INDEX / DIRECTORY / H&M

H&M

Fashion & Apparel 133 CITED SOURCES UPDATED 2026-07-18
BDS-1000 Score 194 /1000 E Tier E - Limited
Military ↗ 0.27 Digital ↗ 0.21 Economic ↗ 2.78 Political ↗ 1.10

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H & M Hennes & Mauritz AB - BDS-1000 Dossier

Key Findings

  • Economic: H&M’s entire Israeli retail presence - historically 21–24 stores - is operated exclusively by franchisee Match Retail Ltd., part of the Horesh family’s Union Group conglomerate, under a December 2008 franchise agreement; H&M AB holds no direct investment, subsidiary, or import operation in Israel.123
  • Political: H&M has issued no corporate statement addressing the Israel-Palestine conflict, a documented silence that contrasts with its public positions on the Ukraine war, Black Lives Matter, and Xinjiang forced-labour allegations, and it has faced a sustained BDS boycott campaign since March 2010.4567
  • Military/sibling-entity: Union Group’s venture arm, Union Tech Ventures, holds an equity stake in XTEND, an Israeli military drone company with IDF, MAFAT and US Department of Defense contracts, and Union Group’s automotive arm distributes Toyota vehicles used by Israeli security forces - but these are holdings of H&M’s franchise-partner conglomerate, not of H&M itself.8910
  • Not found: No public evidence identified of any direct defence contract, settlement-based store, or Israeli surveillance/cybersecurity vendor relationship attributable to H&M Group itself.111213

Target Profile

FieldDetail
Company NameH & M Hennes & Mauritz AB (“H&M Group”)
JurisdictionSweden (Stockholm-domiciled public company, founded 1947)
HeadquartersStockholm, Sweden
SectorFast-fashion apparel, accessories, cosmetics and homeware retail
OwnershipPublicly listed, dual-class A/B share structure; controlled by the Persson family via the family office Ramsbury Invest AB, most recently reported at 64.91% of capital and 83.22% of votes (July 2025), up from an earlier reported 70% capital stake1415
Key Executives / GovernanceDaniel Ervér (CEO, since January 2024); Karl-Johan Persson (Chair); Helena Helmersson (former CEO); board member Klas Balkow (proposed March 2025, also sits on a Swedish Armed Forces oversight council); no Israel-specific executive or board affiliation identified for any named individual161718
Israeli-Nexus SummaryH&M’s Israel presence is run entirely by franchisee Match Retail Ltd. (Union Group/Horesh family); no direct H&M AB contract, investment, or security/defence relationship with an Israeli state body has been identified - the documented nexus runs through sibling companies of its franchise partner and a fifteen-year civil-society boycott campaign

Key Facts:

Executive Summary

H&M Hennes & Mauritz AB is a Swedish fast-fashion retailer with no defence-manufacturing, technology-provision, or heavy-industrial capability of any kind; its presence in Israel is confined to a franchise licensing relationship rather than direct ownership or operation.1 Since December 2008, H&M’s Israeli stores have been run exclusively by Match Retail Ltd., a company controlled by the Horesh family’s Union Group conglomerate, which also owns Union Motors (Israel’s sole Toyota/Lexus/Hino distributor) and Union Tech Ventures (a corporate venture-capital arm).189 This franchise structure is the single thread connecting H&M to every documented vector in this dossier: the company’s Israeli-nexus profile is overwhelmingly one of proximity to a conglomerate’s other holdings rather than conduct by H&M AB itself.

The strongest documented vectors sit in the economic and, more diffusely, political domains. Union Motors’ Toyota Hilux and Land Cruiser platforms have been documented by Who Profits (with an explicit validity date of 26 December 2012) as in active use by the Israeli Army, police, Border Police and Civil Administration, including for settlement-protection, demonstration-suppression and house-demolition purposes, and separately underlie the IDF’s “David” light armored vehicle and armored police vehicles.8 Union Tech Ventures has held an equity stake in XTEND, an Israeli military drone company, since approximately mid-2022; XTEND holds a $20 million MAFAT contract, an IDF combat-drone supply role, and US Department of Defense contracts, and was reportedly set to list on Nasdaq via a roughly $1.5 billion merger in 2026.910 None of these relationships, however, involve H&M Hennes & Mauritz AB as a contracting party, investor, or beneficiary; they belong to Union Group, the family conglomerate that separately holds the H&M franchise.

What is not supported by the evidence is at least as significant as what is. No public evidence identified of any direct contract, tender, or cooperation agreement between H&M and the Israeli Ministry of Defence, IDF, or any Israeli security body; no public evidence identified of H&M holding equity in XTEND or any Israeli defence, surveillance, or cyber firm; no public evidence identified of an Israeli cybersecurity “triad” (Check Point, Wiz, SentinelOne) or any Israeli-origin technology vendor underpinning H&M’s IT stack, which instead documents non-Israeli partners (Google Cloud, Microsoft, Avassa); no public evidence identified that H&M operates stores in West Bank or East Jerusalem settlements, distinguishing it from other fashion retailers Who Profits separately profiles as settlement operators; and no public evidence identified of H&M lobbying on Israel/Palestine policy or of Persson-family philanthropy directed to Israeli military or settlement-linked organizations.111224

Politically, H&M’s most notable feature is silence rather than affirmative conduct: the company has not issued any statement on the Israel-Palestine conflict, in contrast to its documented public positions on Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the murder of George Floyd, and Xinjiang forced-labour allegations.567 This silence has coexisted with a sustained, technology- and defence-agnostic BDS boycott campaign targeting H&M’s general commercial presence in Israel since 2010, which continued through the 2023–2025 Gaza war.42223

Weighed together, these findings - a franchise-mediated economic presence, sibling-company (not H&M) defence-adjacent holdings, an absence of any direct military, digital, or state-security relationship, and a documented but non-substantive silence on the conflict - support the human-vetted BDS-1000 outcome of BRS 194, Tier E (Minimal), driven by the Economic domain (V=2.78) with comparatively marginal contributions from Military, Digital and Political.

Timeline of Relevant Events

DateEvent
1947H&M (“Hennes”) founded in Sweden; Stockholm-domiciled apparel retailer19
March 2008H&M management delegation visits Israel with the Israeli economic attaché in Stockholm; meets Ahava, a Dead Sea cosmetics manufacturer then based at the Mitzpe Shalem settlement; no deal is concluded25
December 2008H&M signs a franchise agreement with Match Retail Ltd. (Horesh family/Union Group) for Israeli store openings13
March 2010First Israeli H&M store opens at Malha Mall, Jerusalem; the BDS National Committee issues a boycott call framing the opening as “whitewashing Israel’s colonization of Jerusalem”24
2010Twenty-four organisations from seven countries petition H&M to postpone its Israeli store openings2223
2006–2012 (data period)Who Profits documents Union Motors–distributed Toyota Camrys serving as IDF executive vehicles (2006–2010) and Toyota Hilux trucks in active IDF/police/Border Police/Civil Administration use, with data valid to 26 December 20128
2008–2020 (period)Match Retail contracts G1 Secure Solutions and ENI Advanced Security Solutions for store-level commercial security; both firms separately hold documented settlement- and checkpoint-linked contracts with Israeli state and settlement bodies, unconnected to H&M11
May 2021H&M Israel targeted in a cyberattack attributed to Iranian hackers, amid a broader wave of attacks on Israeli firms26
September 2021Union Motors reportedly awarded a tender to supply vehicles to the Mateh Binyamin Regional Council, a West Bank settlement council; this claim is documented via Who Profits in one audit but could not be traced to a primary tender document in another and is treated here as unverified27
~Mid-2022Union Tech Ventures makes its initial equity investment in XTEND, an Israeli drone/autonomous-systems company9
June 2022H&M Group announces a strategic Google Cloud partnership to build an enterprise data backbone2829
September 2022H&M launches a dedicated Israeli e-commerce website3031
January 2023Israel’s MAFAT awards XTEND a $20 million multi-year contract for its XOS drone operating system9
7–10 October 2023H&M closes its ~24 Israeli stores following the Hamas attacks; reopens within about a week2021
December 2023H&M exits or closes its Moroccan franchise market amid a regional pro-Palestine boycott campaign, though sources dispute whether the boycott or pre-existing structural difficulties drove the exit; no source ties it to H&M’s Israel operations3233
March 2025H&M’s nomination committee proposes Klas Balkow, who separately sits on a Swedish Armed Forces oversight council, as a new board member16
July 2025XTEND completes a $70 million Series B round, with Union Tech Ventures participating in a $30 million extension; Ramsbury Invest reported holding 64.91% of H&M capital and 83.22% of votes9101415
2 July 2025UN Special Rapporteur Francesca Albanese publishes A/HRC/59/23; H&M is not named among the report’s identified corporations34
September 2025OHCHR updates its settlement-business database to 158 enterprises from 11 countries; H&M is not listed3536
March 2026CEO Daniel Ervér publicly frames a prolonged Middle East war as a macroeconomic (energy-price/consumption) risk to H&M, without addressing the conflict’s human-rights dimensions1837

Corporate Overview

H&M Hennes & Mauritz AB is a Stockholm-headquartered, publicly listed apparel retailer founded in 1947, controlled by the Persson family through the family office Ramsbury Invest AB via a dual-class share structure.191415 H&M operates internationally through a mix of wholly owned subsidiaries and regional franchise partnerships; Israel falls into the latter category. All Israeli H&M stores are operated by Match Retail Ltd., a wholly Israeli-owned company established under the December 2008 franchise agreement and controlled by the Horesh family’s Union Group conglomerate.13 Match Retail - not H&M Hennes & Mauritz AB - is the contracting party for Israeli store leases, local security arrangements, and (presumably) import of record; H&M Group’s compensation from the relationship takes the form of franchise or royalty fees, with no specific figures publicly disclosed.1

Union Group’s other holdings are the source of nearly every Israel-specific vector examined in this dossier. Union Motors is the sole Israeli distributor for Toyota, Lexus and Hino vehicles, and Union Tech Ventures is the conglomerate’s technology-investment arm, holding a multi-year equity stake in XTEND.89 Union Group additionally brought the Daiso Japan retail brand and the COS fashion brand to the Israeli market.1 These are sibling entities under common family ownership with Match Retail - not subsidiaries, joint ventures, or contractual counterparties of H&M Hennes & Mauritz AB - and no public evidence identified of H&M Group holding any equity, governance, or supply-chain relationship with Union Motors, Union Tech Ventures, or XTEND beyond the shared franchise-partner ownership.89

H&M does not appear to operate any store within a West Bank or East Jerusalem settlement; Who Profits’ own comparative data distinguishes H&M from other fashion retailers it tracks as settlement operators, such as Fox Group (Fox-Wizel) and Castro Model.24 The Jerusalem store at Malha Mall sits on land annexed to Israel in 1948–49, within the pre-1967 Green Line - a materially different geography from the post-1967 Occupied Palestinian Territory addressed by UN settlement-business reporting, though NGO commentary continues to raise the 1948-era Nakba history of the site (the depopulated village of al-Maliha) as a distinct concern.3839

Domain Summaries

Military: Military

Mechanism of Involvement

H&M has no defence-manufacturing or systems-integration capability, and no public evidence identified of any contract between H&M Hennes & Mauritz AB and the Israeli Ministry of Defence, IDF, Israel Prison Service, or Border Police.1 The domain’s documented content is entirely a function of sibling-company proximity: Union Motors (Union Group) distributes Toyota Hilux and Camry vehicles that Who Profits documented (data valid to 26 December 2012) as used by the Israeli Army, police, Border Police and Civil Administration, including for settlement protection and house demolitions.8 Union Tech Ventures (Union Group) has held an equity stake in XTEND, an Israeli drone/autonomous-systems company, since approximately mid-2022; XTEND holds a $20 million MAFAT contract for its XOS system, was selected to supply approximately 5,000 FPV combat drones to IDF Ground Forces, has been operationally deployed in Gaza and against Hezbollah drone incursions, and holds US Department of Defense contracts worth tens of millions of dollars.910 At the store level, Match Retail’s commercial security contractors - G1 Secure Solutions and ENI Advanced Security Solutions - separately hold settlement- and checkpoint-linked contracts (CCTV for settlement “safe-city” projects, checkpoint scanning equipment, a stake in the National Police Academy consortium, and settlement surveillance infrastructure), documented by Who Profits as contracts of those firms with Israeli state and settlement bodies, not of H&M.11

Counter-Arguments and Evidence Limits

Who Profits does not maintain a dedicated profile for H&M or Match Retail at all; both appear only as “general business clients” in third-party security-contractor profiles.11 The Union Motors data underpinning the vehicle-use findings carries an explicit validity date of 26 December 2012, with no post-2020 primary source confirming continuation of any IDF-specific supply arrangement.8 H&M holds no equity in XTEND, no supply relationship, no shared personnel, and no evidence indicates franchise royalties are directed to Union Tech Ventures or its portfolio.9 H&M does not appear in the UN OHCHR settlements database across any edition (2020, 2023, or September 2025), is not named in the Albanese A/HRC/59/23 report, and is not listed in the PAX “Companies Arming Israel and Their Financiers” report.3435

Named Entities and Evidence Map

Match Retail Ltd. (franchisee) → Union Group / Horesh family (parent conglomerate) → Union Motors (Toyota distributor, IDF/police vehicle use, pre-2020 data) and Union Tech Ventures (XTEND equity, confirmed 2022–2025); G1 Secure Solutions and ENI Advanced Security Solutions (store-level security contractors with separate settlement/checkpoint contracts).18119

Digital: Digital

Mechanism of Involvement

No public evidence identified corroborating a widely circulated claim that H&M’s global network runs on an Israeli-origin cybersecurity “triad” (Check Point, Wiz, SentinelOne) or “Unit 8200 Stack”; H&M’s own cybersecurity communications disclose no specific vendor names.1213 Documented enterprise technology relationships are with non-Israeli vendors: a Google Cloud partnership (announced ~June 2022) for an enterprise data backbone and AI/ML capability, Microsoft 365/Power Platform at scale (~1,500 internal applications, 30,000+ licensed users), and a strategic investment in Avassa, a Stockholm-based edge-computing platform.28294041 H&M is not a party to Project Nimbus, the Google–AWS Israeli government cloud contract, though Google and AWS are the same corporate vendors that deliver both Nimbus and H&M’s commercial cloud services - noted here as vendor-level context, not as evidence of data commingling.4243

Counter-Arguments and Evidence Limits

No public evidence identified of Israeli facial-recognition, biometric, or predictive-surveillance technology (Trigo, BriefCam, AnyVision/Oosto, Trax) in use at H&M. No public evidence identified of any H&M-operated R&D facility or engineering presence in Israel, or of any Israeli company within H&M Group Ventures’ ~35-company portfolio.41 A claimed Delta Galil supplier relationship (a settlement-linked manufacturer per Who Profits) and claims that H&M’s online store delivers to Ma’ale Adumim and Pisgat Ze’ev are each sourced only to secondary commentary, with no primary confirmation from H&M, Delta Galil, or Who Profits identified; both are treated as unverified rather than confirmed.4445 Whether H&M appears in the OHCHR settlement database is flagged in this domain as inconclusive rather than a clean negative, owing to degraded PDF text-extraction - a caveat distinct from other audits’ more confident negative findings.4634

Named Entities and Evidence Map

Unsubstantiated: Check Point, Wiz, SentinelOne. Documented: Google Cloud, Microsoft, Avassa. Unverified: Delta Galil Industries (supplier claim); Ma’ale Adumim/Pisgat Ze’ev delivery claim.124445

Economic: Economic

Mechanism of Involvement

H&M’s only documented Israeli commercial channel is the Match Retail franchise, generating royalty/franchise-fee flow from Israel to Sweden under standard licensing terms, with no specific figures disclosed.1 The single pre-entry sourcing lead identified - a 2008 meeting with Ahava, a Dead Sea cosmetics manufacturer then based in the Mitzpe Shalem settlement - did not result in a deal.25 At the Union Group sibling level, Union Motors was reportedly awarded a September 2021 tender to supply vehicles to the Mateh Binyamin Regional Council, a West Bank settlement council; this claim is carried here as unverified, since it could not be traced to a primary tender document, government gazette, or contemporaneous news article in a companion audit.27 Union Tech Ventures’ XTEND stake (detailed under Military) is likewise a Union Group, not H&M, financial exposure.910 BDS-aligned boycott activity has specifically targeted H&M’s Israeli economic presence since March 2010.42223

Counter-Arguments and Evidence Limits

No public evidence identified of H&M Hennes & Mauritz AB making any direct capital investment - acquisitions, facilities, logistics, real estate - in Israel or the occupied territories; the retail footprint is built and financed entirely by the Match Retail franchisee.1 H&M, Match Retail, and Union Group do not appear in the Wikipedia mirror or OpenSanctions mirror of the OHCHR settlement database, nor in the Don’t Buy into Occupation coalition’s reporting.474849 Human Rights Watch’s “Occupation, Inc.” report does not name H&M. No public evidence identified of the Persson family or Ramsbury Invest AB holding separate Israeli equities, bonds, or investment-fund exposure, and neither Norway’s KLP nor the Council on Ethics for the Government Pension Fund Global lists H&M.1415 The Malha Mall site, while raised by NGOs over its 1948 dispossession history, sits within Israel’s internationally recognized pre-1967 territory rather than the post-1967 Occupied Palestinian Territory that is the focus of settlement-labeling scrutiny - a geographic distinction this audit draws explicitly rather than conflating the two.3839

Named Entities and Evidence Map

Match Retail Ltd.; Union Group/Horesh family; Union Motors (Mateh Binyamin tender, unverified); Union Tech Ventures/XTEND; Ahava (no deal concluded); Ramsbury Invest AB/Persson family.125271415

Political: Political

Mechanism of Involvement

H&M has issued no substantive statement on the Israel-Palestine conflict; its only conflict-related communication is the operational notice that Israeli stores would temporarily close after 7 October 2023.2021 This silence is notable in light of H&M’s documented public positions on three other controversies: a March 2022 statement and full market exit over Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, a 2020 statement and $500,000 in donations following the murder of George Floyd, and a public commitment ending a supplier relationship over Xinjiang forced-labour allegations, which triggered a UN Special Procedures letter and a Chinese consumer boycott.5506517 H&M has faced sustained, technology-agnostic BDS boycott campaigning over its Israel presence since 2010, continuing through the 2023–2025 Gaza war.42223 Union Group sibling entities again supply the domain’s clearest state-security connection: Toyota Hilux and Land Cruiser platforms distributed by Union Motors form the chassis basis for the IDF’s “David” light armored vehicle, and armored Land Cruisers have been acquired by Israeli police, while Union Tech Ventures holds the XTEND stake described above.89 Board member Klas Balkow, proposed in March 2025, separately sits on a Swedish Armed Forces oversight council - a defence-adjacent but not Israel-specific governance role.1617

Counter-Arguments and Evidence Limits

No public evidence identified of H&M lobbying activity in the US or UK lobbying registers concerning Israel/Palestine policy.17 No public evidence identified of H&M Group, its foundation, or the Persson family donating to FIDF, JNF/KKL, or any settlement-linked organization. No public evidence identified of any golden-share, state-ownership, or charter provision tying H&M’s mission to any state’s geopolitical goals.19 The reported September 2021 Union Motors/Mateh Binyamin tender could not be traced to a primary source and is treated as unverified rather than confirmed.27 Whether H&M is named in the OHCHR settlement database or the Albanese report could not be confirmed with full certainty in this domain due to degraded document text-extraction, and is treated as unresolved rather than a clean negative - a more cautious framing than other domains reach on the same underlying question.4634

Named Entities and Evidence Map

Karl-Johan Persson (Chair); Daniel Ervér (CEO); Helena Helmersson (former CEO); Klas Balkow (board, Swedish Armed Forces oversight council); Ramsbury Invest AB/Persson family; Union Motors and Union Tech Ventures/XTEND (sibling-entity nexus).16171415

BDS-1000 Score (V4)

DomainIMPV-Domain Score
Military3.501.502.500.27
Digital3.501.502.000.21
Economic5.504.505.502.78
Political4.003.004.501.10

V_MAX is set by Economic, reflecting H&M’s continuous, multi-year commercial presence in the Israeli market via the Match Retail franchise and the associated sibling-conglomerate (Union Group) financial exposures - the only domain where impact, magnitude, and proximity all clear moderate thresholds. Military and Digital remain the lowest-scoring domains, consistent with the absence of any direct H&M defence contract or Israeli technology-vendor relationship. The resulting BRS of 194 places H&M in Tier E (Minimal), reflecting a documented but largely indirect and franchise-mediated nexus rather than a substantial direct one. Scoring follows the scale-free Impact × magnitude/proximity method, is evidence-only, and reflects the human-vetted V4 pass.

Methodology Note

End Notes

Footnotes

  1. https://hmgroup.com/news/hm-enters-into-franchise-agreement-for-store-openings-in-israel/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9 ↩10 ↩11 ↩12 ↩13

  2. https://hmgroup.com/news/first-hm-store-in-israel-opens-today/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  3. https://www.licenseglobal.com/retail-news-trends/hm-signs-franchise-deal-israel ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  4. https://bdsmovement.net/news/hm-whitewashing-israels-colonization-jerusalem-bds-national-committee-calls-boycotting-hm ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6

  5. https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/hm-statement-2/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  6. https://hmgroup.com/news/we-stand-with-and-support-the-black-community-today-everyday-and-everywhere/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  7. https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/hm-ends-relationship-with-chinese-yarn-producer-over-accusations-of-forced-labour/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  8. https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/4189 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9 ↩10

  9. https://www.ynetnews.com/business/article/r1v1kkriex ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9 ↩10 ↩11 ↩12 ↩13

  10. https://dronelife.com/2025/07/15/xtend-secures-30m-extension-to-complete-70m-series-b-funding/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  11. https://www.whoprofits.org ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6

  12. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/hmgroup_hmgroup-cybersecurity-activity-7269625544508338176-9WF4 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  13. https://www.timesofisrael.com/wiz-eyes-potential-bid-for-israeli-founded-cybersecurity-firm-sentinelone/ ↩ ↩2

  14. https://www.modaes.com/global/companies/hampm-founding-family-acquires-70-stake-in-the-company ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6

  15. https://www.modaes.com/global/companies/hampm-persson-family-continues-to-buy-back-shares-and-now-holds-657-of-the-groups-share-capital ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6

  16. https://hmgroup.com/news/hms-nomination-committee-proposes-klas-balkow-as-new-board-member/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  17. https://hmgroup.com/about-us/corporate-governance/board-of-directors/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  18. https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/retail/next-hm-warn-of-consumer-impact-if-middle-east-war-persists/ ↩ ↩2

  19. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%26M ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  20. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-10/israel-h-m-inditex-stores-close-following-hamas-attacks ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  21. https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/ERICSSON-6494918/news/H-M-and-Ikea-reopen-their-stores-in-Israel-47199143/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  22. https://electronicintifada.net/content/swedish-fashion-chain-hm-under-pressure/8759 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  23. https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/cjpme/pages/1021/attachments/original/1455826231/Document1334.pdf ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  24. https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/7377 ↩ ↩2

  25. https://bdsmovement.net/news/swedish-fashion-chain-hm-under-pressure ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  26. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/tech-news/2021-05-02/ty-article/.premium/iranian-hackers-hit-h-m-israel-amid-new-wave-of-cyberattacks/0000017f-f01e-d223-a97f-fddfae290000 ↩

  27. https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/4175 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  28. https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252522194/HM-Group-tries-Google-Cloud-on-for-size-as-omnichannel-push-gathers-pace ↩ ↩2

  29. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/google-cloud-announces-new-partnership-with-global-fashion-retailer-301578534.html ↩ ↩2

  30. https://www.ynetnews.com/business/article/hjlvnv0kj ↩

  31. https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/economy/1662820019-h-m-launches-online-sales-website-in-israel ↩

  32. https://dohanews.co/starbucks-hm-close-in-morocco-amid-pro-palestine-boycott-campaign/ ↩

  33. https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/12/26228/starbucks-h-amp-m-exit-moroccan-market-amid-controversy/ ↩

  34. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session59/advance-version/a-hrc-59-23-aev.pdf ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  35. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/09/un-human-rights-office-updates-database-businesses-involved-israeli ↩ ↩2

  36. https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/israelopt-un-updates-database-of-businesses-involved-in-illegal-israeli-settlements-listing-158-enterprises-from-11-countries/ ↩

  37. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-26/next-h-m-warn-of-consumer-impact- ↩

  38. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malha ↩ ↩2

  39. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malha_Mall ↩ ↩2

  40. https://www.microsoft.com/en/customers/story/1406720141896236093-hm-group-balances-power-platform-development-and-security ↩

  41. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/avassa-closes-new-round-of-funding-welcomes-hm-group-as-strategic-investor-302264162.html ↩ ↩2

  42. https://www.timesofisrael.com/googles-first-local-cloud-region-for-israel-goes-live/ ↩

  43. https://aws.amazon.com/local/israel/ ↩

  44. https://cosh.eco/en/articles/how-fashion-supports-illegal-occupation-and-genocide ↩ ↩2

  45. https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/3655 ↩ ↩2

  46. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session31/database-hrc3136/23-06-30-Update-israeli-settlement-opt-database-hrc3136.pdf ↩ ↩2

  47. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_operating_in_West_Bank_settlements ↩

  48. https://www.opensanctions.org/datasets/ps_ohchr_settlement/ ↩

  49. https://dontbuyintooccupation.org/reports/dont-buy-into-occupation-report-2024/ ↩

  50. https://wwd.com/sourcing-journal/industry-news/hm-russia-exit-liquidation-ceo-helena-helmersson-ukraine-war-1238799043/ ↩

  51. https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=26176 ↩