TIDAL DIGITAL

Target: TIDAL, the music-streaming and artist-services business controlled by Block, Inc.

Research date: 25 October 2026

Evidence period: 2021–2026, including corporate acquisition records, annual disclosures, governance materials and technology-partner documentation.

Enterprise Technology Stack & Vendor Relationships

Corporate ownership and technology-business context

Block’s 2025 Form 10-K identifies TIDAL as one of its business ecosystems and describes its artist-focused music-streaming and commercial services during the financial year ended 31 December 2025.¹

Block’s first-quarter 2026 filing continues to identify TIDAL as an operating business and describes its dependence on copyright licences, record labels, music publishers and other rights holders.²

Block’s 2024 Form 10-K describes TIDAL’s streaming business and its exposure to competition from other music platforms and distribution channels.³

The 2023 Form 10-K identifies distribution through Apple and Google app stores as part of TIDAL’s consumer-platform business model during the reporting period.⁴

Block’s filing for the quarter ended 31 March 2022 records its acquisition of an 86.8% ownership interest in TIDAL on 30 April 2021.⁵

Block’s second-quarter 2022 Form 10-Q independently confirms that it acquired an 86.8% ownership interest on 30 April 2021 and included TIDAL’s operating results in consolidated financial statements from the closing date.⁶

Corporate subsidiary disclosure

Block’s fiscal 2025 Exhibit 21.1, filed on 26 February 2026, does not separately list TIDAL Music AS, TIDAL Music LLC or Aspiro AB among its disclosed major subsidiaries.⁷

The fiscal 2025 exhibit states that other subsidiaries are omitted under Item 601(b)(21)(ii) of Regulation S-K because they do not meet the applicable aggregate significance threshold, so omission from this particular schedule does not establish disposal of a TIDAL entity.⁷

Block’s fiscal 2024 Exhibit 21.1 likewise does not separately list TIDAL-related companies among its disclosed major subsidiaries and contains an equivalent omission provision.⁸

Block’s 2023 subsidiary exhibit identifies Aspiro AB and TIDAL Music AS as major subsidiaries incorporated in Sweden and Norway respectively.⁹

Block’s 2022 subsidiary exhibit identifies Tidal Music AS and Tidal Music LLC, incorporated in Norway and Delaware respectively.¹⁰

Block’s 2021 subsidiary exhibit identifies Aspiro AB and Tidal Music AS among its reported major subsidiaries.¹¹

The omission of TIDAL entities from the fiscal 2025 major-subsidiary schedule is distinguishable from the parent company’s explicit description of TIDAL as a continuing business in its 2025 Form 10-K.^{1, 7}

Named technology relationships

Sonos identifies TIDAL as a supported music service, including lossless audio streaming and compatible playback functionality.¹²

Sonos separately identifies TIDAL among the music applications supporting direct control of Sonos playback devices.¹³

Serato documents TIDAL as a music-streaming service integrated into Serato DJ Pro, with account authentication and access to TIDAL playlists and catalogue searches.¹⁴

Serato’s integration documentation specifies that a TIDAL DJ subscription is required and describes compatibility requirements for using TIDAL tracks with Serato DJ Pro functionality.¹⁵

Dolby’s published consumer guidance describes compatible equipment and playback arrangements for Dolby Atmos music, while Sonos independently identifies TIDAL among its supported spatial-audio content services.^{16, 17}

Israeli-origin enterprise software

No public evidence identified of a direct TIDAL procurement, licence or deployment agreement involving Check Point, Wiz, SentinelOne, CyberArk, NICE, Verint, Claroty, Palo Alto Networks or another specifically identified Israeli-origin enterprise-security provider in the examined corporate disclosures.^{1, 2, 3}

Scale of dependency

The Sonos and Serato integrations are documented as consumer audio-playback and DJ-software integrations respectively; the reviewed documentation does not identify them as TIDAL’s internal cybersecurity, database or cloud-hosting infrastructure.^{12, 14}

Systems integrators and outsourcing

No public evidence identified of a named systems integrator deploying Israeli-origin software into TIDAL’s enterprise technology stack in the reviewed public corporate and partner documentation.^{1, 4, 14}

Surveillance, Biometrics & Retail Technology

Facial recognition and biometrics

No public evidence identified of TIDAL deploying facial recognition, biometric identification, gait analysis or automated retail-vision products supplied by Trigo, BriefCam, AnyVision/Oosto, Trax or comparable Israeli-origin vendors in the examined corporate disclosures.^{1, 3, 4}

Predictive analytics and monitoring

No public evidence identified of TIDAL purchasing Israeli-origin predictive-policing, workforce-surveillance or security-monitoring systems in the examined filings and named technology-integration documentation.^{1, 2, 14}

Third-party deployment

Serato documents access to TIDAL’s streaming catalogue and playlists within its DJ software, establishing a third-party application integration involving authenticated access to music services.^{14, 15}

Sonos documentation establishes a further third-party distribution and playback integration for TIDAL audio content.^{12, 13}

No public evidence identified that these named integrations involve Israeli-origin biometric, policing or intelligence-surveillance technology.^{12, 13, 14, 15}

Consumer behaviour data

Block’s 2025 annual report describes TIDAL as a global platform connecting musicians and listeners through digital content and services, but the examined filing does not disclose a complete inventory of TIDAL’s listener-level behavioural-data processors.¹

No public evidence identified in the reviewed admissible documents establishing that TIDAL listener-behaviour data is transferred to a named Israeli surveillance or intelligence vendor.^{1, 2}

Cloud Infrastructure, Data Residency & Sovereign Cloud Participation

Consumer-service geography

TIDAL’s official country-availability documentation, updated 9 January 2026 and preserved in an October 2026 archive, lists Israel among the countries where the consumer streaming service is available.¹⁸

This documentation establishes service availability in Israel as of the published update; it does not identify a local data centre, government customer or settlement-specific enterprise contract.¹⁸

Hosting and infrastructure

Block’s 2025 and first-quarter 2026 filings describe TIDAL’s digital streaming business but do not identify Israel as a TIDAL data-centre location or disclose a TIDAL-specific Israeli cloud-hosting agreement in the reviewed sections.^{1, 2}

No public evidence identified of a TIDAL-owned, leased or co-located data centre in Israel in the reviewed corporate disclosures.^{1, 3, 7}

Government cloud contracts

No public evidence identified establishing TIDAL as a contractor, subcontractor, cloud operator or named technology provider for Project Nimbus or another Israeli sovereign-government cloud programme in the examined corporate filings.^{1, 2, 3}

Data-sovereignty services

No public evidence identified that TIDAL markets or contracts data-residency, sovereign-cloud or infrastructure-resilience services to Israeli state or military institutions in the reviewed business descriptions.^{1, 2}

Data-exposure principle

Block’s 2025 Form 10-K establishes TIDAL’s continued operation as a digital music platform, while the reviewed filing does not establish where each category of TIDAL user data is stored or processed.¹

No public evidence identified in the admissible documentary set demonstrating that TIDAL’s listener data is hosted, routed or processed by a named provider within Israeli jurisdiction.^{1, 2}

No public evidence identified of a documented Israeli government access arrangement covering TIDAL’s user data in the examined disclosures.^{1, 2}

Group attribution and infrastructure

Block’s continued reporting of TIDAL within its business operations establishes the corporate relationship, but its consolidated reporting does not by itself identify TIDAL’s individual infrastructure providers or the geographic processing locations of its user data.^{1, 2}

The absence of separately named TIDAL entities from the fiscal 2025 major-subsidiary exhibit does not establish a change in the geographic location of TIDAL infrastructure.⁷

Defence, Intelligence & Security Sector Technology Relationships

Military and intelligence contracts

No public evidence identified of a direct technology-services contract between TIDAL and the Israel Defence Forces, Israeli Ministry of Defence or an Israeli intelligence agency in the examined Block financial disclosures and acquisition records.^{1, 2, 19}

Commercial and defence-sector distinction

Block announced its proposed majority acquisition of TIDAL on 4 March 2021 as an expansion into services for musicians and artists.¹⁹

The company’s announcement described the planned transaction as a commercial music-platform acquisition and did not identify defence, intelligence or surveillance applications.¹⁹

The transaction subsequently closed on 30 April 2021, when Block acquired an 86.8% interest and began consolidating TIDAL’s operating results.⁶

A publicly filed Delaware Supreme Court appellate brief concerning the acquisition describes the commercial transaction, related board deliberations and shareholder derivative litigation; the document is a party’s litigation submission rather than a final judicial finding on each contested allegation.²⁰

Dual-use technology provision

Serato’s integration documentation establishes a commercial mechanism for authenticated music streaming and playlist use within DJ software.¹⁴

No public evidence identified that this integration was supplied to Israeli military, intelligence or law-enforcement agencies for surveillance or operational security purposes.^{14, 15}

Offensive cyber and weapons technology

No public evidence identified of TIDAL developing, licensing, selling or maintaining offensive cyber tools, zero-day exploit products or digital weapons systems for Israeli state actors in the examined corporate disclosures.^{1, 2, 3}

Post-19 July 2024 and post-November 2024 activity

Block’s 2025 financial disclosure and first-quarter 2026 filing confirm continued operation of TIDAL after both specified dates.^{1, 2}

TIDAL’s January 2026 availability documentation continues to include Israel among its supported consumer markets.¹⁸

No public evidence identified in the reviewed sources establishing that TIDAL continued a specific Israeli military, intelligence or settlement-directed technology contract after either date.^{1, 2, 18}

Occupied-territory provision

No public evidence identified of a named TIDAL enterprise contract, military installation, customer institution or licensed reseller operating specifically within an Israeli settlement in the examined documentation.^{1, 2, 18}

The reviewed country-availability information does not separately identify settlements or provide address-level subscription or service-delivery records.¹⁸

AI, Algorithmic & Autonomous Systems

AI and machine-learning provision

Block’s 2025 annual report describes TIDAL’s catalogue, streaming platform and artist-focused commercial services without identifying TIDAL as a supplier of military artificial intelligence or autonomous decision-support systems.¹

No public evidence identified of a TIDAL AI or machine-learning supply agreement with an Israeli government, military or intelligence agency in the reviewed disclosures.^{1, 2}

Training data

No public evidence identified that TIDAL’s AI models have been trained on Israeli military interception datasets, surveillance-derived communications or datasets collected from Palestinians in occupied territories in the examined materials.^{1, 2, 3}

Automated recommendation and media services

Sonos documents recommendation, playlist and music-discovery functionality available through its TIDAL service integration.¹²

The documented functionality concerns consumer music discovery and playback; the cited documentation does not describe a military analytics or target-identification system.¹²

Autonomous systems and targeting

No public evidence identified of TIDAL supplying autonomous target generation, military object tracking, fire-control software or automated kinetic targeting systems to Israeli security forces in the examined corporate disclosures.^{1, 2, 3}

No purpose-built kinetic targeting system was identified for attribution to TIDAL in the reviewed business descriptions.^{1, 2}

Technology Ecosystem & R&D Footprint

Corporate development and acquisitions

Block announced a definitive agreement to acquire majority ownership of TIDAL on 4 March 2021, initially describing expected consideration of approximately $297 million in cash and stock.¹⁹

Block subsequently reported completion of its acquisition of an 86.8% interest on 30 April 2021.^{5, 6}

The second-quarter 2022 filing reports cash consideration of $223.1 million and additional Class A common stock consideration with an aggregate acquisition-date fair value of $10.1 million.⁶

A Delaware appellate brief filed in 2023 provides additional documentation concerning the acquisition, including the roles of Block management and its board during transaction deliberations.²⁰

Israeli acquisitions and investments

No public evidence identified of TIDAL acquiring an Israeli cybersecurity, surveillance, AI or military-technology company in the examined corporate filings.^{1, 3, 4}

Governance and controlling principals

Block’s 2025 proxy statement identifies Jack Dorsey as Block Head and Chairperson and lists Shawn Carter among its continuing directors.²¹

The same proxy identifies Shawn Carter as a TIDAL founder and continuing shareholder and describes his other disclosed business and philanthropic activities.²¹

Block’s 2024 proxy provides an earlier corporate-governance reference for director appointments and shareholder oversight.²²

Block’s 2022 proxy identifies Carter’s involvement with Roc Nation, Marcy Venture Partners and TIDAL and confirms his board service beginning in May 2021.²³

Block’s 2026 proxy filing index establishes that updated definitive proxy materials were filed on 24 April 2026.²⁴

No public evidence identified in the examined proxy biographies establishing a TIDAL-specific controlling-principal investment in NSO Group, Cellebrite, Carbyne, AnyVision/Oosto, Verint, NICE or another named Israeli surveillance or military-intelligence supplier.^{21, 22, 23}

Israeli engineering and R&D

The 2021, 2022 and 2023 subsidiary disclosures identify TIDAL-related entities in Norway, Sweden and the United States, without identifying a major TIDAL subsidiary incorporated in Israel in the examined schedules.^{9, 10, 11}

Block’s fiscal 2024 and 2025 major-subsidiary schedules do not separately name TIDAL entities and therefore cannot independently establish the complete geographic distribution of TIDAL subsidiaries during those years.^{7, 8}

No public evidence identified of a TIDAL-operated Israeli engineering laboratory, accelerator, product-development centre or research office in the examined corporate filings.^{1, 7, 9}

Patents and intellectual property

No public evidence identified of a TIDAL patent-licensing, technology co-development or research-commercialisation agreement with Technion, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the Weizmann Institute or another named Israeli academic institution in the examined disclosures.^{1, 3, 4}

Civil Society Scrutiny & Regulatory History

Corporate transaction scrutiny

A 2023 Delaware appellate brief documents litigation concerning Block’s acquisition of TIDAL and the governance process surrounding the commercial transaction.²⁰

The reviewed submission concerns corporate decision-making and shareholder litigation rather than allegations of technology provision to Israeli security institutions.²⁰

Corporate-governance disclosures

Block’s 2024 additional proxy materials form part of its public shareholder-governance record.²⁵

The company’s 2025 proxy describes directors, executive officers, voting arrangements and corporate-governance matters.²¹

Its 2026 definitive proxy filing provides a subsequent governance-disclosure reference.²⁴

UN and NGO investigations

No public evidence identified in the reviewed corporate disclosures establishing that TIDAL or a named TIDAL subsidiary was designated for settlement-related technology provision by an examined UN or NGO investigation.^{1, 7, 9}

No public evidence identified in the reviewed documents of a TIDAL-specific finding involving Israeli military surveillance, Project Nimbus or digital infrastructure in occupied territories.^{1, 2, 3}

Boycott and divestment campaigns

No public evidence identified of an organised campaign specifically directed at TIDAL for supplying technology to Israeli military or intelligence institutions in the reviewed corporate and public technology-partner records.^{1, 2, 19}

Regulatory and legal actions

No public evidence identified in the examined Block disclosures of a regulatory enforcement action against TIDAL specifically concerning technology exports to Israeli state bodies or military surveillance operations.^{1, 2, 3}

Documented commercial operations in Israel

TIDAL’s official availability notice continues to list Israel as a supported consumer market as of January 2026.¹⁸

The geographic availability notice provides country-level service information but does not identify an Israeli state procurement contract, settlement-specific distribution agreement or defence-sector technology deployment.¹⁸

Additional technology-ecosystem evidence

Dolby documentation describes compatible home-entertainment hardware supporting Dolby Atmos music, while Sonos identifies TIDAL among the music services offering spatial-audio content through supported playback configurations.^{16, 17}

The documented integrations concern commercial audio formats and consumer playback; the cited sources do not establish deployment of Israeli surveillance, military or intelligence technology.^{16, 17}