Skoda DIGITAL

Scope note. The target is Škoda Auto a.s., a member of the Volkswagen Group. Its own page says it has a sole shareholder, Volkswagen Finance Luxembourg S.A., and that no general meeting is held ¹. Israel-facing evidence found is at the level of its Israeli importer Champion Motors Ltd., the Škoda AUTO DigiLab Israel joint venture (2017 to 2019), a January 2026 cybersecurity partnership with Upstream, and a 2026 academic memorandum involving Škoda Auto University (ŠAVŠ), which was founded by Škoda Auto a.s. ^{2, 3, 4, 5}. Items about the wider Volkswagen Group are labelled as group-level. Evidence from 2017 to 2019 is flagged [pre-2020]. This audit contains no scores or conclusions.

Enterprise Technology Stack & Vendor Relationships

Israeli-origin enterprise software and security vendors: Upstream (2026). On 13 January 2026 Upstream and Škoda announced a strategic partnership, per Upstream’s press release and a PR Newswire copy, both dated 13 January 2026 with the dateline Birmingham, Mich. ^{6, 7}. The Jerusalem Post, in an article dated 13 January 2026 and updated 14 January 2026, calls Upstream an “Israeli start-up” and a mobility security company ³. The parties are Škoda Auto (the press release describes it as part of the Volkswagen Group and headquartered in Mladá Boleslav) and Upstream (the release footer names Upstream Security Ltd.) ⁶. Under the announcement Škoda uses Upstream’s cloud platform to consolidate cyber threat intelligence, security signals and risk information in one environment across its connected vehicles, digital services and supporting systems ⁷. The Jerusalem Post adds apps, cloud systems and supply-chain infrastructure to the scope, and says the platform supports Škoda’s obligations under UNECE WP.29 R155 ³. The release also cites ISO/SAE 21434 and says the platform reduces manual compliance and reporting work ⁷. Škoda’s Miroslav Sivous (threat-intelligence expert) and Upstream co-founder and CEO Yoav Levy are quoted in the announcement ^{3, 6}. The status is continuing or unknown, with a latest dated observation of 14 January 2026 and no end date found ³.

Upstream: data involved and headquarters. The Jerusalem Post says Upstream’s platform draws on data from IT, OT, IoT and connected vehicles and needs no installation of software or hardware ³. The Škoda-specific use described in the announcement is threat intelligence, risk data, findings, documented decisions and compliance evidence, and neither the Jerusalem Post article nor the release mentions personal or customer data ^{3, 6}. No public evidence identified of where Škoda data sent to Upstream is stored, routed or processed, or whether any of it is legally accessible under Israeli jurisdiction ^{3, 6}. The Jerusalem Post article and the Upstream release do not state Upstream’s headquarters; the release dateline is Birmingham, Mich. and its footer names Upstream Security Ltd. ^{3, 6}. A Globes article of 24 August 2021 says Upstream Security is based in Herzliya, Israel, and was founded by CEO Yoav Levy and CTO Yonatan Appel, so the Israeli base is from a 2021 report and not a 2026 confirmation ⁸. The PR Newswire release lists Upstream’s backers, including Cisco Investments, Glilot Capital Partners, Salesforce Ventures, Volvo Group, BMW, Hyundai and Alliance Ventures ⁷. The Jerusalem Post lists Upstream customers as Renault, Volvo, Hyundai, BMW, Nissan and Mitsubishi ³. The partnership post-dates the ICJ advisory opinion (19 July 2024) and the ICC warrants (November 2024), and no public Škoda statement addressing either was identified ^{3, 9}.

Other named vendors. No public evidence identified of Škoda licensing or integrating Check Point, Wiz, SentinelOne, CyberArk, Nice, Verint, Claroty or Palo Alto Networks products in the pages reviewed ¹⁰. Škoda’s own cyber security page is a vulnerability-reporting page and names no cybersecurity vendors, locations or Israeli partners ¹¹. No public evidence identified of the scale of any dependency on Israeli-origin enterprise software beyond the Upstream announcement, whose depth of integration is not stated ^{3, 10}.

Earlier vendor-type relationship: XM Cyber. On 31 May 2018 Calcalist reported that Škoda AUTO DigiLab Israel announced a collaboration with XM Cyber, a cybersecurity startup co-founded by retired Mossad Director Tamir Pardo ¹⁰. The article does not say which technologies would result from the collaborations, and no financial terms were disclosed ¹⁰. [pre-2020] The status after 2018 is unknown, and the article gives no deployment scope ¹⁰.

Other Israeli startups named by Škoda DigiLab Israel. The 31 May 2018 Calcalist article names Otonomo (monetises data collected by cars), Anagog (predicts user behaviour from mobile phone sensors) and Guardian Optical Technologies (in-car sensing combining video image recognition, 3D depth mapping and motion detection) ¹⁰. The article says a roadmap to buy technologies from six other Israeli companies was announced the same day ¹⁰. A Calcalist article dated “02.12.18” on the page adds Chakratec (a flywheel-based kinetic battery) and UVeye (machine-learning vehicle exterior inspection) and quotes Škoda as “already testing their technologies” ¹². Škoda’s own release of 7 December 2018 corroborates the timing, describing work with “13 start-ups” on AI, big data, cybersecurity and vehicle sensors, and a digital event on 7 December 2018 at which Guardian and UVeye presented ¹³. [pre-2020] The status of all of these relationships after 2018 is unknown ^{12, 13}.

Systems integrators and outsourcing partners. No public evidence identified of a named integrator or IT outsourcing partner that deployed Israeli-origin technology for Škoda in the pages reviewed ¹.

Group-level: CYMOTIVE Technologies. SecurityWeek reported on 15 September 2016 that Volkswagen teamed up with three Israeli cybersecurity experts to form CYMOTIVE Technologies, focused on security for future connected cars and mobile services, with offices in Herzliya and Wolfsburg and former Israeli security-service head Yuval Diskin as chairman ¹⁴. [pre-2020] The Who Profits Volkswagen Group profile lists CyMotive Technologies Ltd. among the group’s Israeli subsidiaries and holdings at 40% ¹⁵. Neither page names Škoda as a customer or party, and no public evidence identified of a Škoda–CYMOTIVE contract in the pages reviewed ^{14, 15}.

Data-exposure check (legacy). The target’s core function is vehicle manufacturing. Otonomo is described as monetising data collected by cars, but the source does not say whether any Škoda vehicle data goes to it ¹⁰. No public evidence identified of where Škoda customer or vehicle data is stored, routed or legally accessible in relation to Israeli jurisdiction ¹⁰.

Surveillance, Biometrics & Retail Technology

Facial recognition and biometrics. No public evidence identified of Škoda using Trigo, BriefCam, AnyVision/Oosto, Trax or comparable retail or biometric products in the pages reviewed ¹⁰. The nearest item is Guardian Optical Technologies’ in-car occupant sensing, which uses video image recognition and 3D depth mapping, announced as a collaboration with Škoda AUTO DigiLab Israel on 31 May 2018 ¹⁰. [pre-2020] Its commercial application for Škoda is not stated, and the status afterwards is unknown ¹⁰. Škoda’s 2018 release describes Guardian’s technology as microwave-based vehicle sensors that detect occupant position and safety issues ¹³.

Predictive analytics and monitoring. Anagog tracks and predicts user behaviour using data from mobile phone sensors, and Škoda invested USD 1.5 million in it (Calcalist, 19 July 2018) ^{10, 16}. Škoda’s 2018 release says Škoda became a minority shareholder in July 2018 ¹³. [pre-2020] The article describes it as AI that tracks drivers and predicts their needs, not as policing or workforce surveillance, and the later status is unknown ¹⁶. The Who Profits Volkswagen Group profile lists Anagog Ltd. at 4.74% among the group’s Israeli holdings, without saying which group entity holds it ¹⁵. No public evidence identified of Israeli social-media monitoring, predictive-policing or workforce-surveillance tools used by Škoda ¹⁰.

Third-party deployment. No public evidence identified of Israeli surveillance technology reaching Škoda through platform providers or managed services in the pages reviewed ¹⁰. The Upstream platform is described as a security and compliance tool for Škoda’s own connected-vehicle ecosystem, and the pages do not describe it as a surveillance product ^{3, 7}.

Cloud Infrastructure, Data Residency & Sovereign Cloud Participation

Data centres in Israel. No public evidence identified that Škoda operates, leases or co-locates data-centre infrastructure in Israel ¹. The Upstream platform is described as cloud-based, and the pages reviewed do not say where it is hosted ⁷.

Government cloud contracts (Project Nimbus or similar). No public evidence identified of Škoda participating in Project Nimbus or comparable government cloud programmes ¹.

Data-sovereignty or resilience services for Israeli state bodies. No public evidence identified ¹.

Defence, Intelligence & Security Sector Technology Relationships

Vehicle supply to Israeli state bodies (not a technology contract). Škoda’s 31 Oct 2019 release says that “in 2018, ŠKODA won a contract, through Champion Motors, to supply vehicles to various ministries, the army, police, and other authorities” ¹⁷. [pre-2020] The release is on Škoda’s own newsroom and does not give a contract value, tender number or a dated end ¹⁷. The status is unknown, and no Israeli tender record was found ¹⁷. The release also names banks, telecom and high-tech companies as other fleet customers ¹⁷.

Group-level: Who Profits Volkswagen Group profile. The Who Profits page on the Volkswagen Group (which lists Škoda among its brands) states that the Israeli Ministry of Defense provides Volkswagen vehicles to permanent military staff, and that three of four models in a 10,000-vehicle leasing pool belong to the Volkswagen Group ¹⁵. It also states that Champion Motors is Volkswagen’s exclusive Israeli importer and imports the vehicles supplied to the Ministry of Defense, and that Volkswagen Passats are Israel Police traffic vehicles ¹⁵. The page does not name Škoda models in the leasing pool ¹⁵. It says its information is valid until “09/06/2025”, a date format that is ambiguous ¹⁵. It also states that MAN Truck & Bus (a Volkswagen Group brand) supplies chassis for armored riot-control and water-cannon vehicles used by the Israel Border Police and the YASAM unit ¹⁵. The Škoda entity is not named in these statements, and the page lists no primary sources in the text read ¹⁵.

Group-level: Osnabrück plant and Rafael (2026). On 7 September 2026 Breaking Defense reported that Volkswagen agreed to sell Volkswagen Osnabrück GmbH to a partnership of Aurelius and Lower Saxony, and that the partners signed a statement of intent with Rafael to use the site as a hub for producing Rafael systems ¹⁸. The article says detailed negotiations and approvals are still ahead and that it is unclear which Rafael systems would be built there ¹⁸. Škoda is not named in the summary of the article read, and the status is ongoing and unresolved as of the research date ¹⁸.

Dual-use and offensive cyber. No public evidence identified of Škoda technology publicly reported as deployed for Israeli military, intelligence or law-enforcement surveillance ¹⁷. No public evidence identified of Škoda developing, selling or maintaining offensive cyber or digital weapons ¹⁷. The Upstream announcement concerns defensive cybersecurity for Škoda’s own vehicles and systems ⁷.

AI, Algorithmic & Autonomous Systems

AI/ML provision to Israeli state bodies. No public evidence identified of Škoda providing AI, machine-learning or computer-vision systems to Israeli state, military or security bodies ¹⁷.

Training data. No public evidence identified of Škoda platforms trained on civilian, intercepted or surveillance-derived datasets from Israel or the occupied territories ¹⁰.

Autonomous systems and lethality. No public evidence identified of Škoda providing target-generation or autonomous-tracking systems to Israeli forces ¹⁷.

Group-level civilian autonomy project: “New Mobility in Israel”. The Volkswagen Group’s own press-release page is listed as a press release of 29 October 2018 with the dateline Tel Aviv, and says the partners would operate as “New Mobility in Israel”, with Champion Motors running the fleet operations and control centre ¹⁹. The Intel investor-site copy of the joint release is timed 29 October 2018, 2:00 PM EDT, with the dateline Tel Aviv, and says the planned cooperation needs approval from the responsible authorities ²⁰. The announcement date is therefore 29 October 2018, which corrects an earlier version of this audit that gave 30 October 2018; 30 October 2018 is the date of the republished copies and press reports, including Robotics Tomorrow, Calcalist and the Jerusalem Post ^{21, 22, 23}. TechCrunch’s 5 November 2018 analysis refers to “the recent announcement” and to the Israeli government’s acceptance of the proposal at a ceremony at the Smart Mobility Summit in Tel Aviv “last Monday”, which corresponds to 29 October 2018, so 5 November 2018 is an article date and not the announcement date ²⁴. The service was planned to start in early 2019 and reach commercialisation by 2022 ^{20, 22}. [pre-2020] Neither the Volkswagen Group page nor the investor-site copy names Škoda as a party; the investor-site copy mentions ŠKODA in the brand list and in Champion Motors’ profile, which cites the “ŠKODA AUTO DigiLab Israel” joint venture as an example of its partnerships with the VW Group ^{19, 20}. Globes (1 December 2020) says Mobileye, Volkswagen and Champion Motors had worked on the robotaxi project since a joint venture agreement in November 2018 (a single-source date), that VW’s electric minivan had not yet reached Israel, that Mobileye would start trials with dozens of NIO vehicles, and that Mobileye said Volkswagen was still part of the project ²⁵. A Calcalist report of 24 January 2019 said Moia would supply shuttles, and a Moia spokesman later denied it ²⁶. [pre-2020] no public evidence identified of whether the service launched, was cancelled or continued after December 2020, so the status is unknown ²⁵.

Technology Ecosystem & R&D Footprint

Škoda AUTO DigiLab Israel Ltd. On 24 Aug 2017 Škoda AUTO and Champion Motors Ltd. signed a memorandum of understanding for a technology scouting outpost in Tel Aviv, with the support of Allied Group, Champion Motors’ parent, and of the Israeli-Czech Chamber of Commerce and Industry ²⁷. [pre-2020] Škoda CEO Bernhard Maier and Champion Motors chairman Prof. Itzhak Swary signed the MoU ²⁷. On 15 Dec 2017 Škoda’s release stated that Škoda AUTO DigiLab and Champion Motors signed a joint-venture agreement on 14 Dec 2017 at the Rudolfinum in Prague, with operations in Tel Aviv from January 2018 ². [pre-2020] The Israeli signatories were Dan Orenstein (Champion Motors CEO) and board members Erez Vigodman and Dr. Yoram Turbowicz ². The release says two full-time local employees would build connections and conclude partnership agreements ². Calcalist (31 May 2018) describes the unit as a technology incubator operated by Škoda Auto a.s. and ChampionMotors Ltd., with focus areas of big data, cybersecurity, sensors, Industry 4.0, connected cars, electromobility and infotainment ¹⁰. [pre-2020] Calcalist (6 December 2018) describes DigiLab as operated in partnership with Škoda’s Israeli importer Champion Motors Ltd. and quotes Škoda’s Chief Digital Officer saying the engagement gives better access to future technologies ²⁸. [pre-2020] Škoda’s 7 December 2018 release says the unit’s staff began work in January 2018 and operate from Champion Tower in Bnei Brak in partnership with importer Champion Motors ¹³. [pre-2020] The latest dated observation is a Škoda release page titled “ŠKODA AUTO DigiLab Israel Ltd showcases new services and collaborates with more start-ups”, dated 30 Oct 2019, with no text visible beyond the title ²⁹. The status after Oct 2019 is unknown, and no closure notice was found ²⁹.

Investments and acquisitions. The 19 July 2018 Calcalist report says Škoda invested USD 1.5 million in Tel Aviv-based Anagog Ltd., with Škoda’s sister company Porsche and Daimler also named as investors ¹⁶. [pre-2020] Škoda CEO Bernhard Maier said the investment marks a shift from carmaker to “holistic provider of transportation services”, and the article says Škoda was in talks with four other Israeli companies and was especially interested in Israel’s cybersecurity innovation ¹⁶. The status of the stake is unknown. No public evidence identified of Škoda acquiring an Israeli company in the pages reviewed ¹⁶.

Group-level Israeli entities and holdings. The Who Profits Volkswagen Group profile lists, among the group’s Israeli subsidiaries and holdings, Porsche Digital Israel Ltd. (100%), Konnect with the Volkswagen Group Ltd. (100%), Doral Tech SI Limited Partnership (100%), CyMotive Technologies Ltd. (40%), Tactile Mobility Ltd. (11.14%), TriEye Ltd. (3.41%), Griiip Automotive Engineering Ltd. (4.89%), Anagog Ltd. (4.74%) and Autonomous Mobility Israel Ltd. (33.33%) ¹⁵. The page does not say which group entity holds each interest, does not explain the business of Autonomous Mobility Israel Ltd., and does not name Škoda a.s. as a holder, and the information is stated valid until “09/06/2025” ¹⁵.

Group-level innovation centre. A Jerusalem Post page dated 22 May 2018 carries the headline “Volkswagen Group launches Tel Aviv innovation center”. The page body was missing in what was read, and Škoda is not mentioned ³⁰. [pre-2020]

Israeli academic links: 2018 Coller School memorandum. Škoda’s 7 December 2018 release says that in July 2018 Škoda’s CEO and the rector of ŠKODA AUTO University signed a memorandum of understanding with the Coller School of Management, part of Tel Aviv University, for collaboration with the university in Mladá Boleslav, mainly on innovation ¹³. [pre-2020] The status is unknown ¹³.

Israeli academic links: Ben-Gurion University memorandum (2026). Škoda Auto University (ŠAVŠ) published a news item dated 20 May 2026 reporting a trilateral Memorandum of Understanding between ŠAVŠ, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Base Camp, and an Erasmus+ Inter-Institutional Agreement between ŠAVŠ and Ben-Gurion University ⁴. The page says the partnership opens the door to academic exchange, student and staff mobility, joint projects and knowledge sharing across education, research, innovation and entrepreneurship ⁴. The page names no individual signatories, gives no signing date other than the page date, does not describe Base Camp, and does not name Škoda Auto a.s. as a party ⁴.

Cybersecurity innovation hub (July 2026). A ŠAVŠ news item dated 5 August 2026 says Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Petr Macinka visited Israel on 13 and 14 July 2026 with a business delegation of more than 30 Czech firms and institutions that included ŠAVŠ rector Ondřej Krejcar ³¹. The same item says Macinka cited the concluded agreement between Škoda Auto Vysoká škola and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev as an example of modern cooperation, and that its outcome is an innovation hub focused on cybersecurity, based in Mladá Boleslav, linking academia, industrial practice and Czech and Israeli expertise ³¹. The ŠAVŠ item names only the university, not the Škoda Auto company, as a participant in the hub, and gives no funding, timeline, legal vehicle or staffing ³¹. Blesk.cz, in an article by Magdaléna Škapová dated 18 July 2026, reports that Škoda Auto signed an agreement with its university and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev to create a cybersecurity innovation hub in Mladá Boleslav, and lists Škoda Auto among the firms at the Czech-Israeli business forum in Tel Aviv ³². The Blesk wording is broader than the university’s own pages, so whether Škoda Auto a.s. is itself a signatory is not established by the retrieved primary pages ^{31, 32}. The Czech Foreign Ministry’s pre-visit notice dated 10 July 2026 confirms the 13 to 14 July visit with more than 30 Czech companies and a planned joint declaration by the two foreign ministers, and names no companies ³³. The status of the hub is announced or planned as of 18 July and 5 August 2026, and no later dated observation was found ^{31, 32}.

Relationship of ŠAVŠ to Škoda Auto a.s. The Czech government study portal states that Škoda Auto a.s. founded the university in 2000 and describes it as private ⁵. Wikipedia likewise says the university was established by Škoda Auto and calls it the only educational institution in Czechia founded by a large multinational company ³⁴. No public evidence identified in the pages opened of the current legal form, current founder or ownership of ŠAVŠ, or of Škoda Auto a.s. funding for the Ben-Gurion University agreements ^{34, 5}.

Patents and other academic links. No public evidence identified of Škoda patent portfolios, licences or co-development with Technion, Hebrew University, Weizmann or other Israeli research institutions beyond the two university memoranda above ^{2, 4, 13}.

Civil Society Scrutiny & Regulatory History

NGO reports. The Who Profits page on the Volkswagen Group names Settlement Enterprise, Population Control and Economic Exploitation as involvement categories and describes Champion Motors as the exclusive importer ¹⁵. The page names Volkswagen Group, not Škoda, as the profiled company ¹⁵. No separate Škoda-specific entry was identified ¹⁵. No public evidence identified for Škoda in the UN OHCHR database or A/HRC/59/23, because the documents could not be read in this session (see research notes) ¹⁵. No public evidence identified of NGO reporting on the Upstream partnership or the Ben-Gurion University agreements in the pages reviewed ^{3, 4}.

Boycott and divestment. The Business & Human Rights Resource Centre roundup of Gaza-related boycott efforts (8 April 2024) does not mention Škoda, Volkswagen, Audi or Champion Motors ³⁵. A Czech report dated 2 April 2025 says Turkey’s opposition CHP added Škoda Auto, Volkswagen and Audi to its recommended-boycott list, and gives the reason as the firms being viewed as pro-government (supporting President Erdoğan), not Israel-related technology provision ³⁶. The article contains no Škoda response ³⁶. No public evidence identified of an organised boycott or divestment campaign against Škoda over Israeli technology provision ³⁵.

Regulatory and legal actions. A JNS report states that the State of Israel is suing Volkswagen for USD 152 million over diesel-emissions software. The visible text does not mention Škoda, and the page shows no article date ³⁷. This is consumer and emissions litigation, not a technology-sales or export-control matter ³⁷. No public evidence identified of regulatory, export-control or sanctions actions involving Škoda technology sales to Israeli state entities ³⁷.

Constructive notice and continuity after 19 July 2024 and Nov 2024. On 11 Oct 2023 e15 reported that Champion Motors closed all its showrooms after the 7 October attack, that Škoda said it had no employees in the region and was in close contact with its Israeli partners, and that Škoda did not comment officially on the closures ³⁸. A Jerusalem Post report dated 13 Dec 2025 states that Škoda delivered about 20,500 cars so far in 2025 in Israel (up 7%) and that Champion Motors published the first 2026 price list among importers ³⁹. The importer relationship therefore appears continuing past July and November 2024, with the latest dated observation 13 Dec 2025 ³⁹. After those dates Škoda also announced the Upstream partnership (13 January 2026) ³. A university memorandum with Ben-Gurion University was reported on 20 May 2026, and Blesk reported Škoda Auto at the Tel Aviv business forum in July 2026 ^{4, 32}. The group-level “New Mobility in Israel” venture has no retrieved status after 1 December 2020, so no continuation past those dates is documented ²⁵. Škoda’s 2024 global delivery release (926,600 vehicles) does not mention Israel or Champion Motors ⁹. No public Škoda statement responding to the ICJ advisory opinion or ICC warrants was identified ⁹.

Settlement nexus. No public evidence identified of Škoda digital products or services in or to settlements, or via Champion Motors branches. The Who Profits page lists Settlement Enterprise as a Volkswagen Group involvement category, citing MAN buses supplied to Egged, which operates lines to settlements ¹⁵.

Named-entity record (searched by name; where a separate search was not completed this is stated).

• Volkswagen Group: owner of Škoda Auto. Who Profits profiles it (Israel Police Passats, MoD leasing pool via Champion Motors, MAN riot-control chassis, Egged buses, Israeli subsidiaries and holdings) ¹⁵.
• Volkswagen Finance Luxembourg S.A.: sole shareholder of Škoda Auto per Škoda’s company page. No Israel-technology item found on that page ¹.
• Porsche Automobil Holding SE: listed by Who Profits as a 31.9% holder of the Volkswagen Group. No Israel-technology item for this holder on that page, and a separate name search was not completed ¹⁵.
• State of Lower Saxony: listed by Who Profits as an 11.8% holder of the Volkswagen Group. In Sept 2026 it is a partner with Aurelius in the Osnabrück statement of intent with Rafael ^{15, 18}.
• Qatar Holdings LLC: listed by Who Profits as a 10.4% holder of the Volkswagen Group. No Israel-technology item on that page, and a separate name search was not completed ¹⁵.
• Oliver Blume: listed by Who Profits as Chairman of the Volkswagen Group Board of Management. Searched by name with the Osnabrück and Rafael topic; no Israel-technology item found in the pages opened ^{15, 18}.
• Holger Peters: Škoda Board Member for Finance and IT from 1 June 2023 (release of 20 April 2023), previously at Porsche AG, Porsche Financial Services and Volkswagen AG. Searched by name with Israel, Champion Motors, Upstream and cybersecurity; the release does not mention Israel and none found elsewhere ⁴⁰.
• Martina Biene (Sales and Marketing) and Maren Gräf (People and Culture): Škoda Board of Management members. No Israel item on the governance page, and separate name searches were not completed ¹.
• Bernhard Maier: Škoda AUTO CEO at the time of the 2017 to 2018 Israel initiatives (signatory of the 2017 MoU and JV, quoted on Anagog, and signatory with the ŠAVŠ rector of the July 2018 Coller School MoU) ^{27, 2, 16, 13}.
• Miroslav Sivous: threat-intelligence expert at Škoda Auto, quoted in the Upstream announcement. No further Israel item found in the pages opened ³.
• Upstream Security Ltd.: Israeli-described cybersecurity vendor in a January 2026 partnership with Škoda; 2021 Globes report places it in Herzliya ^{3, 6, 8}.
• Yoav Levy: Upstream co-founder and CEO, quoted in the announcement; Globes (2021) names him as founder alongside CTO Yonatan Appel ^{3, 8}.
• Škoda Auto University (ŠAVŠ): founded in 2000 by Škoda Auto a.s., party to the 2026 Ben-Gurion University memorandum and Erasmus+ agreement ^{5, 4}.
• Ondřej Krejcar: ŠAVŠ rector and member of the July 2026 Czech delegation to Israel ³¹.
• Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Base Camp: counterparties to the ŠAVŠ memorandum of May 2026; Base Camp is not described in the page ⁴.
• Champion Motors Ltd.: Škoda’s Israeli importer, DigiLab Israel partner and fleet operator in the planned “New Mobility in Israel” venture; the parent is Allied Group ^{2, 19}.
• Mobileye: Intel company and technology partner in the planned “New Mobility in Israel” venture; Škoda is not named as a party ^{20, 25}.
• CYMOTIVE Technologies Ltd.: Volkswagen Group venture with Israeli partners (announced 2016), chaired by Yuval Diskin; no Škoda link found in the pages opened ^{14, 15}.
• Allied Group / Allied Holdings, headed by Itzhak Swary: Globes (13 Apr 2020) describes Allied Holdings as active in real estate, electronics, infrastructure and automotive, with a 5% stake in credit-card company Max; Champion Motors is not mentioned in that article ⁴¹.
• Itzhak Swary: chairman of Champion Motors in 2017 and signatory of the MoU ²⁷.
• Dan Orenstein (Champion Motors CEO), Erez Vigodman and Dr. Yoram Turbowicz (board members): signatories of the Dec 2017 JV. Searched in connection with Allied/Champion, no further Israel-technology item found on the pages opened ².

Act record (most material acts).

• Upstream strategic partnership: acting entities Škoda Auto (as named in the release; the exact legal entity is not stated) and Upstream Security Ltd. (footer of the release); recipient and beneficiary Škoda’s cybersecurity, engineering and compliance teams; channel Upstream’s own site, PR Newswire and the Jerusalem Post; first and latest observation 13 and 14 January 2026; continuing or unknown with no end date found ^{3, 6, 7}.
• “New Mobility in Israel” planned venture (group-level): acting entities Volkswagen Group (exact legal entity not stated), Mobileye (an Intel company) and Champion Motors Ltd.; Škoda not named as a party; recipient the planned Israeli ride-hailing service, with government support offered; channels the Volkswagen Group’s press-release page and the Intel investor site, then press; first observation 29 October 2018; latest dated observation 1 December 2020 (Globes); status unknown after that date ^{19, 20, 25}. [pre-2020]
• ŠAVŠ, Ben-Gurion University and Base Camp memorandum, with Erasmus+ agreement: acting entity Škoda Auto Vysoká škola (ŠAVŠ); counterparties Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Base Camp; channel the university’s own news page (dated 20 May 2026); signing date and signatories not stated; Škoda Auto a.s. not named; status continuing or unknown ⁴.
• Cybersecurity innovation hub in Mladá Boleslav: acting entities per the university: ŠAVŠ and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; per Blesk: Škoda Auto, its university and Ben-Gurion University; channels the ŠAVŠ news page (5 August 2026) and Blesk (18 July 2026); status announced, with no later observation found ^{31, 32}.
• Coller School of Management memorandum: acting entities Škoda’s CEO and the ŠKODA AUTO University rector; counterparty Coller School of Management (Tel Aviv University); channel Škoda’s own newsroom (7 December 2018); signed July 2018; status unknown ¹³. [pre-2020]
• MoU for Tel Aviv scouting outpost: acting entities Škoda AUTO (as named in the release) and Champion Motors Ltd., with Allied Group as parent; channel Škoda’s own newsroom; first observed 24 Aug 2017; latest observation Dec 2017 ²⁷. Status of the outpost: continuing as DigiLab Israel Ltd to at least 30 Oct 2019, then unknown ^{27, 29}.
• DigiLab Israel joint venture: acting entities Škoda AUTO DigiLab and Champion Motors; recipients Israeli startups, universities and IT talent; channel Škoda’s own newsroom; signed 14 Dec 2017, announced 15 Dec 2017, operations from Jan 2018; latest dated observation 30 Oct 2019; status unknown ^{2, 29}. [pre-2020]
• Startup collaborations: acting entity Škoda Auto a.s. through DigiLab Israel; recipients Otonomo, XM Cyber, Anagog, Guardian Optical (31 May 2018), Chakratec and UVeye (Dec 2018); channel Israeli business press (Calcalist) and Škoda’s newsroom; status unknown ^{10, 12, 42, 13}. [pre-2020]
• Anagog investment: acting entity “Skoda” (exact legal entity not stated in the source); recipient Anagog Ltd.; USD 1.5 million; channel Calcalist, 19 July 2018; status unknown ¹⁶. [pre-2020]
• Government fleet contract: acting entity Škoda via Champion Motors Ltd.; recipients ministries, army, police and other authorities; channel Škoda’s own newsroom (release of 31 Oct 2019); awarded 2018; the end date and current status are unknown ¹⁷. [pre-2020]
• Importer relationship: acting entity Champion Motors Ltd.; recipients Israeli fleet and private buyers; earliest observation in the pages is 2017 (“sold models in Israel since the early 1990s”), latest observation 13 Dec 2025 (Jerusalem Post); continuing as of that date ^{2, 39}.
• Showroom closure: acting entity Champion Motors; reported 11 Oct 2023 (e15); a later report shows 2025 deliveries, so the closure was not continuing in Dec 2025 ^{38, 39}.
• Osnabrück/Rafael statement of intent: acting entities Volkswagen, Aurelius, Lower Saxony and Rafael; published 7 Sept 2026; ongoing, with approvals pending ¹⁸.
• Annual reporting: Škoda’s annual report archive lists reports for 2000 to 2025, and the 2025 PDF was not opened, so Israel-related disclosure within it is unverified ⁴³.