INDEX / DIRECTORY / SKODA / ECONOMIC

Skoda ECONOMIC

ECONOMIC AUDIT UPDATED 2026-11-03
Economic Score 3.90 /10 D Skoda - Complicity Index 356
Economic 3.90

Evidence-only forensic audit. Scoring happens downstream - see the main dossier for the composite assessment.

Forensic audits like this are reader-funded - no sponsors, no ads. Support OpenIntel →

Research date: 3 November 2026. Entity reviewed: Škoda Auto a.s., the Czech car maker and Volkswagen Group brand, together with its Israeli importer Champion Motors Ltd and the Volkswagen Group. Evidence older than five years is flagged [pre-2020]. This is a factual record only, with no scoring or conclusions.

Supply Chain & Sourcing Relationships

Direct supplier relationships with Israeli agricultural aggregators or exporters. No public evidence identified. The Who Profits profile of Volkswagen Group lists vehicle, truck, bus and technology activities and no agricultural procurement. 1

Importer of record structure. Champion Motors is the dedicated Israeli importer of Škoda vehicles, distributes the cars and also sells to end customers, so Škoda has no separate dealer network in Israel (October 2019). 2

Champion Motors is part of Allied Group and also imports other Volkswagen Group brands (December 2017) [pre-2020]. 3

Globes describes Champion Motors as an Allied Group subsidiary importing Audi, Volkswagen, SEAT and Škoda (October 2019) [pre-2020]. 4

Seasonal sourcing patterns. No public evidence identified. No produce procurement by Škoda appears in the pages reviewed. 1

Third-party and indirect sourcing. No public evidence identified of Israeli-origin consumer products reaching Škoda shelves through distributors. Škoda’s Israeli commercial channel is the importer Champion Motors. 2

Fleet and state customers (sales channel, not supply). Škoda’s 2019 release says fleet business is a cornerstone of its Israel sales, with banks, telecom firms, Israeli ministries and state authorities as customers, and that Champion Motors won a 2018 contract to supply vehicles to ministries, the army, police and other authorities [pre-2020]. 2

In 2007 the Israeli Ministry of Finance chose the Škoda Superb as the official government car, with 18 units of Škoda and 18 of Audi to be supplied through Champion Motors over four to six years [pre-2020]. 5

Škoda’s own press site said in August 2021 that several hundred Octavias and Superbs had served the Israeli police over the previous five years, as patrol and unmarked cars. 6

On 13 December 2025 the Jerusalem Post reported that Škoda was among the major winners in the new officers’ vehicle tender, with no scope or volume given. The tender’s contracting body is not named in the article. 7

Group-level supply links (Volkswagen Group, not Škoda). The Who Profits profile of MAN Truck & Bus says MAN supplies chassis for Israel Police riot-control and water-cannon vehicles. It says two 15-ton MAN trucks were bought in 2018, and that the Israeli importer Automotive Equipment Ltd bid in a June 2024 police tender. The profile states it is valid until 9 June 2025. 8

The AFSC profile of Traton SE, majority-owned by Volkswagen, says Traton supplies MAN vehicles that are converted in Israel into “The Skunk”, and that Egged uses MAN buses on routes serving West Bank settlements (information valid as of 2 May 2023). 9

The Who Profits profile of Volkswagen Group states that the Israeli Ministry of Defense offers Volkswagen Group vehicles to permanent military staff, with three of four models in a 10,000-vehicle leasing pool belonging to the Group. It also says Passat cars are used as Israel Police traffic vehicles. The page does not describe any Škoda-specific activity. 1

Act record: Škoda supply and sale relationship with Champion Motors. Acting entity: Škoda Auto a.s. Recipient: Champion Motors Ltd (Israel). Channel: Škoda’s own press and reporting sites and Israeli and Czech media. Earliest dated observation: sales since 1991, per the Israel-Czech Chamber of Commerce (January 2022). 10

Latest dated observation: Škoda’s reporting site shows 20,780 deliveries in Israel for 2025 against 19,253 for 2024, and the Jerusalem Post of 13 December 2025 reports Škoda’s Champion Motors division issuing the first 2026 price list. Status at the research date: continuing as of December 2025, with no exit evidence found. 11, 7

Act record: public sales-halt report. Acting entity: Champion Motors Ltd. Channel: Czech business daily e15, 11 October 2023. The article says Champion Motors had closed all showrooms, quoting an employee that “sales are not running”. The article does not say when they reopened, and Škoda said it had no employees in the region. Status: the closure is reported as ended by implication only, since 2024 deliveries were 19,253, with no dated reopening in the sources. 12, 11

Product Origin, Labeling & Regulatory Compliance

Settlement-origin products. No public evidence identified of Škoda sourcing or selling produce or other goods labeled “Produce of Israel”, or of customs or DEFRA findings concerning Škoda. 1

Labeling compliance. No public evidence identified. Škoda is a vehicle manufacturer, and the pages reviewed record no country-of-origin labeling enforcement against it. 1

Corporate labeling policy. No public evidence identified of a Škoda policy on sourcing or labeling goods from occupied territories. The Škoda reporting page reviewed for Israel contains only a market-deliveries table. 11

UN and NGO databases checked. The Business and Human Rights Resource Centre summary of the 26 September 2025 update to the UN OHCHR settlement database lists 158 enterprises from 11 countries and does not mention Volkswagen or Škoda. It names some vehicle- and transport-related Israeli firms such as Mayer’s Cars and Trucks Co, Davidov Garages, Egged, Dan, Kavim and Superbus. 13

The Who Profits profile of Volkswagen Group tags the Group under Settlement Enterprise and Services to the Settlements through MAN bus supply to Egged. 1

The Who Profits MAN profile tags MAN under Settlement Enterprise (Services to the Settlements), Population Control (Specialized Equipment and Services), West Bank and East Jerusalem. 8

Settlement Nexus (Škoda). The only Škoda-related location found is an authorised Škoda garage and dealership at Eliav Yaakov 4, Givat Shaul, Jerusalem, operated by Avi (Zeni) Service Center Jerusalem Ltd and described as authorised on behalf of Champion Motors Israel. The listing does not describe it as a settlement location, and no settlement showroom was identified. 14

Sales to Israeli police and army, whose operations include the occupied territories according to the Who Profits and AFSC profiles above, are documented at fleet level and not by deployment location. 2, 1

Investment, Capital & Financial Exposure

Foreign direct investment (operational). No public evidence identified of a Škoda-owned factory, data centre, logistics hub or real-estate holding in Israel or the occupied territories. Škoda’s own Israeli presence in the pages reviewed is a joint venture and a minority stake. 3, 15

Israeli joint venture. ŠKODA AUTO DigiLab and Champion Motors signed documents on 14 December 2017 to set up ŠKODA AUTO DigiLab Israel Ltd in Tel Aviv, to begin operating in January 2018 [pre-2020]. Ownership percentages were not disclosed. 3

Globes reported on 24 August 2017 that DigiLab signed a memorandum of understanding with Champion Motors to open an Israeli office [pre-2020]. 16

R&D and innovation centres. DigiLab Israel works with Israeli start-ups from a Tel Aviv start-up hub. The June 2018 Škoda feature named Guardian, XM Cyber, Anagog and Otonomo as the first four start-ups under testing, and says the venture “seeks out and invests in” start-up projects without giving amounts [pre-2020]. 17

The Czech embassy in Tel Aviv’s 29 May 2018 item says the venture had worked with ten start-ups, and it names Guardian, XM Cyber and Anagog [pre-2020]. 18

Current status of DigiLab Israel after 2019: no public evidence identified in the pages reviewed. The latest observation is the 31 October 2019 Škoda release describing the venture as operating [pre-2020]. 2

Portfolio holdings (Anagog). On 19 July 2018 Škoda announced a minority ownership stake in the Israeli AI start-up Anagog, signed by Bernhard Maier and Anagog CEO Ofer Tziperman. The amount was not disclosed on that page [pre-2020]. 15

Anagog merged with UK-based Intent HQ on 13 November 2023 with undisclosed terms. The merger report does not mention Škoda, so Škoda’s current holding is unknown. 19

Acquired Israeli subsidiaries (Acquired-Identity). No public evidence identified that Škoda has acquired or controls any Israeli operating company. The Israeli entities found are the DigiLab JV with Champion Motors (percentage undisclosed) and a passive minority stake in Anagog. 3, 15

Group-level investments (Volkswagen Group, not Škoda). Porsche Digital GmbH, a wholly owned Porsche AG subsidiary, has scouted and invested in Israeli start-ups since 2018 and expanded its Tel Aviv office in November 2022. Porsche Ventures made its sixth Israeli investment (Valence Security) and holds an earlier stake in TriEye acquired in 2019. 20

On 5 November 2018 Volkswagen Group, Mobileye and Champion Motors announced plans for a joint venture called “New Mobility in Israel” for self-driving ride-hailing. Champion Motors would run fleet operations and the control centre, with launch planned for early 2019 [pre-2020]. Later status is not established by the pages reviewed. 21

Volkswagen Osnabrück plant and Rafael (Volkswagen Group, not Škoda). On 7 September 2026 the Volkswagen Group press release said Volkswagen AG, the State of Lower Saxony and Aurelius Capital had agreed key points (“Eckpunkte”) for a possible sale of Volkswagen Osnabrück GmbH, and that Aurelius and Lower Saxony plan a first anchor project together with Rafael Advanced Defense Systems. The release does not name Volkswagen as a party to the Rafael arrangement, and it says final contracts are still outstanding. 22

On the same date Breaking Defense reported that Rafael, Lower Saxony and Aurelius announced a plan under which Volkswagen would sell its Volkswagen Osnabrück GmbH site to an Aurelius–Lower Saxony partnership, which signed a statement of intent with Rafael. The Lower Saxony minister said the statement is “also supported by Volkswagen AG”, and the article does not name Volkswagen as a signatory. Detailed negotiations and approvals remained pending. 23

Sources differ on who signed the Rafael document. Globes reported that Rafael, Lower Saxony and Aurelius Capital signed a letter of intent on 7 September 2026 and that Volkswagen supports the process. The trade outlet esut.de named Rafael (President and CEO Yoav Tourgeman) and Aurelius Capital (Managing Director Tomer Jacob) as signatories on 7 September 2026 and described Lower Saxony as a supporter, not a signatory. The Defence Post of 8 September 2026 said Rafael signed a joint statement of intent with the Aurelius-majority partnership, giving the month only. 24, 25, 26

An earlier Volkswagen–Rafael letter is reported only in press accounts. Globes on 4 May 2026, citing Reuters, said Rafael “had already filed a letter of intent” to buy the factory and gave no date or recipient. The Jerusalem Post of 10 July 2026, citing Bild, said Volkswagen signed the letter of intent with Rafael in late April 2026 and named no individual signatory. Centro on 4 May 2026 said the Israeli firm “reportedly” signed, with no signatory or date, and that both companies declined to comment. 27, 28, 29

Börsen-Zeitung, citing Reuters on 17 June 2026, said a concrete agreement was still awaited and that Qatar was a hurdle to handing the plant to Rafael. It reported that Qatar holds just over 17% of Volkswagen through QIA, with two supervisory-board seats. 30 The Jerusalem Post of 10 July 2026 said, citing Bild, that the Qatar Investment Authority reportedly blocked the deal, and gave QIA’s stake as 10.4% of share capital. 28

Act record: Volkswagen Osnabrück site and Rafael. Acting entities: Volkswagen AG, the State of Lower Saxony, Aurelius Capital, and Rafael Advanced Defense Systems. Recipient or beneficiary: the Aurelius–Lower Saxony partnership as prospective owner of Volkswagen Osnabrück GmbH, with Rafael as anchor-project partner. Channel: the Volkswagen Group’s own press site and third-party media. Earliest dated observation: late April 2026 for the reported Rafael–Volkswagen letter (press reports only), and 7 September 2026 for the signed agreements. Latest dated observation: 8 September 2026. Status at the research date: pending, since final contracts, board approvals and regulatory review were outstanding, and no later dated evidence was retrieved. 22, 27, 26

Parent and beneficial ownership. Škoda Auto’s own site states it has a sole shareholder, Volkswagen Finance Luxembourg S.A., whose powers replace a general meeting. 31

At 31 December 2025 Volkswagen AG’s voting rights were held by Porsche Automobil Holding SE (53.3%), the State of Lower Saxony (20.0%), Qatar Holding LLC (17.0%) and free float (9.7%). 32

Financing the State and sovereign debt. No public evidence identified of Škoda holding Israeli sovereign bonds, Israel Bonds or Israel-focused funds. 31

Controlling principals (Principle 4). No public evidence identified of personal Israeli investments by Škoda’s current board members. Škoda’s board page lists Holger Peters (acting chair), Martina Biene and Maren Gräf. 31

A Cybertech Global Tel Aviv speaker profile lists Holger Peters as Škoda CFO and speaker and says nothing about Israel business. The profile gives no event date. 33

Named-entity record (searched by name).

Act record: Anagog minority stake. Acting entity: Škoda Auto a.s. Recipient: Anagog (Israeli AI start-up, Tel Aviv). Channel: Škoda’s own press release site. Earliest dated observation: 19 July 2018. 15

Latest dated observation: the 31 October 2019 Škoda release still lists Škoda as an Anagog shareholder [pre-2020]. 2

Status: unknown. Anagog merged with Intent HQ on 13 November 2023, and no source confirms whether Škoda’s stake continued. 19

Act record: DigiLab Israel joint venture. Acting entities: ŠKODA AUTO DigiLab and Champion Motors Ltd. Recipient: ŠKODA AUTO DigiLab Israel Ltd, Tel Aviv. Channel: Škoda’s own press site, Globes and the Czech embassy site. Earliest observation: 24 August 2017 (MoU). Latest observation: 31 October 2019 [pre-2020]. Status: unknown after 2019. 16, 3, 2, 18

Act record: group R&D and venture activity. Acting entity: Porsche Digital GmbH and Porsche Ventures. Recipients: Israeli start-ups including Valence Security and TriEye. Channel: Globes, 9 November 2022. Earliest observation: 2018. Latest observation: November 2022. Status: unknown after 2022. 20

Operational Presence & Market Activity

Physical footprint. Škoda’s spokesperson said in October 2023 that Škoda has no employees in the region and is in close contact with its Israeli partners. 12

Škoda operates in Israel through Champion Motors, with no separate Škoda dealer network. 2

The Champion Motors Tower in Bnei Brak (Sheshet Hayamim Street) stands on a former Champion Motors car lot, completed in 2013, with the insurer Migdal buying a one-third interest in 2011. 35

The Jerusalem Givat Shaul authorised garage described above is the only Škoda service or sales site located in the pages reviewed. No site in a settlement was identified. 14

Employment and tax contribution. No public evidence identified of Škoda’s Israeli workforce size or tax registration. Škoda states it has no employees in the region. 12

Market positioning. Škoda’s press site describes Israel as its market where it delivered 16,700 cars from January to September 2019, was the strongest European brand for seven years, and held about 8% share and fourth place [pre-2020]. 2

The Czech export item of 17 March 2020 said Škoda sold 19,568 cars in Israel in 2019, a decline of 6.4% [pre-2020]. 36

The 19,460 figure: year attribution. The Israel-Czech Chamber of Commerce said in January 2022 that Škoda ranked fourth among brands for the eighth consecutive year and sold nearly 300,000 cars since 1991, and that the importer Champion Motors sold about 7% more, 19,460 vehicles, than in 2020. Because the item is dated January 2022 and refers to the year just ended, the figure is for calendar year 2021, up about 7% on 2020. It also said Škoda Israel was the only market outside Europe to begin selling the Enyaq. 10

The e15 report of 11 October 2023 gives the same 19,460 figure and the same seven-percent increase, but places it in “loni” (last year), which read literally means 2022. It attributes the figure to the Czech-Israeli Chamber of Commerce rather than to Champion Motors. 12

The two sources conflict on the year. The January 2022 Chamber item cannot describe a full 2022, and a secondary trade blog reported that Škoda’s full-year 2022 Israel sales fell 27.2% from 2021, which does not fit a 2022 rise of 7%, though that blog’s unit table was not accessible. On this evidence 19,460 is the 2021 figure, the earlier statement in this audit that Champion Motors sold 19,460 cars in 2021 stands, and e15’s “loni” appears to misdate it. No Škoda or Champion Motors primary figure for 2022 was found. 10, 12, 37

A 29 May 2018 Czech embassy item gave an 8.5% share and 23,400 cars sold in the previous year [pre-2020]. 18

Škoda’s 2025 reporting site lists Israel 14th of 15 largest markets by deliveries, with 20,780 in 2025 and 19,253 in 2024. It contains no narrative characterisation of Israel. 11

The Jerusalem Post reported on 13 December 2025 that Škoda delivered 20,500 cars in Israel so far that year, up 7%, among the few European brands to grow. 7

Constructive notice (Principle 6). The ICC Pre-Trial Chamber issued arrest warrants for Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant on 21 November 2024, covering conduct from at least 8 October 2023 to 20 May 2024. 38

A Human Rights Watch page dated 19 July 2024 says the International Court of Justice was set to issue its advisory opinion on that day. 39

After both dates, Škoda’s Israel deliveries were 19,253 in 2024 and 20,780 in 2025, annual totals that cannot be split before and after the dates. The Jerusalem Post reported the officers’ tender win and a 2026 price list on 13 December 2025. 11, 7

For the Volkswagen Group, the Osnabrück key-points agreement and Rafael statement of intent are dated 7 September 2026, after both dates. 22

Reservist pay, charitable matching and employee programmes. No public evidence identified for Škoda or Champion Motors in the pages reviewed. 2

Corporate Structure & Foundational Ties

Founding and incorporation. Škoda Auto is not an Israeli-founded company. Its Israel-related releases are datelined Mladá Boleslav, and exports to Israel began in the 1990s with the Favorit and Forman [pre-2020]. 2

Headquarters and domicile. Škoda’s own site names Volkswagen Finance Luxembourg S.A. (Luxembourg) as sole shareholder and identifies Škoda as a member of the Volkswagen Group. Another page lists a Škoda board member’s affiliation as Škoda Auto a.s., Czech Republic. 31, 33

No public evidence identified of dual or legacy headquarters in Israel. The Israeli importer is a separate company. 3

Israeli-Nexus Floor factors. Founded in Israel: no, per the sources above. HQ in Israel: no public evidence identified. Israeli tax residency or PTE status: no public evidence identified. Israeli-controlled ownership: Škoda’s shareholder chain runs through Luxembourg to Volkswagen, whose voting rights are listed above, with no Israeli holder named. The Israeli-owned party in the relationship is the importer Champion Motors (Allied Group). 31, 32, 4

State and institutional linkages. No public evidence identified of Israeli state ownership, board appointees or golden shares in Škoda. Israeli state bodies appear as customers. 2, 5

The German State of Lower Saxony holds 20.0% of Volkswagen AG voting rights, and is a party to the Osnabrück arrangement with Rafael. 32, 23

Structural governance features. No public evidence identified of governance features tying Škoda to Israeli state policy. 31

Act record: public communication on Israel. Acting entity: Škoda Auto a.s. Channel: Škoda’s own press site (releases of 15 December 2017, 19 July 2018 and 31 October 2019). Audience: media and automotive trade. Persistence and current status: unknown, since the pages were retrieved at the research date without a removal notice. 3, 15, 2

Profit Repatriation & Economic Contribution

Revenue attribution. No public evidence identified of Škoda revenue attributed to Israel. Škoda’s reporting site gives deliveries by market only. 11

Profit flows. No public evidence identified of profit repatriation figures. Champion Motors is an Allied Group subsidiary, Škoda’s shareholder is in Luxembourg, and Škoda is not under Israeli ownership. 4, 31

Economic ecosystem role. An Israeli business report, undated but covering the first 11 months of a year, gives Champion Motors a 12% importer share across Škoda, SEAT, Volkswagen and Audi, fourth among listed importers behind Colmobil, Frisbee and Union Motors. It gives no Škoda-only figure. 40

Allied Group holds Champion Motors, Mediterranean Car Agency, Autodeal, UPS, Newpan and Mini Line, and Autodeal sold 10,000 vehicles in 2018 [pre-2020]. 4

Allied Holdings is described by Globes (13 April 2020) as a holding with assets of about NIS 1 billion, active in real estate, electronics, infrastructure and automotive, with a 5% stake in credit-card firm Max. 34

Champion Motors entered 2022 with an “Importer of the Year” award from Škoda tied to sales performance, per the Israel-Czech Chamber. 10

Footnotes

  1. Who Profits, Volkswagen Group company profile (valid until 9 June 2025). https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/7374 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9

  2. Škoda Storyboard, “ŠKODA remains the strongest European brand in Israel”, 31 October 2019. https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/en/press-releases/skoda-remains-the-strongest-european-brand-in-israel/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9 ↩10 ↩11 ↩12 ↩13

  3. Škoda Storyboard, “ŠKODA AUTO DigiLab and Champion Motors establish Joint Venture in Israel”, 15 December 2017. https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/en/press-releases/skoda-auto-digilab-champion-motors-establish-joint-venture-israel/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9 ↩10 ↩11 ↩12

  4. Globes, “Allied Group buys 51% Autodeal stake for NIS 100m”, 16 October 2019. https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-1001303803 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  5. Motonews.pl, “Izraelski rząd wybrał Škodę Superb”, 31 October 2007. https://www.motonews.pl/skoda/news-2524-izraelski-rzad-wybral-skode-superb.html ↩ ↩2

  6. Škoda Storyboard, “ŠKODA cars in police livery”, 17 August 2021. https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/en/skoda-world/skoda-cars-in-police-livery/ ↩

  7. Jerusalem Post, Škoda 2026 price list and officers’ tender, 13 December 2025. https://www.jpost.com/consumerism/article-879230 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  8. Who Profits, MAN Truck & Bus SE company profile (valid until 9 June 2025). https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/4094 ↩ ↩2

  9. AFSC Investigate, Traton SE profile (valid as of 2 May 2023). https://investigate.afsc.org/node/5740 ↩

  10. Israel-Czech Chamber of Commerce and Industry, “Skoda celebrates 30 years in Israel”, January 2022. https://www.iccci.org.il/2022/01/skoda-is-the-best-selling-european-brand-in-israel/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  11. Škoda Auto Report 2025, “Sales and Marketing” (largest markets table). https://reporting.skoda-auto.com/marketing ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6

  12. e15.cz, “Izraelský partner Škody Auto zavřel showroomy, prodeje vozů se zastavily”, 11 October 2023. https://www.e15.cz/byznys/izraelsky-partner-skody-auto-zavrel-showroomy-prodeje-vozu-se-zastavily-1410985 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  13. Business and Human Rights Resource Centre, summary of UN OHCHR database update (A/HRC/60/19), 26 September 2025. https://www.business-humanrights.org/de/neuste-meldungen/israelopt-un-updates-database-of-businesses-involved-in-illegal-israeli-settlements-listing-158-enterprises-from-11-countries ↩

  14. Dapei Zahav (d.co.il), listing for Avi (Zeni) Service Center Jerusalem Ltd. https://www.d.co.il/80107425/28320/ ↩ ↩2

  15. Škoda Storyboard, “ŠKODA AUTO vstupuje do izraelského startupu Anagog”, 19 July 2018. https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/cs/tiskove-zpravy-archiv/skoda-auto-vstupuje-do-izraelskeho-startupu-anagog/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6

  16. Globes, “Skoda to open Israel auto-tech office”, 24 August 2017. https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-skoda-to-open-israel-auto-tech-office-1001202544 ↩ ↩2

  17. Škoda Storyboard, “ŠKODA launches its start-up story in Israel”, 21 June 2018. https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/en/skoda-world/innovation-and-technology/skoda-launches-its-start-up-story-in-israel/ ↩

  18. Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tel Aviv embassy, “Škoda Auto zintenzivňuje spolupráci s izraelskými start-upy”, 29 May 2018. https://mzv.gov.cz/telaviv/cz/obchod_a_ekonomika/zajimavosti/skoda_auto_zintenzivnuje_spolupraci_s.html ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  19. StartupHub.ai, “Anagog merged with Intent HQ”, 13 November 2023. https://www.startuphub.ai/news/anagog-merged-with-intent-hq-for-generative-ai-marketing-co-pilots ↩ ↩2

  20. Globes, “Porsche Digital expands in Israel”, 9 November 2022. https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-1001429327 ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  21. ICT Business, “Volkswagen, Mobileye and Champion Motors Invest in Israel”, 5 November 2018. https://www.ictbusiness.biz/technology/volkswagen-mobileye-and-champion-motors-invest-in-israel ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  22. Volkswagen Group, press release “Weichen für die Zukunft des Standorts Osnabrück gestellt”, 7 September 2026. https://www.volkswagen-group.com/de/pressemitteilungen/weichen-fuer-die-zukunft-des-standorts-osnabrueck-gestellt-20667 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6

  23. Breaking Defense, “Rafael, Lower Saxony and Aurelius to develop Volkswagen site in Germany”, 7 September 2026. https://breakingdefense.com/2026/09/rafael-lower-saxony-and-aurelius-to-develop-volkswagen-site-in-germany/ ↩ ↩2

  24. Globes, “Rafael signs agreement to buy VW plant”, September 2026. https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-1001554639 ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  25. Europäische Sicherheit & Technik (esut.de), report on the Osnabrück plant and Rafael, 7 September 2026. https://esut.de/en/2026/09/meldungen/74670/vw-werk-luftverteidigung-israel/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  26. The Defense Post, “Rafael, Lower Saxony, Aurelius Capital Plan Defense Hub at VW Osnabrück Plant”, 8 September 2026. https://thedefensepost.com/2026/09/08/rafael-lower-saxony-aurelius-osnabrueck/ ↩ ↩2

  27. Globes, “Rafael close to buying VW plant”, 4 May 2026. https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-1001541977 ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  28. Jerusalem Post, Qatar reportedly vetoes Rafael–Volkswagen deal, 10 July 2026. https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/article-902126 ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  29. Centro, “Israeli Defense Firm Wants to Buy VW’s Old Factory to Build Missile Parts”, 4 May 2026. https://centro.co.il/en/news/israeli-defense-firm-wants-to-buy-vws-old-factory-to-build-missile-parts-20260504.html ↩

  30. Börsen-Zeitung, “Katar bremst Übergabe des VW-Werks Osnabrück an Rafael”, 17 June 2026. https://www.boersen-zeitung.de/unternehmen-branchen/katar-bremst-uebergabe-des-vw-werks-osnabrueck-an-rafael ↩ ↩2

  31. Škoda Auto, company page (sole shareholder and Board of Management). https://www.skoda-auto.com/company ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9 ↩10

  32. Volkswagen Group Annual Report 2025, shareholder structure. https://annualreport2025.volkswagen-group.com/group-management-report/shares-and-bonds/shareholder-structure.html ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  33. Cybertech Global Tel Aviv, speaker profile of Holger Peters (undated). https://www.cybertechisrael.com/node/3649 ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  34. Globes, “Itzhak Swary’s Allied Holdings enters bidding for Delek Israel”, 13 April 2020. https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-itzhak-swarys-allied-holdings-joins-bidding-for-delek-israel-1001325290 ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  35. Wikipedia, Champion Motors Tower. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_Motors_Tower ↩

  36. Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tel Aviv embassy, “Českému exportu do Izraele dominují automobily”, 17 March 2020. https://mzv.gov.cz/telaviv/cz/obchod_a_ekonomika/zajimavosti/ceskemu_exportu_do_izraele_dominuji.html ↩

  37. Best Selling Cars Blog, “Israel Full Year 2022”, January 2023. https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2023/01/israel-full-year-2022-hyundai-kia-picanto-lead-geely-geometry-c-byd-atto-3-instant-blockbusters ↩

  38. Just Security, analysis of ICC arrest warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant, 22 November 2024. https://www.justsecurity.org/105048/icc-arrest-warrants/ ↩

  39. Human Rights Watch, “World Court Reviews 57-Year Israeli Occupation”, 19 July 2024. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/07/19/world-court-reviews-57-year-israeli-occupation ↩

  40. Ynetnews, “Chinese automakers seize a third of Israel’s car market” (undated). https://www.ynetnews.com/sport/article/hknw5z6b11x ↩