INDEX / DIRECTORY / ALDI

Aldi

Supermarkets & Groceries 80 CITED SOURCES UPDATED 2026-08-28 METHOD V6.4
BDS-1000 Score 281 /1000 D Tier D - Moderate
Military ↗ 0.00 Digital ↗ 2.75 Economic ↗ 2.75 Political ↗ 3.00
OWNERSHIP TREE 93 brands and group businesses View all

OpenIntel is reader-funded - no sponsors, no institutional money. Support OpenIntel →

Key Findings

  • Economic: Aldi has documented Israeli-origin agricultural sourcing: ALDI Netherlands listed Israel among countries accounting collectively for at least 85% of its 2024 avocado purchasing, historical Aldi UK/Ireland packaging identified Galilee-grown Israeli avocados, and Mehadrin records show an “ALDI Approved Packing” linkage whose entity, volume, product, and dates are not disclosed.1, 2, 3
  • Digital: Aldi Nord used Israeli company Trigo’s camera-and-sensor checkout technology in a civilian Utrecht pilot beginning in 2022; the store closed in 2024 because of cost and testing reportedly shifted to Eindhoven. The system was stated not to use biometric identification, and no public evidence identified any Aldi deployment for state, military, intelligence, or law-enforcement purposes.4, 5, 6
  • Political / settlements: Aldi has faced formal notices and campaigns over alleged settlement-linked produce. Mehadrin is documented as operating in named West Bank settlements, but the audits found no Aldi stores or assets in occupied territory, no Aldi-specific regulatory judgment establishing mislabelling, and no Aldi listing in the OHCHR settlement-business database.7, 8, 9
  • Not found: No public evidence identified of Aldi defence contracts, weapons or military logistics, Israeli state-security customers, offensive cyber activity, direct operations in Israel or occupied territory, or Middle East-related lobbying.10, 11, 12

Target Profile

FieldDetail
Company NameALDI (the independently operating ALDI Nord and ALDI Süd groups)13, 14
JurisdictionGermany; the audits do not establish a single consolidated legal parent over both groups. ALDI Stores Limited is separately incorporated in England and Wales.13, 14, 15
HeadquartersALDI Nord core entities are identified in Essen; the ALDI Süd service-provider entity is identified in Mülheim an der Ruhr. The audits do not establish one headquarters for a consolidated Aldi group.16, 17
SectorDiscount grocery and general-merchandise retail.13, 14
OwnershipPrivately held, family-foundation-controlled groups; the audit describes Albrecht-family control but states that full beneficial ownership across the Aldi constellation remains unresolved.16, 17, 15
Key Executives / GovernanceALDI Nord’s cited imprint names Felix Rottmann, Markus Dicker, Oktawian Torchala, and Sarah Cordes on the relevant foundation board. ALDI Süd’s cited legal notice names Stefan Book, Erik Döbele, Simon Gelzer, René Karczewski, Alexander Markov, Andreas Rohlfing, and Kai Schmidhuber as managing directors of its service-provider structure.16, 17
Israeli-Nexus SummaryDocumented nexus consists principally of Israeli-origin agricultural sourcing and a civilian retail-technology relationship with Tel Aviv-based Trigo; no owned Israeli operation or military relationship was identified.1, 4, 6, 12

Key Facts:

Executive Summary

Aldi’s documented Israel/Palestine nexus is commercial and limited in form. The strongest economic evidence is ALDI Netherlands’ corporate disclosure listing Israel among avocado origins representing collectively at least 85% of its purchasing volume, a historical image of Aldi UK/Ireland packaging marked “Grower: Galilee” and “Produce of: Israel,” and Mehadrin’s reference to “ALDI Approved Packing.” The Mehadrin record does not identify the Aldi entity, product, shipment period, purchase volume, or transaction value, and the historical avocado label does not by itself establish settlement origin.1, 2, 3

The settlement-related concern arises because Who Profits documents Mehadrin operations in Beka’ot, Messua, Tomer, Na’aran, and Netiv Hagdud in the occupied West Bank.7 The ICJP subsequently sent notices to Aldi and other UK supermarkets concerning potential liability associated with settlement produce.8 Separately, IHRC alleged that Aldi UK omitted country-of-origin information from Specially Selected Medjool dates; Aldi denied concealment, said the product had been discontinued, and said a replacement would be sourced from South Africa and carry detailed labelling.18 No Aldi-specific court judgment, customs action, or regulator finding established that Aldi sold mislabelled settlement goods, and Aldi is not named in the OHCHR settlement-business database reviewed by the audits.9

The digital nexus is Aldi Nord’s relationship with Trigo, an Israeli computer-vision company, for cashierless retail in Utrecht. The technology used ceiling cameras, shelf sensors, and object recognition; Aldi and Trigo stated that it did not use facial recognition or other biometric identifiers.4, 5 The Utrecht location closed in 2024, publicly because the investment was too expensive, although reporting said Aldi intended to continue testing at Eindhoven.6 The audits found no evidence that Aldi provided this technology to Israeli state bodies or that its deployment served military, intelligence, policing, or offensive-cyber functions.4, 6

The military record is exculpatory: no public evidence identified defence procurement, arms, components, military logistics, Israeli security customers, export licensing, or defence-prime supply-chain integration involving Aldi.10, 11, 19 Political exposure derives principally from the settlement-sourcing controversy, Aldi Netherlands’ 2013 reversal of a reported settlement-boycott position, and subsequent public pressure - not from political finance or state partnership.20, 21 On the fixed, human-vetted V4 assessment, Aldi receives BRS 281, Tier D (Moderate). Political is the maximum domain at 3.00; Digital and Economic each score 2.75, while Military is 0.00.

Timeline of Relevant Events

DateEvent
July 2013Aldi Netherlands was reported as saying it did not want to sell settlement products, then withdrew that position and said the earlier answer was incorrect.20
2018ALDI Nord says it assessed human-rights risks across food supply chains with an external provider; Israel appears among country examples on its current human-rights page.22
April 2019A secondary-source photograph attributed to Aldi Ireland showed Aldi-linked avocado packaging marked “Grower: Galilee” and “Produce of: Israel.” The label establishes Israeli origin, not settlement origin.2, 23
July 2022Aldi Nord opened its Trigo-powered cashierless pilot in Utrecht, using cameras, shelf sensors, and object recognition without stated biometric identification.4, 5
November 2022Aldi Nord announced a wider strategic partnership with Trigo for checkout and stock-control functions; trade reporting said an undisclosed Aldi Nord investment preceded the contract, but no primary financial disclosure confirmed its size or current status.4
February–March 2024IHRC challenged Aldi UK over origin labelling on Medjool dates. Aldi denied concealment, said the line had been discontinued, and announced a South African replacement with detailed labelling from March.18
2024ALDI Netherlands’ avocado-origin graphic listed Israel among origins accounting collectively for at least 85% of its avocado purchasing volume.1
July 2024The ICJ advisory opinion supplied the legal context later cited in notices to UK supermarkets; this was not an Aldi-specific finding.8
September–October 2024The Utrecht Trigo store closed, with high investment cost and weak take-up cited publicly; reporting said testing would move to a larger Eindhoven store.6
October–December 2024ICJP sent notices to Aldi and other UK supermarkets concerning alleged risks associated with stocking settlement produce.8
June 2025ICJP issued a further notice to supermarkets and pursued a proposed governmental prohibition on settlement goods.8
July 2025A claim that Aldi Germany reduced or halted Israeli purchasing circulated through third-party trade/activist reporting. No Aldi corporate statement confirmed it, so the claim remains unverified.24
May 2026Aldi Inc.’s first cited US federal lobbying disclosure concerned food-industry safety and labelling; the audit identified no Middle East or anti-BDS issue in the filing.25

Corporate Overview

“Aldi” is not one consolidated operating company in the audit record. Official materials describe ALDI Nord and ALDI Süd as independently operating, familiarly connected groups.13, 14 ALDI Nord’s imprint identifies ALDI Einkauf SE & Co. oHG in Essen and ALDI Nord Holding Stiftung & Co. KG within its structure; ALDI Süd’s legal notice identifies ALDI SÜD Dienstleistungs-SE & Co. oHG in Mülheim an der Ruhr as a service-provider entity.16, 17 ALDI Stores Limited is an active UK private company, but the audits do not identify an Aldi-owned importer of record dedicated to Israeli produce.15

The reviewed evidence does not establish an Israeli subsidiary, joint venture, R&D centre, franchisee, retail store, warehouse, or support centre.22, 12 Israeli exposure instead appears through procurement from third parties and the Trigo technology relationship. The historical Aldi-linked avocado package named Galilee as grower; Mehadrin’s ESG material recorded an Aldi packing approval; and ALDI Netherlands documented Israel as a sourcing country.1, 2, 3 These records support purchasing or quality-assurance links, not an owned Israeli operating asset, quantified investment, or disclosed Israel-derived revenue.

The Political audit characterizes Trader Joe’s as connected to the Aldi Nord ownership constellation and notes boycott pressure over Israeli products, but it provides no evidence of a Trader Joe’s store or franchise in Israel and no public response by Trader Joe’s to that campaign.26 This dossier does not treat advocacy directed at a related retailer as proof of conduct by a particular Aldi operating entity.

Domain Summaries

Military: Military

Mechanism of Involvement

No military mechanism of involvement was established. No public evidence identified an Aldi contract, tender, framework agreement, or memorandum with Israel’s Ministry of Defense, the IDF, Israel Prison Service, or Border Police.10 Aldi was not found in the SIBAT Defense and Homeland Security Directory, and the audits found no defence-prime supply relationship, tactical or military-grade product line, military base service, arms-shipping function, weapons component, munitions role, or Israel-related export-control case.11, 19

Trigo does not change that result. Aldi Nord used its system for civilian checkout and stock monitoring. One secondary profile reported that Trigo’s founders had Talpiot military/intelligence backgrounds, but the audits identified no current military application of the Aldi deployment and no Trigo defence contract with a government.4, 27 Founder biography is not evidence that Aldi contracted with or supported a military body.

Counter-Arguments and Evidence Limits

Aldi’s strongest defence is the complete absence of a verified defence relationship. The audit’s checks across procurement, supplier directories, defence reporting, civil-society datasets, export regulation, and litigation returned no public evidence of military supply.10, 11, 19 PAX’s report on companies arming Israel did not name Aldi.28

A secondary report claimed that corporate matching programmes, including Aldi’s, could route employee gifts to Friends of the IDF. The audits found no Aldi benefits document, FIDF database record, or IRS filing corroborating an Aldi–FIDF match; the claim therefore remains unverified and is not scored as military involvement.29, 30 Aldi also denied viral claims that it would donate store takings to Israel, saying it neither provided such funding nor made the alleged announcement; the source carrying the allegation classed it as hoax news.31

Named Entities and Evidence Map

EntityDocumented relationshipEvidentiary status
IMOD / IDF / prison and border servicesNo contract or procurement relationship identifiedExculpatory search result10
SIBATAldi not found in supplier/export directoryExculpatory search result11
Elbit Systems and other defence primesNo components, services, co-development, or technology transfer identifiedExculpatory search result19
Trigo VisionCivilian checkout and stock-monitoring vendorVerified commercial relationship; no defence use identified4, 27
Friends of the IDFAlleged eligibility through matching giftsSecondary and uncorroborated; excluded from affirmative finding29, 30

Digital: Digital

Mechanism of Involvement

Aldi Nord’s documented digital nexus was its Trigo-powered Utrecht store, opened in 2022. The retail system combined cameras, shelf sensors, and AI object recognition to associate shoppers with selected goods and automate checkout.4, 5 Aldi Nord later announced joint development for stock-level and expiry monitoring and supply-chain integration; trade reporting described an undisclosed investment, but no primary financial statement confirmed its size or whether any holding remains.4

The Utrecht store closed in 2024 because the investment was described as very large or extremely expensive, while reports said testing would continue in Eindhoven.6 Accordingly, “terminated” applies to the Utrecht deployment, but the broader status of the Trigo relationship is unresolved. The record does not support describing all Aldi–Trigo activity as definitively divested or ended.

Counter-Arguments and Evidence Limits

This was civilian retail automation, not verified surveillance for state or security use. Aldi and Trigo explicitly said the system did not use facial recognition, eye scans, fingerprints, or other biometric identifiers.4, 5 No public evidence identified an Aldi contract with Israeli defence, intelligence, police, or government bodies; provision of AI to those bodies; an Israeli data centre or R&D centre; participation in Project Nimbus; offensive cyber development; or use of Aldi technology for targeting, threat detection, or population surveillance.

The audit floated only a hypothetical cloud connection: Aldi’s cloud provider was not publicly disclosed, so any indirect Project Nimbus nexus through AWS or Google Cloud is unverified and excluded.12 The Digital audit also conflicts with the Military audit over whether AFSC lists Aldi, while citing an AFSC page about Canon rather than Aldi. That disputed database characterization is not used as affirmative evidence here.

Named Entities and Evidence Map

EntityDocumented relationshipEvidentiary status
Trigo Vision Ltd.Checkout and stock-control technology for Aldi Nord pilotsVerified civilian commercial relationship; current scope unresolved4, 6
GrabangoAldi US checkout-free vendorUS-based, not Israeli-origin; exculpatory comparator32
AiFiAldi UK Shop&Go vendorNot identified by the audit as Israeli-origin; exculpatory comparator33
BriefCam / CanonNo evidence Aldi used Canon cameras with BriefCam softwareNo Aldi-specific nexus identified34
AWS / Google Cloud / Project NimbusAldi cloud provider undisclosedHypothetical only; excluded12

Economic: Economic

Mechanism of Involvement

Agricultural sourcing is the strongest evidenced economic vector. ALDI Netherlands’ 2024 avocado graphic includes Israel among countries that together represent at least 85% of its avocado purchase volume.1 A photograph reproduced in a 2020 advocacy report shows Aldi UK/Ireland packaging marked “Grower: Galilee” and “Produce of: Israel,” reportedly photographed in Aldi Ireland in April 2019.2, 23 Mehadrin’s ESG report displays “ALDI Approved Packing,” supporting a commercial or quality-assurance connection while leaving the Aldi entity, goods, dates, quantities, and value unspecified.3

The audits also document settlement risk. Who Profits describes Mehadrin operations in several West Bank settlements.7 That evidence establishes Mehadrin’s footprint, but neither the 2019 “Galilee” pack nor the packing approval identifies a particular Aldi shipment as settlement-origin. The European Commission’s labelling notice distinguishes Israel from the occupied territories and requires settlement products to be labelled accordingly; it supplies the regulatory baseline, not an Aldi-specific violation finding.35

Counter-Arguments and Evidence Limits

No public evidence identified an Aldi-owned Israeli importer, subsidiary, store, warehouse, joint venture, R&D centre, sovereign-bond holding, Israel-focused fund, revenue stream, profit-repatriation flow, or quantified purchase volume.15, 22, 12 The record supports indirect sourcing, not fixed Israeli investment.

Aldi can also point to its transparency and due-diligence systems: ALDI Nord says it assesses human-rights risks in food supply chains, while Aldi Netherlands provides category-specific origin data through its Transparency Code.22, 36 These mechanisms do not prove compliance for every product. Historically, SOMO described Aldi as the least communicative Dutch chain in its inquiry, while also recording Aldi’s supplier-reported statement that no products came from occupied areas; SOMO did not independently verify that assurance.37 Crucially, no Aldi-specific court, customs, DEFRA, parliamentary, or regulator finding concluded that Aldi sold mislabelled settlement goods.

Named Entities and Evidence Map

EntityDocumented relationshipEvidentiary status
ALDI NetherlandsCorporate avocado-origin disclosure includes IsraelCurrent corporate evidence; volume not Israel-specific1
Galilee growerNamed on historical Aldi UK/Ireland avocado packIsraeli origin verified by image; settlement origin not established2, 23
Mehadrin“ALDI Approved Packing”; operator in named settlementsCommercial linkage supported; Aldi shipments, volumes, and origin unresolved3, 7
ALDI Stores LimitedUK operating companyVerified UK entity; no dedicated Israeli importer identified15

Political: Political

Mechanism of Involvement

The political domain is driven by the governance implications of settlement-linked trade and constructive notice, not by lobbying for Israel or formal state partnership. Aldi Netherlands first communicated a reported policy against settlement products in July 2013, then reversed it within days, calling the prior answer incorrect.20 ICJP’s 2024 and 2025 notices subsequently put Aldi and other UK supermarkets on notice of alleged legal risks from settlement sourcing.8 Campaigns have also pressed Aldi and peers to stop stocking Israeli produce.21

The audits found no Aldi store, warehouse, franchise, or corporate office in Israel or occupied territory.12 Nor did they identify an Aldi corporate statement on the 2023–2024 Israel–Gaza conflict, the 2024 ICJ advisory opinion, or ICC warrants. The audit contrasts this silence with Aldi Süd’s public humanitarian commitments concerning Ukraine and the Turkey–Syria earthquake, showing capacity for crisis-related public communication but not proving a duty to issue a statement on every conflict.38, 39

Counter-Arguments and Evidence Limits

Aldi’s strongest defence is that commercial sourcing and silence are not evidence of political endorsement. No public evidence identified Middle East or anti-BDS lobbying, corporate donations to FIDF, JNF/KKL or settlement groups, anti-BDS advocacy, geopolitical pressure-group leadership, state-security branding, or formal Israeli governmental or cultural partnership.25, 40 No public evidence linked named executives or controlling foundations to Israeli defence firms or regional advocacy organisations.

The OHCHR database reviewed in the audits does not list Aldi.9 IHRC’s claim that missing date-origin information was a deliberate effort to evade a boycott is an allegation, not a regulator or court finding; Aldi denied it and said it had discontinued the product.18 Likewise, reports that Aldi Germany reduced or stopped Israeli purchasing in 2025 remain unverified because no Aldi statement or primary disclosure confirmed them.24

Named Entities and Evidence Map

EntityDocumented relationshipEvidentiary status
ICJPLegal notices to Aldi and peer supermarketsVerified notice; not a judgment or liability finding8
IHRCAllegation over Medjool-date origin labellingVerified allegation and Aldi denial; intent unproven18
Palestine Solidarity CampaignPetition directed at Aldi and other supermarketsAdvocacy pressure, not proof of underlying conduct21
US lobbying registrantsFood safety and labelling issuesNo Middle East or anti-BDS issue identified25, 40
OHCHR settlement-business databaseAldi not listedExculpatory database check9

BDS-1000 Score (V4)

DomainIMPV-Domain Score
Military0.000.000.000.00
Digital3.505.509.002.75
Economic3.505.507.502.75
Political3.506.009.003.00

Political sets V_MAX at 3.00, driven by the documented settlement-sourcing controversy, the 2013 position reversal, and later formal notice and campaign pressure; the economic and digital commercial relationships produce 2.75 scores, while the military domain remains zero. The resulting BRS 281 / Tier D (Moderate) is the fixed, human-vetted V4 outcome, applying scale-free Impact × magnitude/proximity on an evidence-only basis.

Methodology Note

End Notes

Footnotes

  1. https://www.aldi.nl/content/dam/aldi/netherlands/kwaliteitspaginas/corporate_responsibility/Grafik_Herkunftslander_Avocado_EN_final.pdf.res/1674744169211/Grafik_Herkunftslander_Avocado_EN_final.pdf ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7

  2. https://corporateoccupation.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/34/2020/04/apartheid-in-the-fields-EBOOK.pdf ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6

  3. https://pri-or.mehadrin.co.il/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/mehadrin_ESG_Report_HEB_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99.pdf ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  4. https://retail-optimiser.de/en/aldi-nord-to-evaluate-trigo-for-stock-control/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9 ↩10 ↩11 ↩12

  5. https://www.grocerydive.com/news/aldi-to-test-frictionless-checkout-tech-in-the-netherlands/607610/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  6. https://www.dutchnews.nl/2024/09/cashierless-aldi-in-utrecht-to-close-its-doors/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7

  7. https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/4108 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  8. https://www.icjpalestine.com/2025/06/13/icjp-issues-legal-notice-to-sainsburys-and-notifies-northern-ireland-executive-over-stocking-of-illegal-israeli-settlement-products/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7

  9. https://www.ohchr.org/en/business/bhr-database ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  10. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/security-aviation/2024-12-24/ty-article-magazine/.premium/defense-ministry-is-vetting-obscure-israeli-company-that-won-idf-small-arms-contract/00000193-fa03-df5f-a3b3-fb576dc50000 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  11. https://www.sibat.mod.gov.il/OurServices/Pages/%E2%80%8BDefense%20and%20HLS%20directory.aspx ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  12. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/1/un-report-lists-companies-complicit-in-israels-genocide-who-are-they ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8

  13. https://aldi-sued-holding-careers.com/about-us/we-as-an-employer/our-business ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  14. https://www.aldi-sued.de/unternehmen/ueber-uns ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  15. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/02321869 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6

  16. https://transparenz.aldi-nord.de/imprint ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  17. https://www.aldi.de/impressum.html ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  18. https://dorseteye.com/aldi-deny-claims-they-hid-country-of-origin-on-israeli-dates-to-circumvent-boycott/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  19. https://www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/3794 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  20. https://www.jta.org/2013/07/23/global/german-supermarket-giant-says-settlement-boycott-policy-was-mistake ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  21. https://palestinecampaign.eaction.org.uk/supermarkets ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  22. https://www.aldi-nord.de/unternehmen/verantwortung/menschenrechte.html ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  23. https://corporateoccupation.org/2020/02/12/apartheid-in-the-fields-from-occupied-palestine-to-uk-supermarkets-2020-update-3-4-galilee/ ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  24. https://daizygedeon.com/news-blogs-and-cultures/2025/07/13/the-power-of-boycotts-german-retail-giant-aldi-reportedly-stopped-israeli-imports-due-to-boycott-pressure-source-kettner-edelmetalle-de-palestine-reveals/ ↩ ↩2

  25. https://legis1.com/news/aldi-food-safety-lobbying-hires-buchanan ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  26. https://www.codepink.org/traderjoes ↩

  27. https://www.forbes.com/sites/denisepower/2021/12/31/israeli-computer-vision-startup-raises-60-million-to-expand-frictionless-checkout/ ↩ ↩2

  28. https://paxforpeace.nl/publications/the-companies-arming-israel-and-their-financiers/ ↩

  29. https://truthout.org/articles/these-billionaires-subsidize-the-israeli-military-through-a-us-nonprofit/ ↩ ↩2

  30. https://doublethedonation.com/matching-gifts/aldi-us ↩ ↩2

  31. http://www.inminds.com/article.php?id=10273 ↩

  32. https://www.grocerydive.com/news/aldi-grabango-frictionless-checkout-aurora-illinois-retail-grocery-supermarket/706442 ↩

  33. https://aimultiple.com/checkout-free-stores ↩

  34. https://global.canon/en/news/2018/20180509.html ↩

  35. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-206346/ ↩

  36. https://transparantie.aldi.nl/ ↩

  37. https://www.somo.nl/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/What-do-we-know-about-the-products-from-Dutch-supermarkets.pdf ↩

  38. https://sustainability.aldisouthgroup.com/stories/aldis-humanitarian-relief-for-ukraine ↩

  39. https://sustainability.aldisouthgroup.com/stories/charity-and-donations ↩

  40. https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/aldi-sud/lobbying?id=D000109774 ↩ ↩2