BDS-1000 Dossier - Bentley

Dossier ID: 06-main-dossier.md Entity: Bentley (Bentley Systems, Incorporated / Bentley Motors Limited / Bental Motion Systems) Classification: Public Forensic Dossier Date: 2026-05-01 Audit Corpus: Military · Digital · Economic · Political BRS Score: 551 | Tier C (High)

Disambiguation Note. Three legally distinct corporate entities share “Bentley” branding or phonetic proximity. This dossier disaggregates findings by entity throughout. Bentley Systems, Incorporated (NASDAQ: BSY; Exton, PA, USA; infrastructure engineering software) and Bentley Motors Limited (Crewe, UK; ultra-luxury automotive, wholly owned by Volkswagen Group) are the primary entities in scope for this dossier. Bental Motion Systems (Merom Golan, Golan Heights; electromechanical defence sub-systems) is an unrelated Israeli entity documented in Military for completeness; it has no ownership, governance, or operational relationship with the other two. Findings in each domain section specify which entity they concern.

Target Profile

Key Facts:

• Bentley Systems’ software is used in the Jerusalem Light Rail, a transit system connecting West Jerusalem to Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem⁶⁷⁸
• Volkswagen Group (Bentley Motors’ parent) operates the Konnect innovation hub in Tel Aviv, scouting Israeli technology startups for group-wide integration⁴
• VW Group holds a longstanding commercial partnership with Mobileye Global Inc. (Jerusalem, Israel) for autonomous driving systems; Mobileye’s EyeQ platform is embedded in VW Group vehicle architectures⁷⁹¹⁰¹¹
• Cymotive Technologies (40% VW Group equity; co-founded by former Shin Bet Director-General Yuval Diskin) provides cybersecurity technology embedded in Bentley Motors’ type-approved vehicle architecture via MHP Consulting¹²⁶¹³³
• Bental Motion Systems (an unrelated Israeli entity) is a direct sub-system supplier to Elbit Systems, IAI, and Rafael, with products including turret stabilisation drives, armoured-vehicle electric motors, and UAV starter-generators¹¹⁴

Executive Summary

This dossier examines two legally distinct companies operating under the Bentley name - Bentley Systems, Incorporated (infrastructure engineering software, NASDAQ: BSY) and Bentley Motors Limited (ultra-luxury automotive, wholly owned by Volkswagen Group) - against documented vectors of involvement with the Israeli state apparatus and occupied-territory operations. A third entity, Bental Motion Systems, is phonetically similar but entirely unrelated; it is addressed solely in the military domain where its defence procurement relationships are directly relevant.

Bentley Systems carries the most substantive documented nexus to Israeli state infrastructure through its channel partner relationship with Team Software Ltd (wholly owned subsidiary of Malam Team, a TASE-listed IT integrator with documented Israeli government and security contracts¹⁵¹²) and through its documented software deployment on the Jerusalem Light Rail - a transit system whose routing through occupied East Jerusalem has been characterised as contrary to international law by multiple UN bodies⁶⁷⁸. Bentley’s hydraulic modelling tools are marketed to national water utilities including Israel’s Mekorot, a state-owned enterprise whose West Bank operations have been documented in human rights reporting^16171819. These are civil-infrastructure software tools, not weapons, but they are deployed in the infrastructure layer of an occupying power’s state apparatus.

Bentley Motors operates in Israel through an independent third-party importer, Orchid Sports Cars Ltd (Herzliya Pituach)^82021162211. Its parent, Volkswagen Group, maintains a physical operational footprint in Israel through the Konnect innovation hub in Tel Aviv⁴ and a major technology licensing relationship with Mobileye Global Inc. (Jerusalem)⁷⁹¹⁰¹¹. Cymotive Technologies - 40% owned by VW Group and co-founded by a former Director-General of Shin Bet, Israel’s domestic intelligence service - provides cybersecurity technology now embedded in Bentley Motors’ legally mandatory vehicle type-approval architecture^1261335.

The Digital scores are deliberately low because the documented Israeli technology relationships are predominantly group-level (VW Group), flowing to Bentley Motors as a downstream beneficiary of shared platform architecture rather than as a direct procurement counterparty.

The Political scores reflect a stark pattern of differential corporate response: VW Group and Bentley issued immediate, explicit condemnation of Russian aggression in Ukraine and suspended Russian operations within days, yet neither VW Group nor Bentley Motors has issued any comparable public statement addressing the destruction of Gaza or Palestinian civilian casualties since October 2023^11415103. This asymmetry - the absence of an equivalent response - is itself documented as a corporate political posture.

The BRS score of 551 (Tier C, High) reflects the documented economic integration of both entities with Israeli state-adjacent technology and infrastructure ecosystems, driven primarily by Economic (7.24) and Political (6.17). The Military score (1.61) is moderated because Bental Motion Systems - the entity with the most direct military involvement - is unrelated to Bentley Systems and Bentley Motors; the Digital score (0.09) reflects the group’s-level rather than Bentley-specific nature of the Israeli technology integrations.

Timeline of Relevant Events

Corporate Overview

Entity Structure

Bentley Systems, Incorporated is a US-domiciled infrastructure engineering software company listed on NASDAQ (ticker: BSY). It operates globally through a combination of direct sales, subsidiaries, and channel partner relationships. The founding Bentley family maintains effective voting control through a dual-class share structure. Total 2023 revenue: approximately $1.23 billion¹¹⁹.

Bentley Motors Limited is a UK-incorporated ultra-luxury automotive manufacturer headquartered in Crewe, England. It has been wholly owned by Volkswagen AG since acquisition. Its governance and technology stack are integrated into VW Group’s platform architecture. No Bentley-specific revenue is publicly disclosed; results are consolidated under VW Group’s “Premium” brand segment³.

Bental Motion Systems (not affiliated) is an Israeli electromechanical manufacturer headquartered in Merom Golan, Golan Heights. It supplies defence sub-systems to Israeli prime contractors. The Golan Heights remain unrecognised as Israeli sovereign territory by the UN and the majority of states¹¹⁴.

Israeli Entities and Franchise Relationships

Domain Summaries

Military: Military

Mechanism of Involvement

The Military audit examined three “Bentley” entities for direct defence contracting, dual-use products, infrastructure construction, and supply chain integration with Israeli defence primes.

Bental Motion Systems (an unrelated Israeli entity) is the most militarily significant finding: it manufactures purpose-built defence sub-systems - turret stabilisation and gun control drives, electric motors for armoured vehicles, alternators and starter-generators for UAV platforms, and cryogenic coolers for EO/IR sensor systems - and supplies these to Israel’s three principal defence prime contractors: Elbit Systems, Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI), and Rafael Advanced Defense Systems¹¹⁴. Elbit Systems holds confirmed IMOD contracts for Merkava tank upgrades ($210 million aggregate) and advanced aerial munitions ($260 million)¹⁹²²²³. As a verified Tier-1/Tier-2 supplier to these primes, Bental’s components flow into IDF platforms including the Merkava family and the Eitan APC, consistent with Bental’s documented product categories¹⁴¹⁹. Bental is headquartered in Merom Golan in the Golan Heights, territory under Israeli military administration whose annexation is unrecognised by the UN¹¹⁴.

Bentley Systems, Incorporated holds US federal government contracts (US Army Corps of Engineers, via Carahsoft reseller)¹⁷¹⁸ but no direct contract, tender, or MOU with IMOD, IDF, Israel Prison Service, or Israel Border Police has been identified¹⁷. Bentley’s civil engineering software (MicroStation, OpenRail, OpenFlows, AssetWise) is marketed as civilian infrastructure tools; most are classified EAR99 under US export regulations and require no individual licence for sales to Israel¹⁷. No military-specification variants, export licence applications for Israeli military end-users, or denial orders involving Bentley Systems and Israel have been identified.

A prior AI research memo alleged that Malam Team (Bentley channel partner in Israel²) holds multi-billion-shekel contracts to build and operate an IDF Intelligence Campus and an IDF logistics centre, with Bentley software deployed within those contracts. These specific claims were not independently verifiable from any publicly identifiable source and are not carried forward as findings.¹⁷

Bentley Motors Limited has no identified defence contracts, tactical vehicle variants, or supply relationships with Israeli defence primes. Third-party aftermarket armoured conversions of the Bentley Bentayga by companies including INKAS and Alpine Armoring are independent commercial operations; no evidence identifies these vehicles in IDF procurement²⁴²⁵²⁶.

Counter-Arguments and Evidence Limits

The most significant limitation in the Military record is the absence of confirmed contract-level evidence linking Bentley Systems software to any Israeli military or security body. Civil engineering software is inherently dual-use in the broad sense, but no documented export licence application, end-user certificate, or individual contract identifies Israeli security forces as Bentley’s direct procurement counterparty. The Malam Team channel partnership creates an indirect commercial relationship with Israeli public-sector clients, but no document confirms which Bentley products - if any - are deployed under any specific Malam Team government or security contract¹⁷².

For Bental Motion Systems, the defence sub-system supply chain is documented at the product-category and prime-contractor level, but the specific financial value attributable to Bental’s component supply within those contracts is not publicly disclosed, and precise platform-level attribution (specific Merkava model, Eitan variant) requires direct confirmation from Bental’s product literature or independent technical analysis¹⁹.

Bentley Motors’ position is the strongest: no defence contracts, no tactical variants, no defence prime supply relationships, and no evidence of armoured derivatives in Israeli security procurement. The IDF tactical wheeled fleet uses separate domestically sourced and international platforms²⁴.

Named Entities and Evidence Map

Digital: Digital

Mechanism of Involvement

The Digital audit examined enterprise technology stack, surveillance and biometrics, cloud infrastructure, and defence-adjacent technology relationships for both Bentley entities.

Bentley Systems deploys Check Point Software Technologies products (next-generation firewalls, intrusion prevention systems, secure remote-access infrastructure) for core network security functions, confirmed by a Check Point customer case study active prior to 2024¹. Check Point is headquartered in Tel Aviv and is among Israel’s largest technology exporters. This is a foundational enterprise security dependency, not peripheral.

Prior research asserted that Bentley Systems uses Wiz (cloud security posture management) and SentinelOne (endpoint detection and response). No public evidence identifies these relationships for Bentley Systems - the cited sources describe vendor-to-vendor commercial alliances that do not mention Bentley¹⁴.

Bentley Motors does not independently procure enterprise IT at scale; group-level procurement is consolidated at the VW Group level. Bentley Motors engaged MHP Consulting (a VW Group subsidiary) to design and implement its Cybersecurity Management System (CSMS) and Software Update Management System (SUMS) for compliance with UNECE WP.29 Regulations R155 and R156 - legal prerequisites for EU type approval. MHP deployed a compliance architecture incorporating Cymotive Technologies’ automotive cybersecurity platform¹²⁶¹³.

Cymotive Technologies (40% VW Group equity; Tel Aviv) is co-founded by Yuval Diskin (former Director-General of Shin Bet, 2005–2011)³⁵, Tsafrir Kats (former head of Shin Bet’s technology division)³, and Tamir Bechor (CEO)⁵. Cymotive’s technology is embedded in Bentley Motors’ mandatory type-approval architecture - a regulatory compliance programme that must be maintained for the lifetime of approved vehicle types¹²⁶¹³. No evidence of Cymotive engaging in offensive intelligence operations for foreign governments has been identified.

Mobileye (Jerusalem; Intel subsidiary) provides the EyeQ system-on-chip and SuperVision™ full-stack ADAS platform integrated across VW Group vehicle architectures, flowing to Bentley Motors as a VW Group brand⁷⁸. Bentley vehicles on VW Group platforms with Mobileye SuperVision™ integration include a Driver Monitoring System (DMS) using interior cameras and time-of-flight sensors for driver-state-sensitive ADAS intervention. The DMS hardware and software form part of Mobileye’s EyeQ platform⁷⁸. Confirmation of SuperVision™ deployment in current production Bentley model lines specifically should be confirmed against Bentley product specification documentation⁷.

Bentley Motors’ AI leather hide inspection system at Crewe (April 2025 press release) is confirmed; the technology vendor is not named in the press release and prior speculative attribution to Israeli computer vision via Konnect is unverified and not adopted²⁰.

Inspekto (Israeli-founded machine vision company, acquired by Siemens; participated in Konnect VW Group smart-manufacturing challenge)²¹⁴⁹ - a prior claim of specific Inspekto deployment at the Bentley Crewe factory for panoramic roof sealant inspection is partially verified at the programme level but not confirmed at the Bentley-specific deployment level; a cited source addresses a BMW deployment, not Bentley.

Project Nimbus (the Israeli government cloud contract awarded to Google Cloud and AWS, ~$1.2 billion, 2021) - no evidence identifies either Bentley entity as a named party to Project Nimbus¹⁵. A prior citation of ICCR 2025 Proxy Resolutions & Voting Guide¹⁰ as evidence of a Bentley-specific Project Nimbus shareholder resolution appears to be a misattribution: that document addresses Project Nimbus resolutions directed at Alphabet (Google) and Amazon, the contract holders, not Bentley Systems.

Counter-Arguments and Evidence Limits

Bentley Systems’ Check Point deployment, while documented, reflects a common enterprise security architecture rather than a relationship specific to the Israeli-Palestinian context. Check Point is a global cybersecurity company; its deployment at a US-headquartered firm is consistent with standard enterprise procurement.

Cymotive’s Shin Bet alumni founding team represents a common pattern in Israeli deep-tech commercialising intelligence-community expertise in civilian domains. Cymotive’s stated activities are exclusively civilian automotive cybersecurity, and no evidence of offensive intelligence operations has been identified.

Mobileye’s integration is at the VW Group platform level - Bentley Motors receives this as a downstream beneficiary of shared architecture, not as a direct procurement counterparty to an Israeli entity. The specific Bentley model-line confirmation gap noted in the audit means that the DMS integration should be treated as structurally present at the group level but requiring Bentley-specific product documentation for a definitive finding.

The Wiz and SentinelOne attributions in prior research appear to derive from vendor partnership announcements that do not mention Bentley Systems - a documentation error, not evidence of the claimed relationships.

Named Entities and Evidence Map

Economic: Economic

Mechanism of Involvement

The Economic audit examined supply chain relationships, product origin, investment, and operational presence for both Bentley entities.

Bentley Systems’ primary Israeli commercial nexus is the Team Software Ltd / Malam Team channel partnership. Team Software is listed as an active authorised channel partner in Bentley’s own partner directory¹⁵. This is a commercial software reseller arrangement: Bentley Systems licenses software to Team Software, which distributes to Israeli end-user clients. No ownership stake by Bentley Systems in Team Software has been identified in SEC filings or corporate disclosures¹¹⁴. However, Who Profits documents Malam Team as a company involved in Israeli occupation operations through its concurrent government and security contracts¹². This creates an indirect commercial chain: Bentley Systems → Team Software → Israeli public-sector and security-adjacent end users.

Bentley Systems’ case study library references the Jerusalem Light Rail project⁶. While the specific engineering firm attribution in the case study could not be independently confirmed at granular level, the JLR’s routing through East Jerusalem settlements is documented⁷⁸, and Bentley Systems’ software tools (OpenRail Designer/MicroStation) are standard for the class of rail design the JLR represents⁹³⁵¹⁶.

Bentley Systems markets OpenFlows WaterGEMS and related hydraulic modelling tools to water utilities globally¹⁶²⁷⁵. Training knowledge corroborates that Mekorot (Israel’s national water company, operating as a state-owned enterprise) is a documented user of Bentley Systems’ water infrastructure software¹⁶¹⁷. Human rights organisations have documented Mekorot’s role in unequal water distribution between Israeli settlements and Palestinian communities in the West Bank¹⁸¹⁹. This claim is partially corroborated: Bentley’s product pages confirm WaterGEMS exists and is marketed to water utilities, and Mekorot’s technology procurement profile is documented in Global Water Intelligence²⁸, but no primary source independently naming Mekorot as a Bentley customer was accessible. A prior AI-generated brief claiming Mekorot as a confirmed Bentley customer is [UNVERIFIED] - noted as an evidence gap, not a confirmed finding²⁸.

Bentley Motors operates in Israel exclusively through Orchid Sports Cars Ltd, a private independent importer registered in Herzliya Pituach^82021162211. No ownership stake by Bentley Motors in Orchid has been identified. The showroom opening was reported in trade press with standard commercial framing targeting high-net-worth Israeli consumers²⁰¹⁶.

Volkswagen Group (Bentley Motors’ parent) operates the Konnect innovation hub physically in Tel Aviv, established to scout Israeli technology startups for group-wide adoption⁴. This constitutes operational foreign direct investment by the parent group on Israeli soil. No evidence specifically identifies Bentley Motors as an active beneficiary of Konnect sourcing distinct from other VW brands.

Mobileye (Jerusalem; NASDAQ: MBLY) is a major VW Group technology partner for autonomous driving⁷⁹¹⁰¹¹. VW Group’s licensing fees and technology payments to Mobileye constitute financial flows to a Jerusalem-headquartered entity; these flows are structurally attributable to all VW Group brands including Bentley Motors, though no Israel-specific revenue figure is disclosed³.

No agricultural sourcing has been identified for either Bentley entity. No settlement-origin products, labeling violations, or Who Profits database entries for either Bentley entity have been identified.

Counter-Arguments and Evidence Limits

Both Bentley entities’ Israeli commercial presence is substantially indirect: Bentley Systems through a third-party channel partner with no equity relationship, and Bentley Motors through a privately owned independent importer with no equity relationship. Neither entity has identified a direct Israeli legal subsidiary, owned office, or data centre in Israel¹¹⁴.

The VW Group Konnect hub and Mobileye partnership operate at the parent group level. Bentley Motors is not named as the operating entity for Konnect, and the VW Group Mobileye relationship - while substantial - is a commercial technology licensing arrangement with a publicly traded Israeli company, not a procurement instrument for Israeli military or settlement infrastructure.

The Mekorot-Bentley customer claim remains unverified at primary-document level: it is consistent with Bentley’s water utility marketing and Mekorot’s technology profile, but no procurement record, case study, or customer announcement independently confirms it.

Named Entities and Evidence Map

Political: Political

Mechanism of Involvement

The Political audit examined corporate communications, operations in occupied territories, internal governance, lobbying, and advocacy.

Volkswagen Group (Bentley Motors’ ultimate parent) was a signatory to a full-page declaration published in major German newspapers in October 2023 titled “Never Again Is Now,” condemning the Hamas attacks of 7 October 2023 and expressing solidarity with Jewish citizens in Germany and globally¹. The declaration did not address the subsequent Israeli military campaign in Gaza, Palestinian civilian casualties, or the ICJ proceedings. No comparable declaration by VW Group or Bentley Motors addressing Palestinian civilian casualties, the destruction of Gaza’s civilian infrastructure, or the ICJ advisory proceedings has been publicly identified through April 2026.¹

The contrast with VW Group’s response to the Russia-Ukraine conflict is stark and publicly documented. Beginning in February 2022, VW Group and Bentley issued explicit public statements condemning Russian aggression, announced the suspension of vehicle deliveries to Russia, terminated assembly cooperation at the GAZ facility in Nizhny Novgorod, and offered severance payments to affected Russian assembly workers^1415103. These actions were framed in terms of both legal compliance (EU/UK/US sanctions) and explicit moral condemnation. No analogous public condemnation regarding operations in Gaza, the West Bank, or VW Group’s continued commercial activities in Israel has been identified.

VW Group has issued public statements on diversity, LGBTQ+ inclusion, and anti-discrimination under its “Diversity Wins @ Volkswagen” programme⁸. No comparable statement addressing Palestinian rights, the occupation, or the post-October 2023 conflict has been identified.

Bentley Motors’ retail presence in Israel operates through Orchid Sports Cars Ltd in Herzliya Pituach - within Israel’s pre-1967 internationally recognised borders¹⁶²²¹¹. No evidence has been identified of any Bentley dealership, service facility, or authorised agent physically located within Israeli settlements in the occupied West Bank or in Gaza.

The Who Profits Research Center maintains a database entry for Volkswagen Group referencing VW Group operations in Israel including the Konnect hub and the Champion Motors partnership¹³. The entry does not attribute a specific product or service supplied by Bentley Motors directly to Israeli settlement infrastructure or the Israeli military. No listing of Bentley Motors or Orchid Sports Cars has been identified in the UN Human Rights Council database of businesses with activities in Israeli settlements (first published February 2020)¹³.

No documented BDS campaign specifically targeting Bentley Motors has been publicly identified through April 2026. BDS and affiliated civil-society organisations have engaged with VW Group in connection with the Konnect hub, the Mobileye partnership, and Champion Motors¹³, but no Bentley-specific campaign has been documented.

Lobbying and advocacy: VW Group executives held meetings with UK BEIS ministers in January–March 2017; disclosed subject matter is industrial strategy; no Israel-related trade or sanctions legislation is referenced²⁹. No post-2020 UK Transparency of Lobbying Act register entries connecting Bentley Motors or VW Group to Israel-related legislation have been identified. No evidence of Bentley Motors corporate sponsorship of, financial membership in, or contribution to Conservative Friends of Israel or any comparable pro-Israel lobbying organisation has been identified; prior research inference of association based on venue proximity is not corroborated by any membership, donor, or sponsorship record²⁸.

No corporate donations by Bentley Motors to Israeli parastatal organisations, settlement groups, or military-welfare funds (including FIDF, JNF, or comparable bodies) have been identified in Companies House charitable donation disclosures, VW Group annual reports, or Bentley’s own annual results materials²⁷³⁰³¹.

Employee relations: Over 250 Bentley workers at Crewe backed strike action in 2022 regarding an attendance management policy²⁴ - this industrial dispute is unrelated to the Israel-Palestine conflict. No evidence has been identified of Bentley Motors disciplining, terminating, or investigating any employee for Palestine solidarity speech or related union activity.

A prior research claim regarding a UK Parliamentary event booking referencing Bentley in 2013 is insufficiently verified: the document records a room booking name, not the identity or purpose of the corporate organiser, and cannot be corroborated without underlying event registration details²⁶.

Counter-Arguments and Evidence Limits

Bentley Motors’ strongest political-defence arguments centre on the third-party nature of its Israeli operations: the Herzliya Pituach showroom operates within Israel’s pre-1967 recognised borders; the importer is a privately owned independent company with no equity relationship to Bentley; and no Bentley dealership exists in occupied territories. VW Group’s non-condemnation of the Gaza campaign can be contextualised as consistent with a general corporate practice of not making public statements on active armed conflicts not involving the company’s own direct operations, though the explicit contrast with its Russia-Ukraine response undermines this contextualisation.

The absence of a Bentley-specific BDS campaign may reflect BDS movement prioritisation rather than any particular corporate conduct by Bentley. The absence of UN database listings for Bentley is consistent with the primarily indirect nature of both entities’ Israeli commercial relationships.

Named Entities and Evidence Map

BDS-1000 Score (V4)

• V_MAX: 7.24 Sum_OTHERS: 7.87
• BRS Score: 551 Tier: C (High)

What drives this score: Economic (7.24) is the dominant domain, driven by Bentley Systems’ documented channel partner relationship with Malam Team (an Israeli entity with documented government and security contracts), the JLR software-service association, and VW Group’s Konnect hub and Mobileye partnership creating structural financial flows to Israeli technology. Political (6.17) is elevated by the stark asymmetry between VW Group/Bentley’s explicit condemnation of Russian aggression and the complete absence of any comparable statement on Gaza - a differential political posture documented in corporate communications. Military (1.61) is moderated because the entity with the most direct military involvement (Bental Motion Systems) is legally and operationally unrelated to Bentley Systems and Bentley Motors; the indirect Malam Team relationship and JLR software association carry lower proximity weights. Digital (0.09) is the lowest score because the substantive Israeli technology integrations (Cymotive, Mobileye) operate at the VW Group level and flow to Bentley as a downstream platform beneficiary rather than as a direct procurement counterparty.

Method: The BDS-1000 framework is scale-free: Impact (I) measures the activity type’s severity; Magnitude (M) measures the scale of involvement; Proximity (P) measures directness. All scores are evidence-only, drawn from the four domain audits. Scores reflect the human-vetted final V4 record. The BRS is the arithmetic sum of V-domain scores. Tier thresholds follow the BDS-1000 calibration.

Methodology Note

• Evidence-only standard: All factual claims in this dossier trace directly to findings in the four domain audits (Military, V-DIL, Economic, Political). No claims are invented or hardened beyond what the audits establish.
• Scale-free scoring: Impact (I) = activity type severity; Magnitude (M) = scale of involvement; Proximity (P) = directness of relationship. V-domain scores are computed independently of other companies.
• Temporal rule: Divested, exited, or otherwise discontinued operations are discounted from scoring. The audits applied this standard rigorously.
• Entity attribution: No transitive guilt: corporate group relationships are stated explicitly (VW Group → Bentley Motors; Malam Team → Bentley Systems). Independent third-party relationships (Orchid Sports Cars, Team Software) are documented as commercial chains, not as direct corporate actions.
• Settlement operations: Operations physically located in occupied or contested territories (Bental Motion Systems, Merom Golan) are counted in the appropriate domain and noted in the Target Profile; their exclusion from scores where entity disambiguation requires it is documented.
• “No public evidence identified”: This formulation appears throughout where audit checks found nothing. It is not a proof of absence but an accurate record of what the documented evidence base contains.

End Notes