INDEX / DIRECTORY / RENAULT / DIGITAL

Renault DIGITAL

DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE AUDIT UPDATED 2026-10-06
Digital Score 0.00 /10 B Renault - Complicity Index 693
Digital 0.00

Evidence-only forensic audit. Scoring happens downstream - see the main dossier for the composite assessment.

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Request ID: 9636828b-2525-4a84-960a-a22b229e2093 Research date: 6 October 2026

Scope and entity attribution

The target is Renault S.A./Renault Group and controlled Renault Group businesses. Renault Group’s current corporate brand page identifies Renault, Dacia and Alpine.1 The undated Tel Aviv location page still uses a four-brand description including Mobilize; that page wording is not treated as a current corporate-portfolio determination. Its specific lab description is considered alongside the separately dated 2024 and 2025 evidence below.2, 3, 4 Nissan and Mitsubishi Motors are Alliance partner companies rather than Renault-controlled operating subsidiaries: the Alliance describes itself as a partnership of three member companies, and Renault/Nissan’s 2025 agreement retained separate cross-shareholdings and governance arrangements.5, 6 Conduct by Nissan or Mitsubishi is therefore not attributed to Renault without Renault-specific evidence.5, 6

Israel is a current Renault commercial market through Carasso Motors: Renault Group’s directory lists “Israel | CARASSO MOTORS.”7 Carasso is separately described as an Israeli public company and as the local importer/distributor, so its investments, apps or commercial acts are not treated as Renault Group acts unless an additional source establishes Renault control or direction.8, 9 This distinction applies to the Renault Connect app and Carasso’s investment in IRP Systems.10, 9

Enterprise Technology Stack & Vendor Relationships

Israeli-Origin Software & Services

[pre-2020] In 2016 Renault opened an Open Innovation Lab in Tel Aviv covering electric vehicles, after-sales and cybersecurity; Renault said the initiative involved Renault within the Renault-Nissan Alliance, Carasso Motors and a Tel Aviv transport-innovation partner.11 [pre-2020] In 2019 Renault and Nissan inaugurated the larger Alliance Innovation Lab at Atidim Park, focused on autonomous-driving sensors, cybersecurity and big data, with more than ten named Israeli startup prototyping projects including SafeRide, Upstream, Karamba, AutoTalks, Apollo Power, Electreon and IRP Systems.12

The Israeli R&D/scouting relationship is current beyond those historical announcements. Renault Group’s own location page states that the Tel Aviv lab identifies and tests Israeli technologies in cybersecurity, sensors and big data, with the objective of integration into future Alliance vehicles/services; the page describes a 1,600 m² facility, vehicle fleet, engineers/specialists, an Israel Innovation Authority partnership and cooperation with Alliance Ventures.2 Renault Group’s August 2025 open-innovation article still lists Israel as an active hub for cybersecurity, smart sensors, AI and software.3 A 2024 EcoMotion partner profile describes a permanent local engineering team, dozens of PoCs since 2019, and daily identification/testing of Israeli technologies for possible use in future Renault Group cars and services.4

[pre-2020] SafeRide announced in 2019 that the Alliance lab was testing its vehicle cybersecurity solutions, including an AI anomaly-detection product, in a proof of concept.13 [pre-2020] 2020 evidence: Cybellum announced in July 2020 that, after a successful lab PoC, it entered a strategic cooperation with the Alliance lab on vehicle-level software/hardware cybersecurity risk assessment; the release said the intended users were Alliance companies, but it did not identify a Renault production deployment or contract volume.14

[pre-2020] 2020 evidence: A detailed Upstream case study describes a year-long Alliance evaluation covering market, technical/vehicle PoC and business evaluation, followed by Alliance Ventures leading Upstream’s $30 million Series B; it states that the lab and Upstream intended continued collaboration.15 Current 2026 Upstream material still identifies Alliance Ventures (Renault, Nissan and Mitsubishi) as a backer and describes Upstream as a cloud-based AI/data-management and cybersecurity platform for connected vehicles and smart mobility.16 This verifies continuing investment exposure at Alliance Ventures level; no public evidence identified in the reviewed sources establishes that Renault currently runs Upstream as a production-wide vehicle SOC, enterprise subscription or fleet-wide security platform.15, 16, 17

No public evidence identified in the reviewed source set of a current Renault licensing, subscription or integration relationship with Check Point, Wiz, SentinelOne, CyberArk, NICE, Verint, Claroty or Palo Alto Networks.2, 3, 17

Scale of Dependency

The public evidence supports a sustained Israeli technology-scouting and prototyping footprint. Renault’s 2025 material confirms Israel remains one of its global innovation hubs, and the 2024 lab profile reports dozens of PoCs; neither source publishes production penetration, annual spend, license counts or dependency percentages.3, 4

Apollo Power’s current product page states that its flexible photovoltaic system has been integrated into vehicle exterior parts for Renault among other global OEMs.18 The page does not identify a Renault model, unit volume, contract value or current series-production status, so the evidence does not establish fleet-wide dependency.18

Procurement & Integrator Relationships

Renault Group’s major disclosed SDV stack includes Google and Valeo. In 2022 Renault made Google its preferred cloud supplier and expanded Google Cloud use for SDV development, Digital Twin, data capture and analytics.19 In 2023 Renault said Valeo would supply SDV electrical/electronic components including the High-Performance Computer and software, alongside Google on software and Qualcomm on hardware.20 Google Cloud’s 2025 case study further documents Ampere Software Technology using Cloud Workstations, Gemini Code Assist and virtual-twin tooling for Renault Group SDV development.21

No public evidence identified that Google, Valeo, Qualcomm or another disclosed integrator mandated or bundled an Israeli-origin vendor into Renault’s stack.19, 21, 20 Alliance Ventures is a current strategic CVC interface for Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi and states that most invested startups have collaborations with one or more member companies, but that statement does not identify which member uses which technology and does not establish Renault use of every portfolio company.17

Surveillance, Biometrics & Retail Technology

Facial Recognition & Biometrics

Renault currently uses facial recognition for a civilian in-vehicle personalization function. The current Renault 4 user manual states that an interior camera can detect the driver’s face and associate it with a saved user profile to recall settings such as phone/calendar connections and other profile settings.22 no public evidence identified that this facial-recognition function is supplied by an Israeli-origin company.22

The Tel Aviv lab’s 2024 profile expressly includes sensors for ADAS and in-cabin applications among its Israeli technology scouting areas.4 That establishes an Israeli-origin scouting channel for in-cabin sensing, but it does not identify the supplier of Renault’s current facial-recognition feature.4, 22

No public evidence identified of Renault deploying Trigo, BriefCam, AnyVision/Oosto, Trax or another named Israeli-origin facial-recognition/retail-biometric platform.2, 3, 4

Predictive Analytics & Monitoring

[pre-2020] SafeRide’s 2019 PoC used machine learning to model normal vehicle behavior for cybersecurity anomaly detection.13 This evidence concerns automotive cyber monitoring rather than predictive policing, sentiment analysis, social-media monitoring or workforce surveillance.13

No public evidence identified of Renault using Israeli-origin predictive-policing, sentiment-analysis, social-media-monitoring or workforce-surveillance tools.2, 3, 13

Third-Party Deployment

No public evidence identified that an Israeli-origin surveillance or biometric product reaches Renault indirectly through a managed-security provider, cloud bundle or enterprise suite.19, 20 Renault’s disclosed Google/Valeo/Qualcomm SDV relationships do not themselves establish such an Israeli-origin sub-vendor.19, 20

Cloud Infrastructure, Data Residency & Sovereign Cloud Participation

Data Centre Operations in Israel

Renault has a physical innovation/R&D facility in Tel Aviv, but the disclosed facility is a 1,600 m² prototyping lab with engineers, vehicles and startup test space.2, 4 no public evidence identified that Renault Group operates, leases or co-locates a data centre in Israel.2, 3, 4

Government Cloud Contracts

No public evidence identified of Renault participating in Project Nimbus or another Israeli state-backed cloud programme.19, 23 A/HRC/59/23 discusses Project Nimbus and Israel’s cloud/AI infrastructure relationships with Alphabet/Google, Amazon, Microsoft and Palantir; Renault’s separate commercial use of Google Cloud is not evidence that Renault is a Nimbus participant.23, 19

Data Sovereignty & Resilience Services

No public evidence identified of Renault providing digital-sovereignty, data-residency or infrastructure-resilience services to Israeli state, military or intelligence bodies.2, 23

Data-Exposure Principle

Renault’s UK privacy notice documents processing of vehicle identifiers, geolocation, mileage/journey and multimedia-use data, battery data, vehicle-control/connected-service data and driving-mode data such as acceleration and braking; it also states that some connected services use Google and that location/technical/vehicle-use data may be used to improve products and services.24 Renault’s 2022 Google agreement says Google Cloud is its preferred cloud and supports vehicle data capture/analytics, while Google’s 2025 case study shows Ampere’s SDV development environment and private-code workflows running on Google Cloud.19, 21 None of those Renault/Google sources identifies Israel as a Renault data-storage, routing or processing jurisdiction, so no Israeli-jurisdiction data exposure is established by those documents.19, 21, 24

A separate Israel-facing data path exists at distributor level. Google Play identifies Renault Connect as the official Renault Israel app from the Carasso Group, published by Pointer IL, with vehicle-location display, smartphone-to-vehicle location, up to 24-hour route restoration, speed/area alerts and diagnostics for supported vehicles.10 Because Renault Group identifies Carasso as the Israeli distributor and Carasso is a separately listed Israeli public company, that app establishes Israeli distributor/vendor location-related functionality rather than Renault Group control of the data pipeline; no public evidence identified an onward transfer from the app to Renault Group.7, 10, 8

Defence, Intelligence & Security Sector Technology Relationships

Military & Intelligence Contracts

No public evidence identified of a Renault Group digital/IT, cloud, cybersecurity, analytics or communications contract with the Israeli Ministry of Defense, IDF, intelligence agencies or other Israeli state-security bodies.2, 23

A Who Profits entry concerning Mitsubishi Motors reports Israeli military/security-force use of Mitsubishi vehicles and names Mitsubishi’s local representative.25 Mitsubishi is a separate Alliance member company rather than a Renault-controlled subsidiary, so that evidence is not attributed to Renault.5, 25

Dual-Use Technology Provision

No public evidence identified that Renault Group’s general-purpose connected-car, cloud, cybersecurity or analytics technology has been documented as deployed by Israeli military, intelligence or law-enforcement bodies in Israel or the occupied territories.19, 23

[pre-2020] 2021 evidence: AutoTalks, an Israeli V2X company, identified Renault as one participant in the European SECUR road-safety consortium alongside multiple OEMs and Tier-1 suppliers.26 That is civilian V2X research/standardisation evidence; it does not establish Israeli military use or a bilateral Renault procurement contract.26

Offensive Cyber & Weapons Technology

No public evidence identified of Renault developing, selling, licensing or maintaining offensive cyber capabilities, zero-day exploit tools or digital weapons for Israeli state actors.2, 23 Purpose-built kinetic/targeting systems fall outside Digital under the supplied domain boundary and are not analysed here.

AI, Algorithmic & Autonomous Systems

AI/ML Provision to State Bodies

Renault’s current Israel innovation hub explicitly scouts AI, software, smart sensors and cybersecurity, and its Tel Aviv facility tests Israeli technologies for potential future Renault Group cars/services.3, 4 [pre-2020] SafeRide’s 2019 Alliance PoC applied machine learning to vehicle anomaly detection, and the lab historically tested other autonomous-driving sensor/data technologies.12, 13 These documents describe civilian automotive R&D relationships.12, 3, 4, 13

No public evidence identified of Renault providing AI, machine learning, computer vision or autonomous decision-support systems to Israeli state, military or security bodies.3, 23

Training Data & Model Development

No public evidence identified that Renault AI models or platforms were trained on civilian-population data, intercepted communications or surveillance-derived datasets from Israel or the occupied territories.3, 21, 23

Autonomous Systems & Lethality

No public evidence identified of Renault providing autonomous target generation, automated threat detection for kinetic operations, or autonomous tracking systems to Israeli military/security forces.23 The Alliance lab’s autonomous-driving sensor work and the SECUR V2X consortium are civilian mobility/safety programmes and do not establish a weapons use.12, 26

Technology Ecosystem & R&D Footprint

Israeli R&D Centres

[pre-2020] Renault’s Israel R&D/open-innovation footprint dates at least to 2016, when it opened a Tel Aviv lab for EV, after-sales and cybersecurity work.11 [pre-2020] The 2019 Atidim facility expanded the Alliance lab to autonomous-driving sensors, cybersecurity and big data, with an exclusive Israel Innovation Authority relationship and more than ten named startup prototyping projects.12 Renault Group’s current lab page states that the 1,600 m² facility has engineers/specialists, test vehicles, CityZone participation, an IIA partnership and cooperation with Alliance Ventures.2

The footprint remained active after 19 July 2024 and after November 2024: a 2024 EcoMotion profile described a permanent engineering team and ongoing testing, and Renault Group’s 27 August 2025 article still listed Israel among active innovation hubs for cybersecurity, smart sensors, AI and software.4, 3 Those sources establish continuity of general automotive R&D/scouting after the cited notice dates; they do not establish provision to Israeli state or military customers.3, 4

Acquisitions & Investments

[pre-2020] The 2019 Alliance lab announcement states that Alliance Ventures had already invested in Israel’s Maniv Mobility fund.27 [pre-2020] 2020 evidence: The Upstream case study states that Alliance Ventures led Upstream’s $30 million Series B after the lab PoC; Upstream’s 2026 material still lists Alliance Ventures (Renault, Nissan, Mitsubishi) as a backer.15, 16 Alliance Ventures currently describes itself as the strategic CVC fund of the three-company Alliance and says most portfolio startups have collaborations with one or more member companies.17 These are Alliance-level investments rather than Renault-only acquisitions.17

No public evidence identified of Renault Group acquiring an Israeli-origin technology company in the reviewed source set.17 [pre-2020] 2021 evidence: Carasso Motors’ participation in IRP Systems’ April 2021 Series C is separately documented by IRP, which calls Carasso the Renault-Nissan importer; because Carasso is independent, that investment is not attributed to Renault Group.9, 8

Apollo Power’s current page says its flexible photovoltaic technology has been integrated into Renault vehicle exterior parts.18 This is a technology-integration claim and does not establish that Renault acquired Apollo or took an equity stake.18

Patent & Intellectual Property / Co-development

No public evidence identified of a current significant Renault patent-licensing agreement or named IP co-development agreement with Technion, Hebrew University or the Weizmann Institute.2, 3

Controlling Principals

Renault Group’s current leadership material identifies François Provost as CEO and Jean-Dominique Senard as chairman.28, 29 Focused searches on those principals did not identify public evidence of personal/family-office investments in Israeli surveillance, cyber, AI, SIGINT or military-tech firms.28, 29

Civil Society Scrutiny & Regulatory History

NGO, Academic & UN Reports

The UN Special Rapporteur’s 2025 A/HRC/59/23 technology section addresses Project Nimbus and cloud/AI relationships involving Alphabet/Google, Amazon, Microsoft and Palantir.23 Target-name searches of the accessible report text did not identify Renault; Renault’s Google Cloud relationship is therefore treated separately and is not converted into a Nimbus attribution.19, 23

The September 2026 OHCHR settlement-business database update is A/HRC/63/20, in its advance edited version dated 25 September 2026. The original ChatGPT research could not open the direct report endpoint. During local source review, the operator independently opened the complete 18-page UN-authored report on the International Legal Coalition for Palestine document host and found no full-text match for Renault, Carasso, Dacia or Alpine. This is a bounded name check, not evidence that Renault was investigated or cleared; the report covers specified settlement-related activities and a further subset of enterprises under review.30

Who Profits material reviewed produced a Mitsubishi Motors entry rather than a Renault entry relevant to the searched military/technology nexus; because Mitsubishi is independently governed, it is not attributed to Renault.5, 25

Boycott & Divestment Campaigns

No public evidence identified of an organised boycott, divestment or sanctions campaign specifically grounded in Renault’s technology provision to Israeli state, military or settlement bodies in the reviewed authoritative and civil-society material.23, 25, 30 This statement is limited to the technology-provision question in Digital and does not address unrelated historical or political boycott activity.

No public evidence identified of an export-control action, sanctions investigation, regulatory inquiry or legal challenge directed at Renault for technology sales or digital services to Israeli state, military or security entities in the reviewed material.23, 30

Addendum - Major equity owners and governance representatives

Latest ownership, voting rights and board representation

Renault Group’s latest precise capital breakdown located in its own current finance material is explicitly dated 31 December 2025: the French State held 15.01% and Nissan Finance Co., Ltd. held 15.00% of share capital.31 No later Renault primary source identified in this bounded search restated those exact capital percentages for a post-31 December 2025 date, so those percentages are not presented here as exact holdings on 6 October 2026.

Nissan’s 127th Annual Securities Report, filed 22 June 2026 for the year ended 31 March 2026, identifies Nissan Finance Co., Ltd. as a consolidated Nissan subsidiary and states that Nissan Group can exercise up to 15% of Renault’s total exercisable voting rights, has two Renault board members appointed based on Nissan’s nomination, and continues to exercise significant influence over Renault’s financial and operating policies.32 The report says the Second Amended and Restated New Alliance Agreement signed on 31 March 2025 became effective on 28 May 2025, retained reciprocal rights to nominate two directors, capped each side’s exercisable voting rights at 15%, and reduced the mutual shareholding lock-up obligation to 10%.32

Renault’s current Board of Directors page, with key figures as of 1 June 2026, names Michelle Baron and Pierre Loing as directors appointed on Nissan’s proposal, Constance Maréchal-Dereu as appointed on the French State’s proposal, and Alexis Zajdenweber as the director designated by the French State.33 Renault’s February 2025 board announcement records the French State’s proposal of Maréchal-Dereu and Nissan’s proposal of Michelle Baron plus an initial second nominee; Nissan subsequently replaced that second proposed nominee with Pierre Loing before the 30 April 2025 AGM.34, 35 These appointments establish owner-level governance representation; they do not make Nissan, Nissan Finance or the French State Renault-controlled operating businesses.

Nissan / Nissan Finance owner-level digital lens

Nissan’s owner-level Israel digital activity independently overlaps with the Alliance-lab evidence already documented above. The 2019 Tel Aviv lab was expressly opened by Renault and Nissan, with an Israel Innovation Authority partnership and projects in autonomous-driving sensors, cybersecurity and big data; named Israeli startup projects included SafeRide, Upstream, Karamba and AutoTalks.12, 27 Alliance Ventures is the strategic CVC interface of Renault, Nissan and Mitsubishi, so the preserved Maniv Mobility and Upstream investment history is Nissan-involved at Alliance level rather than a Renault-only investment.15, 16, 17, 27

The reviewed sources establish civilian automotive R&D, cybersecurity prototyping and investment relationships. They do not identify Nissan Finance as the operating counterparty, nor do they document provision of those technologies by Nissan or Nissan Finance to the Israeli military, intelligence services, security agencies, settlement authorities or settlement digital infrastructure.12, 15, 17, 27, 23, 30, 32

Targeted searches for Nissan together with the Israeli Ministry of Defense, IDF, intelligence/security agencies, settlement digital systems, military AI, offensive cyber and surveillance did not identify a reliable public source establishing a Nissan digital contract or deployment to those bodies. No public evidence identified that Nissan connected-vehicle/customer data is stored, routed or processed in Israel merely because Nissan participates in the Tel Aviv innovation ecosystem.23, 30, 32

French State and appointed-director lens

The French State’s current Renault governance representation is through Constance Maréchal-Dereu and Alexis Zajdenweber.33 Renault’s appointment release identifies Maréchal-Dereu as Head of the Industry Department at the Direction générale des Entreprises, while the French Ministry of Economy identifies Zajdenweber as Commissioner for State Shareholdings and head of the Agence des participations de l’État.34, 36

Focused searches did not identify a public record that either Maréchal-Dereu or Zajdenweber, in a personal capacity or through a Renault board act, invested in or directed Renault toward an Israeli surveillance, cyber, AI, SIGINT or military-technology company.33, 34, 36 General French government trade, innovation and diplomatic activity concerning Israel was not attributed to Renault because the reviewed material did not establish a Renault shareholder instruction, Renault board decision, Renault financing channel or Renault operational technology relationship.

Likewise, focused searches on Nissan-proposed Renault directors Michelle Baron and Pierre Loing did not identify personal investments in Israeli surveillance, cyber, AI or SIGINT firms.33, 34, 35 The available corporate records identify Baron as a Nissan human-resources executive and Loing as a Nissan executive with product-planning, marketing and special-project roles.34, 35 Their Nissan affiliation establishes Nissan’s governance representation at Renault; it does not by itself convert Nissan’s separate Israel activity into direct Renault conduct.

Root cross-review of later ownership and named outside roles

The same Nissan filing’s affiliate table reports Renault S.A. at 15.26%, all shown as an indirect holding, and separately lists Nissan Finance as a 100%-owned consolidated subsidiary. The filing distinguishes the ownership ratio to shares issued and outstanding from the 15% exercisable-voting-right cap.32 This later Nissan-side presentation for the year ended 31 March 2026 supplements Renault’s expressly dated 31 December 2025 table; it does not establish an exact French-State percentage at the October research cutoff.32, 31

Renault’s current French biography lists Alexis Zajdenweber’s outside offices at Thales, Bpifrance Participations, SNCF and EDF.37 These are public governance roles additional to his State Shareholdings Agency position; the reviewed source does not document an Israel-specific digital deployment or personal investment decision by him, nor a Renault data path to Israel.36, 37

Footnotes

  1. Renault Group, current automotive brand portfolio, accessed 6 October 2026. https://www.renaultgroup.com/en/our-brands/ ↩

  2. Renault Group, “Open innovation Lab Tel Aviv.” https://www.renaultgroup.com/en/our-company/locations/open-innovation-lab-tel-aviv/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9 ↩10 ↩11 ↩12

  3. Renault Group, “FuturGen Insight – Open Innovation: setting our sights on boldness,” 27 August 2025. https://www.renaultgroup.com/en/magazine/technology/futurgen-insight-open-innovation-setting-our-sights-on-boldness/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9 ↩10 ↩11 ↩12 ↩13 ↩14

  4. EcoMotion, “ECOMOTION Assembly 2024 Booklet,” Renault Group Tel Aviv Innovation Lab profile, p. 85. https://user-1723486.cld.bz/ECOMOTION-Assembly-2024-BOOKLET/85/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9 ↩10 ↩11 ↩12

  5. Alliance Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi, “About the Alliance.” https://alliancernm.com/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  6. Renault Group, “Renault Group and Nissan announce new strategic projects,” 31 March 2025. https://media.renaultgroup.com/renault-group-and-nissan-announce-new-strategic-projects/?lang=eng ↩ ↩2

  7. Renault Group, “Directory,” Israel entry: Carasso Motors. https://www.renaultgroup.com/en/directory/2505/ ↩ ↩2

  8. Globes, Carasso Motors company/financial reports page, identifying Carasso Motors Ltd. as an Israeli public company listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. https://www.globes.co.il/portal/instrument.aspx?instrumentid=54037&mode=reports ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  9. IRP Systems, “IRP Announces Its Series C Funding Round,” 28 April 2021. https://www.irpsystems.com/irp-announces-its-series-c-funding-round/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  10. Google Play, “RENAULT CONNECT - רנו קונקט,” developer POINTER IL; updated 12 November 2024. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=renaultcarraso.pointer4u.co.il ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  11. Renault Group, “Renault inaugure son Open Innovation Lab en Israël,” 14 June 2016. https://media.renaultgroup.com/renault-inaugure-son-open-innovation-lab-en-israel-1/?lang=fra ↩ ↩2

  12. Nissan, “Renault and Nissan open the new Alliance Innovation Lab Tel Aviv,” 10 June 2019. https://global.nissannews.com/en/releases/190610-01-e ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7

  13. SafeRide Technologies, “SafeRide Technologies Collaborates With the Renault Nissan Mitsubishi Alliance…,” 11 June 2019. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/saferide-technologies-collaborates-with-the-renault-nissan-mitsubishi-alliance-testing-two-of-its-solutions-in-new-tel-aviv-innovation-lab-300865553.html ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6

  14. Cybellum, “Cybellum Announces a Strategic Design Partnership on Vehicle-level Cybersecurity With Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi’s Innovation Lab in Tel Aviv,” 8 July 2020. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/cybellum-announces-a-strategic-design-partnership-on-vehicle-level-cybersecurity-with-renault-nissan-mitsubishis-innovation-lab-in-tel-aviv-301090106.html ↩

  15. Telematics Wire, “Protecting Connected Vehicles through Open Innovation.” https://www.telematicswire.net/protecting-connected-vehicles-through-open-innovation/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  16. Upstream Security, “Ransomware Attacks on Automotive and Smart Mobility More Than Doubled in 2025,” 2026. https://upstream.auto/press-releases/upstream-security-research-ransomware-attacks-on-automotive-and-smart-mobility-more-than-doubled-in-2025/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  17. Alliance Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi, “Alliance Ventures.” https://alliancernm.com/home-alliance/alliance-ventures/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8

  18. Apollo Power, “Flexible Photovoltaic System.” https://apollo-power.com/flexible-photovoltaic-system/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  19. Renault Group, “Renault Group and Google Accelerate Partnership to Develop the Vehicle of Tomorrow and Strengthen Renault Group’s Digital Transformation,” 8 November 2022. https://media.renaultgroup.com/renault-group-and-google-accelerate-partnership-to-develop-the-vehicle-of-tomorrow-and-strengthen-renault-groups-digital-transformation/?lang=eng ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9 ↩10

  20. Renault Group, “Renault Group and Valeo sign a partnership in Software Defined Vehicle development,” 23 May 2023. https://media.renaultgroup.com/renault-group-and-valeo-sign-a-partnership-in-software-defined-vehicle-development/?lang=eng ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  21. Google Cloud, “How Renault Group is using Google’s software-defined vehicle industry solution,” 16 July 2025. https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/application-development/renault-groups-software-defined-vehicles-built-on-google-cloud/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  22. Renault, “Facial recognition | Renault 4 E-Tech electric user manual,” current from 15 June 2026. https://www.user-manual.renault.com/en/content/renault-4-e-tech-electric/getting-know-your-vehicle-0/facial-recognition ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  23. United Nations, A/HRC/59/23, “From economy of occupation to economy of genocide,” 2025. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/a-hrc-59-23-from-economy-of-occupation-to-economy-of-genocide-report-special-rapporteur-francesca-albanese-palestine-2025/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9 ↩10 ↩11 ↩12 ↩13 ↩14 ↩15

  24. Renault UK, “Personal Data Protection – Data Privacy.” https://www.renault.co.uk/data-privacy.html ↩ ↩2

  25. Who Profits, Mitsubishi Motors company profile. https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/4124 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  26. Autotalks, “Autotalks partners with leading OEMs and Tier1s to save lives on the road.” https://auto-talks.com/autotalks-partners-with-leading-oems-and-tier1s-to-save-lives-on-the-road/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  27. Alliance Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi, “Renault and Nissan open the new Alliance Innovation Lab Tel Aviv,” 10 June 2019. https://alliancernm.com/2019/06/10/renault-and-nissan-open-the-new-alliance-innovation-lab-tel-aviv/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  28. Renault Group, “Leadership team.” https://www.renaultgroup.com/en/group/leadership/leadership-team/ ↩ ↩2

  29. Renault Group, “Jean-Dominique Senard.” https://www.renaultgroup.com/en/group/leadership/board-of-directors/jean-dominique-senard/ ↩ ↩2

  30. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, A/HRC/63/20, advance edited version dated 25 September 2026; complete UN-authored report copy hosted by the International Legal Coalition for Palestine. https://api.ilcpal.com/storage/115/a-hrc-63-20-aev.pdf ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  31. Renault Group, “Key figures,” ownership structure at 31 December 2025. https://www.renaultgroup.com/en/finance/key-figures/ ↩ ↩2

  32. Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., “127th Annual Securities Report,” fiscal year ended 31 March 2026, filed 22 June 2026. https://www.nissan-global.com/EN/IR/FINANCIAL_RESULTS/ASSETS/FR/2025/PDF/fr2025.pdf ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6

  33. Renault Group, “Board of Directors,” current composition; key figures as of 1 June 2026. https://www.renaultgroup.com/en/group/leadership/board-of-directors/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  34. Renault Group, “Changes in the composition of the Board of Directors,” 19 February 2025. https://media.renaultgroup.com/changes-in-the-composition-of-the-board-of-directors/?lang=eng ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  35. Renault, Representatives of Nissan in the Board of Directors, 24 March 2025, issuer-distributed release through GlobeNewswire. [https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/03/24/3048155/0/en/Representatives-of-Nissan-in-the-Board-of-Directors.html] ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  36. Ministère de l’Économie, des Finances et de la Souveraineté industrielle et numérique, “Alexis Zajdenweber, nouveau Commissaire aux participations de l’État,” 16 September 2022. https://presse.economie.gouv.fr/16-09-2022-alexis-zajdenweber-nouveau-commissaire-aux-participations-de-letat/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  37. Renault Group, Alexis Zajdenweber, current French-language board biography, accessed 6 October 2026. [https://www.renaultgroup.com/groupe/gouvernance/conseil-administration/alexis-zajdenweber/] ↩ ↩2