023 | Hamas attack; Israeli military campaign in Gaza begins; consumer boycott campaigns targeting Nestlé/Osem spread virally across MENA and Western markets 14 |
| October 2023 – 2024 | Nestlé issues no standalone public statement on Israel-Palestine conflict; no specific policy change regarding Israeli operations announced 1516 |
| 2023–2024 | CODEPINK, Ekō, PSC UK, and BDS Movement maintain active Nestlé campaigns citing Osem/Atarot nexus 1415 |
| September 2024 | Laurent Freixe succeeds Ulf Mark Schneider as Nestlé CEO 16 |
Nestlé S.A. is the world’s largest food and beverage company by revenue, reporting consolidated group revenues of approximately CHF 94 billion in 2023, with operations in approximately 188 countries. 16 The company is incorporated under Swiss law, headquartered in Vevey, and trades on the SIX Swiss Exchange (NESN) and as US OTC ADRs (NSRGY). Its shareholder base is broadly distributed among global institutional investors including BlackRock and Vanguard; no government entity holds a controlling or veto-bearing stake. 17
Nestlé’s portfolio spans coffee and hot beverages (Nescafé, Nespresso), dairy and nutrition (Milo, Carnation, infant formula brands), confectionery (KitKat, Smarties), frozen food (Stouffer’s, Lean Cuisine), pet care (Purina, Felix), and health science nutrition. Its enterprise technology stack is anchored by Microsoft Azure (cloud and productivity), Google Cloud (cloud migration), and SAP S/4HANA (ERP transformation), with Accenture as a primary supply chain integrator. 181920
Israel is not a standalone reporting segment in Nestlé’s consolidated financial disclosures; the country is subsumed within broader zone reporting. The company’s Israeli commercial presence is exercised entirely through its controlling stake in Osem Group Ltd., which Nestlé first invested in during 1995. Osem is separately listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange and subject to Israeli Securities Authority disclosure requirements. 45 Nestlé has no Israeli R&D facility, no additional factory or logistics infrastructure outside the Osem subsidiary structure, and no Israeli state ownership or charter relationship. Its relationship with Israel is best characterised as that of a long-term foreign majority shareholder in a domestically significant Israeli food producer.
The V-MIL audit is comprehensive across all six primary sub-categories — direct defence contracting, dual-use and tactical products, heavy machinery and construction, defence prime supply chain integration, logistical sustainment and base services, and munitions and weapons systems — and returns a nil finding in every case. The score of 0.00 across all three criteria (Impact, Magnitude, Proximity) reflects this across-the-board absence of military dimension, and is awarded with high confidence.
Direct defence contracting is the most straightforward category. No contract, tender award, framework agreement, or memorandum of understanding between Nestlé S.A. (or Osem Group) and the Israeli Ministry of Defence, the Israel Defence Forces, the Israel Prison Service, or the Israel Border Police has been identified in any source class reviewed. 2122 The Israeli government’s central procurement portal, the SIPRI arms transfers database, and the SIBAT defence export directory were each assessed; none returns Nestlé or Osem as a named defence supplier. Who Profits’ corporate profiles for both entities, drawn from field documentation updated through 2022–2023, contain no military procurement contracts. 2122 Nestlé’s annual reports for 2022 and 2023 contain no disclosure of revenue from defence procurement or Israeli military agency relationships. 1516
Dual-use and tactical products are structurally absent from Nestlé’s portfolio. Nestlé’s disclosed product lines — food, beverages, nutrition products, pet care — contain no product characterised by dual-use classification, military-specification modification, or controlled end-use designation in any publicly available source. 1516 Osem Group, as a food manufacturer, does not appear in any defence product catalogue, military-specification supply register, or controlled goods export list reviewed. The SIPRI arms transfers database, which tracks major conventional weapons and related dual-use technology, contains no Nestlé record — confirming structural absence from dual-use supply chains rather than merely an evidentiary gap. 23
Heavy machinery, construction, and infrastructure is inapplicable to Nestlé’s core business. Nestlé is a food and consumer goods conglomerate, not a manufacturer of earthmoving equipment, engineering infrastructure systems, or construction machinery. No Nestlé-branded or Nestlé-supplied equipment has been documented by NGOs, UN bodies, or investigative reporters in connection with settlement construction, separation barrier maintenance, checkpoint installation, or demolition activity in the occupied territories. 923
Defence prime supply chain integration is absent. No supply relationship between Nestlé or Osem and Israeli defence prime contractors — including Elbit Systems, Israel Aerospace Industries, Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, or IMI Systems — has been identified. 2122 Nestlé’s disclosed supply chain encompasses agricultural commodities (cocoa, dairy, coffee, palm oil), food-grade packaging, and flavourings; none of these categories has a known application in weapons systems or defence electronics. 1524
Logistical sustainment and base services represent a modest evidence gap rather than a confirmed finding. Osem’s commercial food products are distributed through retail and wholesale channels across Israel. Commercial availability of Osem products to individual IDF personnel through ordinary retail does not constitute a base services contract, and no evidence elevating the relationship beyond retail distribution has been identified. The specific question of whether Osem products are formally contracted into IDF catering programmes — as distinct from retail commercial availability — cannot be fully excluded from public sources alone, because Osem does not publish a granular breakdown of its business-to-business institutional customers. 22 This gap is noted, but even under the most adverse assumption (a hypothetical IDF catering contract), the rubric band applicable would be 2.1–3.0 (Direct Civilian Supply), which would not produce a material composite-level score change given the formula’s weighting structure.
Munitions and weapons systems are entirely inapplicable. Nestlé does not appear in any arms production index or Israeli defence procurement record in a weapons-related capacity. No Nestlé role in Israeli programmes — Iron Dome, David’s Sling, Arrow, F-35 integration, Merkava, Dolphin-class submarines — or in any weapons sub-system supply has been identified. 23
The structural character of Nestlé’s business as a fast-moving consumer goods company is wholly inconsistent with integration into munitions or weapons systems supply chains, and no exception to this pattern has been documented in any source reviewed.
The most credible challenge to the nil V-MIL score is the Osem catering gap: Osem is a large food manufacturer commercially present across Israel, and it is not implausible that its products are channelled into IDF institutional catering. However, commercial availability to individual soldiers through retail is analytically distinct from a contracted institutional supply relationship, and the rubric requires evidence of the latter for positive scoring. No such evidence has been identified in Who Profits’ corporate profiles, AFSC Investigate, the Israeli government procurement portal, or any other source class. The gap does not justify a positive score; it justifies noting the uncertainty.
A second challenge concerns sub-vendor relationships within Nestlé’s major integrator engagements (Accenture, Infosys). It is theoretically possible that Israeli-origin technology is deployed at the sub-vendor tier within these programmes. However, technology vendor relationships at the sub-vendor tier are analytically distinct from military supply chain integration, and V-MIL would not be the correct domain for such a finding even if confirmed.
Real-time access to the mr.gov.il procurement portal and SIBAT contractor directories was unavailable during the audit. Non-public procurement relationships within these systems cannot be confirmed or excluded. This is the most material gap in the V-MIL audit. However, all independent secondary sources (Who Profits, AFSC, BHRRC, Sustainalytics) consistently show no military supply dimension, providing high contextual confidence.
| Entity | Type | Relevance | Evidence status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nestlé S.A. | Parent company | Audit subject | Confirmed — no military supply identified |
| Osem Group | Majority-owned Israeli subsidiary | Primary Israeli operational entity | Confirmed — no military contracts in Who Profits profiles 2122 |
| Israel Defence Forces (IDF) | Israeli military body | Assessed for procurement relationship | No contract identified |
| Israeli Ministry of Defence | Israeli state body | Assessed for procurement relationship | No contract identified |
| SIPRI | Database | Arms transfers and industry | No Nestlé record 23 |
| Who Profits Research Center | NGO | Corporate profiles for Nestlé and Osem | No military supply documented 2122 |
| AFSC Investigate | NGO database | Nestlé and Osem entries | No military contracting cited 2526 |
| Business & Human Rights Resource Centre | NGO aggregator | Nestlé corporate file | No IDF supply allegations 27 |
| mr.gov.il / SIBAT | Israeli procurement portals | Defence contractor directories | Not accessible; no secondary evidence of Nestlé listing 2829 |
| Elbit Systems / IAI / Rafael / IMI | Israeli defence primes | Assessed for supply relationship | No relationship identified |
| Atarot Industrial Zone | East Jerusalem industrial zone | Location of Osem facility | Commercial food manufacturing only 3031 |
| Mishor Adumim Industrial Zone | West Bank industrial zone | Location of Osem facility | Commercial food manufacturing only 22 |
Nestlé’s digital domain score (V-DIG, 1.14) is anchored to a single confirmed Israeli-origin vendor relationship: Trax Retail, an Israeli-founded computer-vision and shelf-monitoring analytics platform. Nestlé is cited in Trax’s customer-facing materials and in trade press as a major FMCG partner utilising the Trax platform for on-shelf availability analytics across multiple markets, with the relationship documented from approximately 2019–2020 onward. 78 The scoring analysis applies the Customer Cap (maximum Impact score 3.9), the Directionality Rule (Nestlé is the buyer, not the provider), and a moderate Magnitude assessment reflecting the platform’s peripheral, non-strategic character within Nestlé’s broader enterprise architecture.
The mechanism of the Trax relationship is retail commercial intelligence: Trax deploys in-store camera hardware and AI image-recognition software to audit product placement, monitor out-of-stock events, and verify planogram compliance. The technology processes images of retail shelving and merchandise, not images or biometric data of individuals. Trax’s platform is not categorised as a biometric identification or personal surveillance system by the vendor, by Nestlé in public disclosures, or in trade press. Trax subsequently relocated its headquarters to Singapore and the United States — the “Israeli-founded” designation applies to its origin; the company is no longer Israel-domiciled. This relocation is relevant to the magnitude assessment (the current Israeli economic benefit of the relationship is attenuated compared to a still-Israel-domiciled vendor) but does not eliminate the finding from the confirmed period.
Nestlé’s broader enterprise technology stack is dominated by non-Israeli platforms. Microsoft Azure (cloud and productivity, multi-year confirmed partnership), Google Cloud (cloud migration, confirmed 2021), SAP S/4HANA (ERP transformation, confirmed), and Accenture (supply chain integrator) constitute the primary architecture. 181920 The Trax relationship is one analytics tool among this broader non-Israeli stack. It addresses a single commercial operations function — retail shelf intelligence — and is not a critical infrastructure component. Trax is readily replaceable; no revenue figure or contract value is public; geographic deployment scope is undisclosed.
The V-DIG Impact score of 3.20 reflects the Customer Cap band (3.1–3.9, “Soft Dual-Use Procurement: buyer of Israeli-founded technology”). The Magnitude score of 2.50 reflects the peripheral, non-strategic, and easily replaceable character of the Trax relationship within Nestlé’s overall IT estate — “Very Low (Upper End): Occasional / Non-Strategic.” The Proximity score of 9.00 reflects Nestlé’s position as the direct operator deploying the Trax system in its own retail operations — the direct customer/operator position. The high Proximity with low Impact and low Magnitude correctly produces a small V-DIG score (1.14), which accurately represents a minor commercial procurement relationship with an Israeli-founded vendor.
The assessment of all other Israeli-origin technology vendors — Check Point, CyberArk, SentinelOne, NICE Systems, Verint, Wiz, Claroty, Palo Alto Networks — is unconfirmed. No public evidence of a direct commercial relationship between Nestlé and any of these vendors has been identified in procurement records, press releases, case studies, or vendor customer references. These are correctly excluded from positive scoring; treating unconfirmed relationships as confirmed would misrepresent the evidentiary record. 3233343536373839
Nestlé has no Israeli R&D facility, no Israeli technology acquisitions, no joint research agreements with Israeli universities or institutions, and no investment in Israeli venture capital funds. 4041 Its AI programme is directed at internal commercial applications — product formulation research, marketing personalisation, and supply chain optimisation — with no identified provision of AI or machine learning systems to Israeli state, military, or security bodies. 42 The 2022 data exposure incident attributed to Anonymous produced no identification of an Israeli security vendor gap or Israeli remediation vendor. 12
The most significant challenge to the V-DIG score is the sub-vendor transparency gap. Nestlé’s integrator relationships — particularly with Accenture and Infosys — involve programme-level IT delivery that is not publicly disclosed at the sub-vendor tier. It is plausible that Israeli-origin cybersecurity platforms (endpoint security, SIEM, privileged access management) are deployed within Nestlé’s global IT estate as part of bundled integrator offerings. However, absent public evidence, positive scoring at the sub-vendor tier would require inference rather than confirmed evidence — which the scoring methodology does not permit. This gap is genuine and noted, but does not justify moving the score.
A second challenge concerns Osem Group’s internal IT vendor stack. As a separately listed Israeli subsidiary with its own commercial operations and corporate infrastructure, Osem may deploy Israeli-origin technology within Israel at the subsidiary level without disclosure in any accessible source. This subsidiary-level evidence gap is real and cannot be resolved from public sources.
The current 2025–2026 status of the Trax relationship is unknown; no confirmed discontinuation has been identified, but also no recent renewal or expansion has been documented. If the relationship has ended, the V-DIG score would trend toward zero. The score reflects the confirmed period of the relationship.
Finally, a comprehensive patent co-authorship analysis against EPO and USPTO full-text databases was not possible within the scope of this audit, leaving open the question of whether Nestlé has informal IP co-development relationships with Israeli research institutions. This is noted as an open question for follow-on verification.
| Entity | Type | Relevance | Evidence status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Trax Retail | Israeli-founded analytics vendor | Confirmed Nestlé commercial relationship (retail shelf analytics) | Confirmed circa 2019–2020; current status unverified 78 |
| Microsoft (Azure / M365 / Dynamics 365) | US enterprise technology partner | Primary cloud and productivity platform | Confirmed multi-year relationship 18 |
| Google Cloud | US cloud platform | Confirmed migration partner (2021) | Confirmed 19 |
| SAP S/4HANA | German ERP platform | Core ERP transformation | Confirmed 20 |
| Accenture | Global integrator | Digital supply chain partner | Confirmed; sub-vendor stack undisclosed 4344 |
| Infosys | Global IT services | IT infrastructure modernisation (2019) | Confirmed; sub-vendor stack undisclosed 45 |
| Check Point Software | Israeli-origin cybersecurity | Assessed for Nestlé relationship | Unconfirmed — no case study identifies Nestlé 32 |
| CyberArk | Israeli-origin cybersecurity | Assessed for Nestlé relationship | Unconfirmed 33 |
| SentinelOne | Israeli-founded cybersecurity | Assessed for Nestlé relationship | Unconfirmed 34 |
| NICE Systems | Israeli-origin analytics | Assessed for Nestlé relationship | Unconfirmed 35 |
| Verint Systems | Israeli-origin analytics | Assessed for Nestlé relationship | Unconfirmed 36 |
| Wiz | Israeli-founded cloud security | Assessed for Nestlé relationship | Unconfirmed 37 |
| Claroty | Israeli-co-founded OT/IoT security | Assessed for Nestlé relationship | Unconfirmed 38 |
| Who Profits Research Center | NGO | Nestlé/Osem digital footprint review | No technology vendor findings documented 2122 |
| BDS Movement | Civil society | Campaign basis | Settlement commerce, not technology relationships 14 |
| MAALA Index | Israeli CSR body | Osem sustainability rating | Does not assess IT vendor relationships 46 |
| Osem Group | Israeli subsidiary | Subsidiary-level IT stack | Undisclosed; material evidence gap 22 |
The V-ECON domain carries the highest score (4.94) and is the principal driver of Nestlé’s composite BDS-1000 result. The mechanism is straightforward and structurally well-documented: Nestlé is the majority controlling shareholder of Osem Group, Israel’s largest domestically-headquartered food manufacturer, and has been in that position continuously for approximately three decades.
Nestlé first acquired a significant stake in Osem in 1995 and increased its holding progressively through the 2000s and 2010s to approximately 53–55% of Osem’s outstanding shares. 45 This shareholding constitutes majority control and is confirmed in both Osem’s TASE annual filings and Nestlé’s consolidated annual reports. It is an operational investment — not a passive portfolio holding. Nestlé exercises control through board representation, brand licensing arrangements (Nescafé, Maggi, Nesquik sold in Israel under Osem’s distribution), and dividend extraction. Profit flows are unidirectional: outward from Israel to Nestlé’s Swiss parent.
The scale of the Osem investment is significant in the Israeli context. Osem reported revenues of approximately NIS 4.8–5.2 billion (approximately USD 1.3–1.4 billion at 2022–2023 exchange rates) for fiscal years 2022–2023, consistently reported in Israeli financial press and TASE filings as making it the largest domestically-based food manufacturer in Israel by revenue, ahead of Strauss Group and Elite. 135 Osem employs approximately 3,000–3,500 workers across manufacturing, logistics, and corporate functions. 13 As Nestlé holds approximately 53–55% of Osem’s shares, it receives the majority share of dividends declared by Osem — a recurring financial flow from the Israeli economy to the Nestlé Swiss parent.
The geographic scope of Osem’s operations is not limited to Israel proper. Who Profits Research Center documents Osem operating a production or distribution facility at the Mishor Adumim Industrial Zone, located in the occupied West Bank (Area C), as confirmed as of 2022. 22 Who Profits additionally documented Osem’s operation of a manufacturing facility at the Atarot Industrial Zone in East Jerusalem — territory classified as occupied under international law — active through at least 2022. 22 These West Bank and East Jerusalem presences are the basis for Osem’s listing in Who Profits’ occupied territory corporate database and for its documentation by civil society organisations including AFSC Investigate and Corporate Occupation. 2547
The V-ECON Impact score of 5.50 reflects the rubric band “Operational Presence” (5.1–6.0): a physical manufacturing footprint under direct majority ownership, generating substantial employment and tax contribution, but with headquarters and core value creation remaining foreign (Swiss). The next band up — Strategic FDI (6.1–6.9) — was considered but rejected because Nestlé’s Israeli presence is channelled entirely through a single subsidiary (Osem), without additional standalone factories, data centres, R&D facilities, or Israeli-domiciled acquisitions beyond the Osem structure. The Magnitude score of 7.80 reflects Osem’s substantial scale, market dominance, long-term continuous presence (~30 years), and the difficulty of replacing Nestlé as controlling shareholder without significant capital and governance restructuring. The Proximity score of 8.00 reflects Nestlé’s position as active controlling parent — exercising board representation, brand licensing, and dividend extraction — rather than a passive majority investor.
Nestlé’s supply chain exposure at the global group level is limited. No verified direct procurement contract between Nestlé globally and named Israeli agricultural exporters (Mehadrin, Hadiklaim, Galilee Export) has been identified. 4849 The supply chain exposure operates at the Osem subsidiary level, where Osem draws on Israeli domestic agricultural inputs including produce from facilities operating in or proximate to the West Bank. No formal Israeli government designation of Osem as critical national infrastructure has been identified, though Osem’s dominant market-share position in staple food categories positions it as a de facto anchor in the Israeli domestic food production ecosystem.
The EU Court of Justice ruling of November 2019 (Case C-363/18) and equivalent UK DEFRA guidance require country-of-origin labelling differentiation for settlement-produced goods in EU and UK markets respectively. 65051 No public enforcement action against Nestlé or Osem for mislabelling settlement-origin produce in these markets has been identified, though relevant enforcement databases were not fully accessible during the audit period. Nestlé’s Responsible Sourcing Standard does not contain territory-specific provisions regarding the West Bank or Golan Heights. 24
The strongest counter-argument is proportionality: Osem Group revenues of approximately USD 1.3–1.4 billion represent a small fraction of Nestlé’s approximately CHF 94 billion global consolidated revenues. From a Nestlé-group perspective, Israel is a minor market. The V-ECON rubric, however, assesses magnitude toward Israel — Osem’s role in the Israeli food economy — rather than toward Nestlé, and in that direction the investment is genuinely substantial: Osem is Israel’s largest food manufacturer, a major employer, and a decades-long anchor of the Israeli processed food sector.
A second counter-argument concerns the nature of the investment. Nestlé acquired Osem as a pre-existing Israeli domestic company (founded 1942) through a commercial acquisition process in 1995. This is a different analytical relationship than founding a new Israeli entity or establishing greenfield operations. However, the rubric does not distinguish between greenfield and acquisition-based foreign direct investment; ongoing majority control and active management are the operative criteria, and these are clearly met.
The current status of the Mishor Adumim facility (confirmed by Who Profits as of 2022) is the most significant outstanding factual uncertainty in this domain. If the facility has since been closed or divested, the settlement-specific production dimension would weaken — though the I-ECON score is anchored to the character of the broader Osem relationship (majority-owned operational subsidiary) rather than to any single facility’s presence. The Atarot facility’s operational status for 2023–2025 is similarly unconfirmed, with no evidence of discontinuation identified.
No evidence of Nestlé-owned assets in Israel outside the Osem structure has been identified, which correctly constrains the I-ECON score below the Strategic FDI band. If future research identified additional standalone Israeli factories, data centres, or acquisitions beyond Osem, the I-ECON score would be revised upward.
| Entity | Type | Relevance | Evidence status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Osem Group Ltd. | Israeli subsidiary (TASE-listed) | Primary Israeli operational entity; majority-owned by Nestlé | Confirmed; ~53–55% stake 45 |
| Tivall | Osem brand | Israeli-origin vegetarian/meat-substitute line; domestic sourcing | Confirmed Osem subsidiary 352 |
| Mishor Adumim Industrial Zone | West Bank industrial zone | Osem production/distribution facility | Confirmed by Who Profits as of 2022 22 |
| Atarot Industrial Zone | East Jerusalem industrial zone | Osem manufacturing facility | Confirmed through 2022; 2023–2025 status unverified 2230 |
| Who Profits Research Center | NGO | Osem settlement-zone facility documentation | Primary source for settlement facility linkage 2122 |
| AFSC Investigate | NGO database | Nestlé and Osem entries | Settlement commerce basis confirmed 2526 |
| Corporate Occupation / CAABU | NGO mapping | Food/beverage sector West Bank operations | Osem documented 47 |
| BDS Movement | Civil society campaign | Consumer boycott; Nestlé/Osem targeting | Active campaign citing Osem/Nestlé ownership 14 |
| Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE) | Stock exchange | Osem public listing | TASE filings confirm ownership and revenues 5 |
| Israeli Securities Authority (ISA) | Regulator | Osem disclosure requirements | Confirms Osem regulatory standing 53 |
| Strauss Group / Elite | Israeli food competitors | Market comparison entities | Osem ranked #1 domestically 13 |
| Mehadrin / Hadiklaim | Israeli agricultural exporters | Assessed for direct Nestlé procurement | No verified relationship identified 4849 |
| EU Court of Justice (Case C-363/18) | Legal ruling | Settlement-origin labelling obligation | Applicable to Osem products in EU markets 6 |
| DEFRA (UK) | UK government | UK settlement-origin labelling guidance | Applicable to Osem products in UK markets 5051 |
| Nestlé Responsible Sourcing Standard | Corporate policy | Sourcing governance | No occupied-territory provisions identified 24 |
Nestlé’s political domain score (V-POL, 0.97) is grounded in a specific, documented asymmetry in its corporate communications posture rather than in positive political advocacy. The primary finding — selective silence classified under the “Double Standard” rubric band (2.1–3.0) — rests on a well-evidenced contrast: Nestlé issued explicit public statements on the Russia-Ukraine conflict in March 2022 (announcing advertising suspension, partial investment adjustments, and maintaining a dedicated corporate communications page), while issuing no comparable standalone statement, dedicated landing page, or substantive press release on the Israel-Palestine conflict during October 2023 through 2024. 111516
This asymmetry is analytically meaningful because it demonstrates that Nestlé is not categorically neutral on geopolitical conflicts involving territories where it has commercial operations. The Ukraine response set a documented internal precedent for conflict-specific corporate communication. The absence of a parallel Israel-Palestine response is therefore a policy choice rather than a default posture of universal non-engagement. On investor and ESG analyst calls during Q4 2023 and Q1 2024, Nestlé’s documented position when pressed on the conflict was that geopolitical developments are “monitored” without substantive further comment. 1516
The V-POL Impact score of 2.50 sits within the “Double Standard” band and does not reach the “Business-as-Usual” band (3.1–4.0) because the selective silence — while meaningful — falls short of active suppression of stakeholder accountability. No shareholder resolutions specifically addressing Israel/Palestine operations have been identified as having been submitted to and voted down at Nestlé AGMs, which would be the clearest indicator of active suppression. No HR weaponisation of employee speech on the conflict has been documented. The score correctly sits at the lower end of the political engagement spectrum.
The V-POL Magnitude score of 3.20 reflects the limited scale of the political act itself. Silence is low-frequency and low-volume. No lobbying spend on Israel-Palestine policy has been identified in Nestlé’s EU Transparency Register disclosures. 54 No material financial contributions to Israel-advocacy organisations — FIDF, JNF, AIPAC — or to Palestinian advocacy organisations have been identified in any reviewed source. 55 No documented leadership in geopolitical pressure groups related to Israel-Palestine policy has been identified. Nestlé USA’s PAC contributions, as documented through OpenSecrets, focus on agricultural, food safety, and trade committee recipients without identified linkage to anti-BDS legislation sponsors or Middle East policy caucuses. 55 The Proximity score of 8.50 reflects that the selective silence is a direct corporate-level communications decision attributable to Nestlé’s own executive leadership and communications apparatus, with no intermediary.
Nestlé’s operations in occupied and contested territories — the Osem subsidiary’s manufacturing at Mishor Adumim and Atarot — are analytically situated in V-ECON (operational investment) rather than V-POL (political dimension). The V-POL domain captures Nestlé’s communications posture regarding the conflict and its relationships with political actors, not the economic character of its Israeli investment. This classification is consistent with the supplied audit materials.
Several potential V-POL indicators were investigated and returned nil findings. No state honours from the Government of Israel or formal non-commercial hosting of Israeli government officials have been identified. No documented participation in Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs “Brand Israel” public relations campaigns has been found. No formal partnerships with Israeli academic or governmental institutions (Weizmann, Technion, Ben-Gurion University) at the corporate level have been identified. Nestlé’s trade association memberships (FoodDrinkEurope, WBCSD) are not Israel-Palestine oriented in mandate. 5657 Board-level review of all 13 directors identified no affiliations with AIPAC, FIDF, JNF, or comparable Israel-specific geopolitical organisations. 17
The OHCHR database published in February 2020 does not name Nestlé S.A. itself; civil society documentation of Osem’s settlement-adjacent operations exists primarily through Who Profits and AFSC Investigate rather than through the formal OHCHR instrument. 92225 The database has not been updated since February 2020. Consumer boycott campaigns spreading virally in October–December 2023 included Nestlé among companies targeted for Israel ties, citing the Osem connection; Nestlé issued no public rebuttal specific to the Israel-Palestine framing. 1415
The strongest counter-argument to the V-POL score is that corporate silence on geopolitical conflicts is overwhelmingly the norm rather than the exception for multinational food companies. Nestlé’s Ukraine response was itself unusual; the absence of a comparable Israel-Palestine response may reflect a reversion to default posture rather than specifically discriminatory treatment. The rubric, however, captures this distinction through the “Double Standard” band: once a company has demonstrated willingness to engage publicly on one conflict, silence on a comparable situation becomes a meaningful choice rather than a baseline.
A second challenge concerns the PAC analysis. The granular cross-reference matching Nestlé PAC recipients to anti-BDS legislation co-sponsors was identified as an evidence gap requiring live database access to complete. If such analysis were to reveal contributions specifically linked to anti-BDS legislation, the V-POL Impact and Magnitude scores would move upward. The current assessment reflects only confirmed data.
The scope of “selective silence” as a V-POL criterion is inherently contested. Some analysts would argue that corporate reticence on the Israel-Palestine conflict is a commercially rational and ethically neutral position. The audit does not resolve this normative question; it identifies the asymmetry and scores it within the supplied rubric framework, noting that it is a lower-band finding.
The investigation of executive philanthropy (Schneider, Freixe, Bulcke) is subject to private donation opacity. Personal philanthropic activity not disclosed through ProPublica, Swiss charity registries, or Bloomberg biographical profiles cannot be confirmed or excluded. The absence of identified evidence across multiple source classes is consistent with no significant advocacy activity but does not constitute definitive confirmation.
| Entity | Type | Relevance | Evidence status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nestlé S.A. | Corporate entity | Direct actor in communications decisions | Documented selective silence 1516 |
| Laurent Freixe | CEO (September 2024–present) | Current executive leadership | No identified Israel-Palestine advocacy 16 |
| Ulf Mark Schneider | Former CEO (2017–September 2024) | Prior executive; Ukraine response architect | No identified Israel-Palestine advocacy 15 |
| Paul Bulcke | Chairman (2017–present) | Board governance | No documented Israel-advocacy affiliations 17 |
| Nestlé Board of Directors | 13 members (2023) | Governance and communications accountability | No identified AIPAC/FIDF/JNF affiliations 17 |
| BDS Movement | Civil society | Nestlé campaign (2016–2024) | Active targeting citing Osem/Atarot 14 |
| AFSC Investigate | NGO database | “Investigate” listing | Settlement commerce basis 25 |
| OHCHR | UN body | February 2020 settlements database | Nestlé S.A. not named; Osem documented by civil society 9 |
| EU Transparency Register | EU regulatory | Nestlé lobbying disclosures | No Israel-Palestine lobbying identified 54 |
| OpenSecrets | US campaign finance | Nestlé USA PAC contributions | No anti-BDS linkage confirmed; gap noted 55 |
| FIDF / JNF / AIPAC | Israel-advocacy organisations | Assessed for Nestlé donations | No contributions identified |
| FoodDrinkEurope | EU trade association | Nestlé membership | Not Israel-Palestine oriented 56 |
| WBCSD | Sustainability body | Nestlé membership | Not geopolitically oriented 57 |
| Oxfam Behind the Brands | NGO | Nestlé supply chain assessment | Focus: labour standards, not Israel tech/political 58 |
| CODEPINK / Ekō | Advocacy campaigns | Consumer and shareholder pressure (2023–2024) | No military contracting cited as basis |
The dominant cross-domain challenge is aggregation: taken individually, Nestlé’s Trax procurement (V-DIG), its comparative communications silence (V-POL), and its Osem majority ownership (V-ECON) each present as relatively conventional corporate conduct. The BDS-1000 framework aggregates these across domains, but the formula correctly weights V-ECON most heavily because it represents the most substantial material relationship. Critics may argue that a food company’s legacy subsidiary investment should not generate the same type of BDS-framework scrutiny as direct military supply or technology provision to surveillance infrastructure. The scoring methodology’s response is embedded in the rubric bands: Nestlé scores in the middle bands of V-ECON, not the top, precisely because it is a foreign majority shareholder in a food company — not a defence prime, a settlement builder, or a military technology provider.
A second cross-domain challenge concerns data vintage. The most specific settlement-facility documentation (Mishor Adumim, Atarot) is confirmed as of 2022 by Who Profits. Real-time verification was not available during the audit. All three domains share this limitation to varying degrees. A live re-audit with access to current TASE filings, Who Profits’ most recent updates, and current Israeli business registry data could alter specific factual claims — though it is unlikely to change the structural assessment materially given the depth of historical documentation.
A third challenge is counterfactual dependency: Nestlé’s V-DIG score would fall further if the Trax relationship has ended, and its V-POL score would change if Nestlé were to issue a public statement on Israel-Palestine. Both are live possibilities that could alter the composite modestly but would not change the Tier D classification given the V-ECON dominance.
| Entity | Type | Domain(s) | Evidence status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nestlé S.A. | Swiss public company (audit subject) | All | Confirmed; NESN on SIX, NSRGY OTC |
| Osem Group Ltd. | Israeli subsidiary, TASE-listed | V-ECON, V-MIL, V-POL | Confirmed; ~53–55% Nestlé-owned 45 |
| Tivall | Osem vegetarian brand | V-ECON | Confirmed Osem subsidiary 352 |
| Trax Retail | Israeli-founded analytics platform | V-DIG | Confirmed customer relationship circa 2019–2020 78 |
| Who Profits Research Center | Israeli NGO | V-MIL, V-DIG, V-ECON, V-POL | Primary source on Osem settlement facilities 2122 |
| BDS Movement | Civil society campaign body | V-MIL, V-DIG, V-ECON, V-POL | Active campaigns; settlement commerce cited 14 |
| AFSC Investigate | US NGO database | V-MIL, V-ECON, V-POL | Nestlé and Osem listings; no military contracting 2526 |
| Mishor Adumim Industrial Zone | West Bank industrial zone | V-ECON, V-POL | Osem facility confirmed by Who Profits 2022 22 |
| Atarot Industrial Zone | East Jerusalem industrial zone | V-ECON, V-MIL, V-POL | Osem facility confirmed through 2022 2230 |
| Laurent Freixe | CEO (September 2024–present) | V-POL | No Israel-Palestine advocacy identified 16 |
| Ulf Mark Schneider | Former CEO (2017–September 2024) | V-POL | Ukraine response documented; no Israel-Palestine advocacy 15 |
| Paul Bulcke | Chairman (2017–present) | V-POL | No Israel-advocacy affiliations documented 17 |
| Microsoft / Google Cloud / SAP | Enterprise technology partners | V-DIG | Non-Israeli stack; confirmed relationships 181920 |
| Accenture / Infosys | IT integrators | V-DIG | Confirmed engagements; sub-vendor stacks undisclosed 434445 |
| OHCHR | UN human rights body | V-ECON, V-POL | February 2020 database; Osem documented by civil society 9 |
| EU Court of Justice (C-363/18) | EU judicial ruling | V-ECON | Settlement-origin labelling obligation 6 |
| SIPRI | Arms database | V-MIL | No Nestlé record confirms structural military absence 23 |
| DEFRA (UK) | UK government regulator | V-ECON | Settlement-origin labelling guidance 5051 |
| Corporate Occupation / CAABU | NGO | V-ECON | Food/beverage sector West Bank mapping 47 |
| Nestlé Code of Business Conduct | Corporate policy (2023) | V-POL | No Israel-Palestine provisions 59 |
| Nestlé Human Rights Due Diligence Framework | Corporate policy (2021) | V-MIL | No military end-use provisions 60 |
| Nestlé Responsible Sourcing Standard | Corporate policy (2022) | V-ECON | No occupied-territory provisions 24 |
| Domain | I | M | P | V-Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| V-MIL | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| V-DIG | 3.20 | 2.50 | 9.00 | 1.14 |
| V-ECON | 5.50 | 7.80 | 8.00 | 4.94 |
| V-POL | 2.50 | 3.20 | 8.50 | 0.97 |
BDS-1000 Composite Score: 372 — Tier D (200–399)
V-MIL is a nil score across all criteria: no military supply, defence contracting, dual-use product, construction equipment, base services, or munitions relationship has been identified in any source class. V-DIG reflects a single confirmed peripheral commercial relationship with Trax (Israeli-founded retail analytics), correctly capped under the Customer Cap and scored low for Magnitude given Trax’s non-strategic role. V-ECON dominates the composite as V_MAX: Nestlé’s approximately 53–55% controlling stake in Osem Group — Israel’s largest food manufacturer, ~USD 1.3–1.4 billion revenue, ~3,000–3,500 employees, West Bank facility presence, 30-year continuous investment — places it in the Operational Presence impact band with high Magnitude and Proximity scores. V-POL captures selective silence relative to the documented Ukraine response; low magnitude (no lobbying, no identified donations) and high proximity (direct corporate decision) produce a score below 1.0. The composite formula weights V-ECON as the maximum and applies a 20% discount to the sum of other domain scores, correctly representing a company whose Israel relationship is commercially driven through a food subsidiary, with no military dimension and limited political footprint.
High-confidence findings:
– Nestlé holds a majority controlling stake (~53–55%) in Osem Group; confirmed in TASE filings and Nestlé annual reports.
– Osem is Israel’s largest domestically-based food manufacturer by revenue; confirmed in Israeli financial press and TASE filings.
– No military supply relationship with IDF, IMOD, or any Israeli defence prime has been identified across any source class.
– Nestlé issued no standalone public statement on Israel-Palestine during October 2023 through 2024.
– The Ukraine/Israel communications asymmetry is clearly documented.
Moderate-confidence findings:
– The Trax retail analytics relationship (V-DIG): confirmed in trade press circa 2019–2020; current 2025–2026 status unverified.
– Osem Mishor Adumim facility: confirmed by Who Profits as of 2022; current operational status unverified.
– Osem Atarot facility: confirmed through 2022; 2023–2025 status unverified.
Open questions requiring follow-on verification:
– Whether Osem products are formally contracted into IDF catering programmes (beyond retail commercial availability).
– Current operational status of Mishor Adumim and Atarot facilities (post-2022).
– Current status of the Nestlé–Trax relationship (2025–2026).
– Whether any Israeli-origin cybersecurity vendor is deployed within Nestlé’s IT estate at the integrator sub-vendor tier.
– Whether Nestlé PAC contributions can be cross-referenced against anti-BDS legislation co-sponsors (requires live database access).
– Complete patent co-authorship analysis against EPO and USPTO databases for potential Nestlé–Israeli institution IP co-development.
– Whether any EU member-state customs authority has flagged or relabelled Osem-origin settlement products under the 2019 ECJ ruling.
For institutional investors and ESG analysts: The V-ECON score of 4.94 reflects a substantive, long-running operational investment relationship. Engagement rather than divestment is appropriate at Tier D given the absence of military supply. Recommended engagement topics: Osem’s facility status at Mishor Adumim and Atarot; Osem’s West Bank supplier relationships; Nestlé’s application of its Responsible Sourcing Standard to occupied-territory sourcing. The evidential record supports engagement but does not support the characterisation of Nestlé as a defence-sector company.
For procurement and supply chain compliance teams: Settlement-origin labelling compliance (EU Case C-363/18; UK DEFRA guidance) should be verified for any Osem-branded products entering EU or UK retail distribution chains. 65051 No enforcement action has been identified, but the evidentiary record confirms Osem operations at settlement-adjacent industrial zones, creating regulatory exposure if products enter EU/UK markets with generic “Israel” labelling.
For civil society researchers: The principal evidence gap requiring follow-on work is the current operational status of Osem’s Mishor Adumim and Atarot facilities (post-2022 Who Profits documentation). A live field or registry-based verification of facility status would either confirm ongoing settlement-zone production or justify score adjustment. The IDF catering question (V-MIL) would benefit from a targeted Israeli government procurement portal review with live database access.
For future BDS-1000 audits of Nestlé: The composite score and Tier D classification are stable under the current evidence base. The score would shift meaningfully only under three scenarios: (a) confirmation of a formal IDF catering contract with Osem (would add a V-MIL component and potentially raise V-ECON Proximity); (b) confirmation of a Nestlé relationship with a strategically significant Israeli-origin cybersecurity or AI vendor (would raise V-DIG I and M); or (c) identification of Nestlé executive or corporate financial contributions to FIDF, JNF, or AIPAC (would raise V-POL I and M). None of these has a factual basis in current evidence.
Osem Group corporate history — https://www.osem.co.il/en/about-osem ↩
Nestlé 2023 Articles of Association — https://www.nestle.com/sites/default/files/2023-04/nestle-articles-of-association-2023.pdf ↩
Nestlé Israel — Tivall brand page — https://www.nestle.co.il/en/brands/tivall ↩↩↩
Reuters — Nestlé Osem acquisition — https://www.reuters.com/article/nestle-osem-idUSL5E8GS2012 ↩↩↩↩↩↩
Osem Group TASE filings — https://maya.tase.co.il/company/osem ↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩
EU Court of Justice, Case C-363/18 — https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=220796 ↩↩↩↩↩
Trax Retail customer references — https://traxretail.com/customers/ ↩↩↩↩
Consumer Goods Technology — Nestlé Trax shelf analytics — https://consumergoods.com/nestle-trax-shelf-analytics ↩↩↩↩
OHCHR settlements database (HRC Session 43) — https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/regular-sessions/session43/database-business-enterprises ↩↩↩↩↩
Who Profits — Nestlé Waters profile — https://whoprofits.org/company/nestle-waters/ ↩↩
Nestlé Ukraine-Russia update — https://www.nestle.com/media/news/nestle-ukraine-russia-update ↩↩
Cybernews — Nestlé data leak, Anonymous — https://cybernews.com/security/nestle-data-leaked-anonymous/ ↩↩
Globes — Osem Nestlé 2023 — https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-osem-nestle-2023 ↩↩↩↩
BDS Movement — targeted campaigns — https://bdsmovement.net/news/bds-targeted-campaigns ↩↩↩↩↩↩↩
Nestlé 2023 Annual Report — https://www.nestle.com/sites/default/files/2024-03/2023-annual-report-en.pdf ↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩
Nestlé 2022 Annual Report — https://www.nestle.com/sites/default/files/2023-03/2022-annual-report-en.pdf ↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩
Nestlé 2023 Corporate Governance Report — https://www.nestle.com/sites/default/files/2024-03/2023-corporate-governance-report-en.pdf ↩↩↩↩↩
Microsoft — Nestlé partnership announcement — https://news.microsoft.com/2022/06/nestle-microsoft-partnership ↩↩↩↩
Google Cloud — Nestlé cloud journey — https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/infrastructure/nestle-cloud-journey ↩↩↩↩
SAP — Nestlé S/4HANA enterprise — https://news.sap.com/2020/nestle-s4hana-enterprise ↩↩↩↩
Who Profits — Nestlé company profile — https://whoprofits.org/company/nestle/ ↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩
Who Profits — Osem Group profile — https://whoprofits.org/company/osem/ ↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩↩
SIPRI arms transfers database — https://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers ↩↩↩↩↩
Nestlé Responsible Sourcing Standard — https://www.nestle.com/sites/default/files/2022-09/nestle-responsible-sourcing-standard.pdf ↩↩↩↩
AFSC Investigate — Nestlé entry — https://investigate.afsc.org/company/nestle ↩↩↩↩↩↩
AFSC Investigate — Osem entry — https://investigate.afsc.org/company/osem ↩↩↩
Business & Human Rights Resource Centre — Nestlé — https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/companies/nestle/ ↩
Israeli Ministry of Defence — SIBAT directory — https://www.mod.gov.il/Defence_Procurement_Acquisitions/Pages/SIBAT.aspx ↩
Israeli government procurement portal — https://mr.gov.il/ilgovxml/service/GovXmlService ↩
UN OCHA — Atarot/Qalandia Industrial Zone — https://www.ochaopt.org/location/atarot ↩↩↩
Who Profits — Atarot Industrial Zone — https://whoprofits.org/settlements/atarot-industrial-zone/ ↩
Check Point Software FMCG case studies — https://www.checkpoint.com/case-studies/fmcg/ ↩↩
CyberArk (no Nestlé case study identified) — https://www.cyberark.com ↩↩
SentinelOne EMEA expansion 2023 — https://www.sentinelone.com/press/emea-expansion-2023/ ↩↩
NICE Systems FMCG resources — https://www.nice.com/resources/case-studies/fmcg ↩↩
Verint customer references — https://www.verint.com/customers/ ↩↩
Wiz enterprise growth 2023 — https://www.wiz.io/press/enterprise-growth-2023 ↩↩
Claroty food & beverage OT security — https://claroty.com/blog/food-beverage-ot-security ↩↩
Palo Alto Networks (no Nestlé contract identified) ↩
Nestlé R&D network — https://www.nestle.com/innovation/rd-network ↩
Nestlé R&D network locations — https://www.nestle.com/innovation/rd-network/locations ↩
Nestlé generative AI product development — https://www.nestle.com/stories/nestle-generative-ai-product-development ↩
Accenture — Nestlé digital supply chain — https://newsroom.accenture.com/news/nestle-digital-supply-chain ↩↩
Accenture technology trends 2023 — https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/technology/technology-trends-2023 ↩↩
Infosys — Nestlé IT infrastructure 2019 — https://www.infosys.com/newsroom/press-releases/2019/nestle-it-infrastructure.html ↩↩
MAALA Index — Osem company page — https://www.maala.org.il/en/companies/osem ↩
Corporate Occupation — food and beverage sector — https://www.corporateoccupation.org/sectors/food-beverage ↩↩↩
Hadiklaim — about page — https://www.hadiklaim.com/about/ ↩↩
Fresh Plaza — Israeli fresh produce exports 2022 — https://www.freshplaza.com/article/israel-fresh-produce-exports-2022 ↩↩
UK government — trading with Israel guidance — https://www.gov.uk/guidance/trading-with-israel ↩↩↩↩
UK DEFRA — food labelling guidance (Great Britain) — https://www.gov.uk/guidance/labelling-food-products-sold-in-great-britain ↩↩↩↩
Haaretz — Tivall Nestlé plant-based 2021 — https://www.haaretz.com/business/tivall-nestle-plant-based-2021 ↩↩
Israeli Securities Authority — https://www.isa.gov.il/ ↩
EU Transparency Register — Nestlé lobbying record — https://ec.europa.eu/transparencyregister/public/consultation/displaylobbyist.do?id=00674429487-40 ↩↩
OpenSecrets — Nestlé PAC summary — https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/nestle/summary?id=D000022182 ↩↩↩
FoodDrinkEurope (Nestlé membership) — https://www.fooddrinkeurope.eu ↩↩
World Business Council for Sustainable Development — https://www.wbcsd.org ↩↩
Oxfam Behind the Brands — Nestlé — https://www.oxfam.org/en/behind-brands/nestle ↩
Nestlé Code of Business Conduct 2023 — https://www.nestle.com/sites/default/files/2023-nestle-code-of-business-conduct.pdf ↩
Nestlé Human Rights Due Diligence Framework — https://www.nestle.com/sites/default/files/2021-12/nestle-human-rights-due-diligence-framework.pdf ↩
